Sichaza ukuthi izinto zezilinganiso ngempela akufanele zisetshenziswe ngempela, futhi lapho ukwehliswa kwezindleko kuyingozi. Futhi uhlakaze izinganekwane ezi-4 ezidumile ngezindlu zozimele.
Izindleko zefomu le-1 M2, ezakhiwe kubuchwepheshe baseCanada (ngohlaka oluphansi kanye nokufakelwa kwezindonga ezisezinhlelweni zokwakha), namuhla kuyehluka ohlwini lwama-ruble ayi-1500-4500. Ngo-1 m2. Umehluko muhle kakhulu ngoba izinkampani eziningi ezinkulu zinikeza izindlu ngamabanga amabili nantathu. Babizwa ngokuhlukile: "Umnotho" kanye "nenduduzo", noma "izwe" kanye "nobusika", noma "isabelomali", "Imali '. Amafemu wokwakha angahle abuyele kwizidingo ze-SP 31-105-2002 namanye amazinga, ngoba ukucushwa kuhlukile komunye nomunye hhayi kuphela ngokuqeda noma uhlobo lwezinto ezisetshenzisiwe kuphela, kepha nekhwalithi yezakhiwo eziphambili. Ngemuva kokuwela endodeni yokudoba yokukhangisa, ungakha indlu ephansi kakhulu ngokuphila ngisho ehlobo.
Uhlaka luvame ukuqoqwa kusuka kumabhodi angama-50 × 150 mm.
Umswakama wabo kufanele ubhekwe yimitha yomswakama kagesi.
Ngenkathi uhlaka alunqunyelwe, alukhuli isikhathi ngokwanele, futhi luqiniswa okwesikhashana yi
Yini engakugcina lapho kwakhiwa indlu yamathambo
1. Ezintweni zezakhiwo
Izindleko ezincishisiwe, ngaphandle kokudela induduzo nokuqina kwesakhiwo, okokuqala, ukwenqatshwa okwenziwe "kwezokwakha" - ama-belconies, ophahleni oluningi lwe-mug. Khetha indlu exande nophahla olulula oluphindwe kabili. Kuzosiza ukuyihlobisa ngaphandle kwezindleko ezingadingekile, inhlanganisela ekhethwe kahle yezimbali ku-facade ukuqeda, kanye nezinto zokusebenza - umpheme wezinto ezisebenzayo - lapho ngasikhathi sinye kuzovikela izindonga zomswakama), osezingeni eliphakeme imigwaqo yamanzi.2. Kuphrojekthi yomuntu ngamunye
Ukuthenga iphrojekthi ejwayelekile kuzophinde kunikeze imali enkulu, ngoba izindleko zokwakheka komuntu ngamunye zingama-ruble angama-500. Ngo-1 m2.
3. Ekuqedeni okubizayo
Kukufanele ukuqeda ukuqeda okubizayo, njengokuqothuka nge-clinker noma itshe. I-PVC SISIING (kufaka phakathi itshe) noma ibhodi le-coniferous lizobiza izikhathi ezi-3-5 ezishibhile.4. Ezinsizakalweni zabalamuli
Ekugcineni, unganikeza inani elikhulu ngokwenqaba izinsizakalo zabalamuli. Kepha le ndlela idinga ukulungiselela okukhulu, isikhathi nomzamo: kufanele utholele izinto zokuzimela ezivela kubakhiqizi, ukusesha abasebenzi, balawule zonke izigaba zokwakha.
Uhlaka lwesitezi sokuqala kufanele senziwe kwakhiwe ukuze ukuphakama uphahla lungama-2,7 m (kulokhu, kuyadingeka ukubheka ubukhulu bezakhiwo zaphansi kanye nokugqagqana).
Imibuso yezindonga zesigaba sesibili (semantic) ingaba nobude be-1.5-2 m
Yini engakwazi ukukusindisa
Ezimweni eziningi, imali eyongiwe ayizikhonzi, njengoba kuhilela amaphutha ahlanganayo. Ngakho-ke, akukho lutho oluhle olungeke luphume esifisweni sokukhulisa isisekelo (sizobuyela kulo mbuzo esihlokweni) noma isisekelo sezindonga.1. Izinto zesidumbu
Ezimakethe zokwakha zithengiswa ikakhulu ngamapulangwe omswakama wemvelo, imvamisa cishe ngo-100% (ukukala le pharamitha kuzosiza i-compact wiste umswakama imitha). Ebusika, amabhodi e-ayisikhilimu, futhi ngeke akwazi ukome ngaphandle. Maye, kuyinto ebaluleke kangaka evame ukuya ohlakeni lwezindonga, imishayo yokuqaqa kanye nama-rafter. Yini esongela yona? Okokuqala, iqiniso lokuthi ngaphakathi komklamo onomoya omncane, amabhodi angavuthiwe azothwalwa, futhi i-fastener ingaxhumana nayo iyalimala kakhulu. Akunakwenzeka ukukhipha ukuvinjwa kwezingxenye ezizoholela ekubonakaleni kwezikhala ku-G - kanye namalunga amise okwenziwe ngama-T, okungukuthi, ama-slots, lapho aqhuma khona lapho bese eshaya khona.
Ngokwe-Joint Venture 31-105-2002, izakhi zohlaka lodonga kufanele zenziwe kusuka ku-SAY TIMBER yomisiwe. Umthetho akufanele ubheke kulokhu, ikakhulukazi ngoba akunakwenzeka ukuthi usindise okubalulekile (esikalini sokulinganisa) inani. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinkuni ngohlaka lwendlu ka-120 m2 (kufaka phakathi ama-beams kanye nama-rafter) akwedlule ama-6 m3, kanye nomehluko ngentengo phakathi kwezinto eziphakeme eziphakeme kanye nama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezintathu.
Uhlaka luyisisekelo sesakhiwo, futhi, uma kuvela ukungathembeki, hhayi ukugwema ukulungiswa okunamandla abasebenzi, kepha kungenzeka ukuthi kuzodingeka ukuthi wakhe kabusha indlu.
Isisekelo sezindonga kufanele sincishiswe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ngaphansi kophahla, ngemuva kwalokho kuzokwenzeka khona ukuqala ukufudumala, i-facade kanye nomsebenzi wangaphakathi.
Isinyathelo sezinhlaka zama-racks sikhethwe ngendlela yokuthi siqinisekise amandla, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze sigome ukufakwa, kuncishiswe imfucuza encane
2. Ukufakelwa
Iphutha elibanzi labakhi ukugcwalisa izindonga zozimele, ezingahloselwe lezi zinhloso. Namuhla, awunakuhlangana nokufakelwa kwendawo yonke. Imikhiqizo ekhethekile imelelwa ikakhulukazi - for facade insulation, inqampu, ubukhulu kanye nophahla oluyisicaba, ukwahlukaniswa kwangaphakathi.
Amamitha weCineral Coant for Frame Walls ahlukaniswa nobuningi obukhulu (ngaphezu kwama-50 kg / m3), kunezengezo ezithile ezikhulisa ukuqina. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngesikhathi sokuthola insizakalo esilinganiselwe (okungenani iminyaka engama-30), abanikezeli shrinkage. Uma ugcwalisa izindonga, ngokwesibonelo, ukufakwa okugoqiwe kwe-Overlaps (kushibhile ngandlela-thile kunamapuleti amaningi), kuzovela izisebenzi ezingenalutho kungekudala ngaphakathi komklamo - kuzovela amabhuloho abandayo. Ngokuqondene nobukhulu bokufakelwa, kufanele kunqunywe esifundeni esithile ngokuya nge-venture ehlanganyelwe 50.13330.2012. Emlandweni ophakathi nendawo, izidingo zaleli qembu zihambelana nezindonga, ungqimba olufakwe oboya bezimbiwa ezinobukhulu obungu-150-200 mm, isisekelo se-overlap (i-attic sclap) ngu-200-300 mm.
Ukuphela kokulingisa komoya wokuzilibazisa, amapulangwe abanzi ngaphansi kwasendulo enamaSandriks, amaphaneli, ama-windows bindings - ngenxa yalezi zinto zokwakha kanye nezakhiwo zokwakha, i-Frame House iqala ukungasebenzi ngokhuni
3. Sheaning
Kokudlulisela okungaphandle nokungaphakathi kohlaka, ama-chips athambekele (i-OP) asetshenziswa kakhulu; Kaningi kaningi - ezinye izinto zeshidi, ezinjenge-aneru, usimende-chip noma amapuleti anokhuni.
Amapuleti esss kumele abe umswakama (uhlobo lwe-OPP-3) elwa umswakama (uhlobo lwe-OPP-3), i-formaldehyde Class - E1 noma e 0.5. Ubukhulu obuncane bokuqukethwe yi-9 mm, yize kuyinto efiselekayo ukusebenzisa ama-slabs ngobukhulu ngaphandle
12 mm. Akunakukwazi ukukwazi ukuthola amapuleti endabuko engaziwa, ukungabi nesitifiketi sokuhambisana no-R 56309-2014.
Kwesinye isikhathi, ukuze wonge izinto, ikhava yeshidi elingaphandle lenqatshiwe, lilinganiselwe ngokufakwa kwesilonda somoya nokhuni. Ngokuyinhloko, kuvunyelwe, ikakhulukazi uma sikhuluma ngendlu encane enezitezi. Kepha uhlaka kulokhu kufanele luqiniswe ngemikhumbi ehlala njalo.
I-OPP yangaphandle kwesinye isikhathi kwesinye isikhathi ithathelwa indawo yi-Windroaf DVP ubukhulu kusuka ku-25 mm (isoplaat kanye ne-analogs). Lokhu kunikeza ukwanda okungenani kwe-20 dB yokufakelwa komsindo wezokuthutha futhi kuthuthukisa kancane ukufakwa okushisayo, kepha kwandisa izindleko zika-1 m2 izindonga ngama-ruble angama-150-250.
Isexwayiso semininingwane lapho uqeda izindonga nokwakheka kwe-Outlook kuzohlinzeka ngokuvikelwa okuhle kumswakama, ngakho-ke ukulondolozwa kwezindawo zokufakelwa kanye nempilo yenkonzo ende yohlaka
4. Vaporizoation kanye nokuvikelwa kwe-hydraulic
Ukufakwa ngaphakathi kosizi odongeni lwamanani ngomsebenzi walo, kuphela ngenkathi somile. Ukuze uvikele uvolo wamaminerali kusuka kumswakama, ugcwele ukufakwa kwamanzi emfuleni, futhi kusuka ngaphakathi - vaporizolation. Abakhi abangathembekile bavame ukuba kulezi zimo bobabili babiza ifilimu ye-polyethylene eshibhile noma ebekwe ePergamine ephelele. Ukwenqaba ukusebenzisa ulwelwesi olungavunyelwe khona (lwe-deffion) kunciphisa izindleko zezindonga eziyi-1 m2 ngama-ruble angama-20-30 kuphela, ngenkathi ukulahleka kokuphila kwempilo yokwakha kanye nokwanda kwezindleko zokushisa.
Imiphumela efanayo ihola "ukufakwa okuvezayo" kwe-vaporizolation, lapho amalunga emichilo yefilimu engacwili nge-scotch.
Izikhwanyana ezibanzi ze-carnice kanye nama-drains afakwe kahle kuzogwema ukumashwa kwesisekelo ngesikhathi semvula nokuncibilika kweqhwa. Izikhala phakathi kwamabhodi we-binder ziyadingeka ukufinyelela umoya ohlelweni lokungena komoya ofudumele
5. Ukuhlanza nophahla
Lapha, ngaphezu kobukhulu bokufakwa kwe-thermal, kuvame ukunciphisa isigaba sesiphambano semishayo (noma ukukhulisa isinyathelo sabo). Ngenxa yalokho, phansi kunyakazisa ngokungathandeki lapho uhamba, futhi ama-rafter ancenga ngaphansi kobunzima beqhwa.
Amafreyimu agqagqana nophahla kufanele yakhelwe ngokuya nge-SP 31-105-2002. Uphahla olufakiwe kumele lube nezinhlobo ezifanayo ezisebenzayo njengodonga (olusuka egumbini ukuya emgwaqweni: vaporizoation-theral-themantal - ukuqedela amanzi noma ukuqedwa kwe-ventzazor, futhi kumadivayisi wokufaka umoya kuyadingeka: Intambo yokuqeda amandla, kwesinye isikhathi ama-aerators. Le yindleko enkulu yezindleko zezindleko, kepha uma uyikhipha ezilinganisweni, i-microclimate izohlupheka futhi ivuza ukuvuza.
Ukukhanyisa i-attic, amawindi angaphambili, njengomthetho, akwanele - kuyadingeka ukwakha ama-lug-mahhala noma usethe amafasitela athambekele. Namuhla, njengomthetho, inguqulo yesibili iphenduke ukuba ibe ngama-20-30% ashibhile.
Ukuhlanganiswa okuphindayo kwamanzi kusetshenziselwa i-windboard ye-windroof. Futhi nokho, esimweni sezulu esibuhlungu, amapuleti azovuvukala futhi acishiwe. Kumele kuthwalwe engqondweni
4 Imibono eyiphutha evamile mayelana nezindlu zozimele
1. Izindonga zozimele zinesisindo esincane, ngakho-ke cishe noma yisiphi isisekelo sizohambisana nendlu
Kepha isisekelo sekholimu (noma isisekelo sokusekelwa, njengoba ibizwa ngokuthi yinkampani ethile yokwakha yobumba)) amabhulokhi kakhonkolo ambalwa ku-subret sandy. Ngenxa yezithelo ezingalingani zenhlabathi futhi ngenxa yokuvutha, amabhlogo ahamba ngokungenakuvuka futhi aholele ku-doss yebhokisi ekhaya. Itheyiphu ekhubazekile ngaphandle kwe-insured on inhlabathi enobuchopho ivame ukunikeza ukulamula okungalingani, futhi uma kungaqiniswa kahle - imifantu. Nge-Screw Piles, futhi, hhayi yonke into nakanjani: izinqwaba ezisezingeni eliphansi (i-welded, kusuka ku-carbonnsimbi ephansi st3) kungenzeka zingabungisi futhi ama-rades azophanga, futhi iziqu zizoqala ukuvusa ku emhlabathini.
Ungqimba lwe-vaporizolation kufanele kube yithemba ngokuphelele, ngaphandle kwalokho ukufakwa kuzolunga. Ngakho-ke, imichilo yefilimu inethaze futhi icindezelwa ngohlaka lwezimo.
Ngokuzayo, lapho ubeka ezokuxhumana, konke okuhlangene kwefilimu kumapayipi, izisekelo, njll.
Empeleni
Ukwakhiwa kwesisekelo kufanele kukhethwe kucatshangelwa idatha ye-geological, khipha ukufuya kanye nokudonswa phansi futhi kufezekise ezintweni ezisetshenziswayo nasezakhiweni ezingasebenza ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-50. Uma ukuthenga isikulufa screse, bese kuthi nge-ecoric anti-corlosion coating kanye namathiphu we-cast, futhi kuyadingeka kwiziqu zokhonkolo. Ngendlu lapho i-Slab noma i-Ribbon Foundation isebenze khona.
Ezinye izinto ezingezinye izinto nazo zingasetshenziselwa ukufakwa kwezindonga zozimele, njengokugeleza kwamanzi nge-eco.
Lokhu kwandisa kancane izindleko zendlu, kepha empeleni akuthinti i-microclimate yayo nempilo yenkonzo
2. "Sika" ekucushweni okuncane, yize kungahambelani nendawo yokuhlala ebusika, kepha kuzoba yindlu enhle kakhulu yezwe
Kodwa-ke, ekucushweni kwe- "Class", ukushuba kokufakwa phansi ezitezi futhi izindonga zivame ukuba ngu-50-70 mm. Ukufakwa kophahla nokufakwa okuzwakalayo kokuhlukaniswa kwangaphakathi kuvame ukunikezwa nhlobo. Izitezi ezisendlini enjalo zizohlala zibanda ngaphambi kokufika kwehlobo lamanje, futhi ubusuku obungasolwa, naphezu kwezithambisi ezifakiwe kanye nesithando esifakiwe. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngokushesha nje lapho kusungulwa isimo sezulu esishisayo, izinga lokushisa emakamelweni, ikakhulukazi esitezi se-attic, lizokhuphuka ngenhla 30 ° C - ngisho namafasitela avulekile ngeke alondoloze.Empeleni
Emlandweni ophakathi nendawo ehlobo, kufanele ukhethe indlu encane enobukhulu obuncane bokufakwa kwe-100 mm (izindonga) kanye ne-150 mm (phansi, i-attic, ophahleni).
Montage of Frame Frame, Ukuqothula imishayo kanye nezakhiwo ezihlanganayo zenza ama-fasteners wanamuhla. Gcina kulesi sihloko ukugeleza akunakwenzeka. Usayizi we-fastener (kufaka phakathi ubukhulu bensimbi) kunqunywa yiphrojekthi; Amabakaki, amapuleti, amabakaki namakhona kufanele avikelwe kusuka ekugculweni ngokushisa okushisayo kwe-galvaning
3. Ngokuqina okwanele kokufakelwa, indlu izokwazi ukusebenza kahle
Ngempela, izindonga zozimele zingagcinwa kahle ukushisa, kepha azinawo ama-inertia we-thermal, ngaphandle kwalokho, kungabikho moya olahlekile noma wamanzi. Uma lungekho uhlelo lokuphefumula umoya, kuyadingeka ukuqhubeka nokuqhubeka, futhi lokhu kukhulisa kakhulu izindleko zokushisa futhi kunciphise induduzo yokuphila endlini.Empeleni
Lapho uklama, uhlelo lokushisa (umoya wesiteshi, olufudumele lwaphansi) kanye namadivayisi wokuvuselela umoya okululama.
Okushibhile kuzobiza izitebhisi kuma-cosos, kwakhiwe ngendlela yokwakha. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwalokho kuzodinga ukubaza, okunzima ukukusebenzisa "endaweni". Kulula futhi kunenzuzo kakhudlwana ukulinda ukuqala komsebenzi wokuqeda bese uqoqa ama-Masters kusuka kwimininingwane eyenziwe endaweni yokusebenzela
4. I-gasket yezokuxhumana endlini yohlaka ayibangeli ubunzima, njengoba amapayipi namakhebuli kulula ukubeka ngaphakathi kwezindonga ezigcwele ukufakwa okuthambile
Eqinisweni, izintambo namapayipi kufanele kudlule engxenyeni yesithiyo se-vapor. Izimbobo zokubopha uphawu kufilimu akulula, ukunemba nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezikhethekile nezinto ziyadingeka. Akukulula ukugcoba zonke izimbobo zezinyawo zokushintshwa kwezishintshi kunendlela, ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlela izigaba ezindongeni ze-block. Uma ushiya ama-slots ungafakwanga, ukufakwa kuzothatha umswakama emoyeni wekamelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izindawo nokubumba kuzovela odongeni.Empeleni
Iyalela ukufakwa kwe-wiring, ama-fluid heating system, amapayipi amanzi kanye ne-securage ochwepheshe bendle, eyazi imininingwane yendlu. Lawula lesi sigaba kanye nenduna. Thola isiqinisekiso somsebenzi ocashile.
