What is "correct" fittings? Locking devices, door handles, loops and lining. Mechanisms of action, materials, designer solutions.
1 - Door Handle-Nob
Statistics know everything. The knowledge of it and the dynamics of human movements on the dwelling. So, every day our compatriot is with you 5-6 times visits the toilet, as much as the device, at least 10 times it will credit into the kitchen. Figures, of course, are approximate, but it is obvious that every day we repeatedly discover, close the interior doors of our apartments.
There is nothing to say, the door fittings "tightly woven into the canva of our life." When all these locks and knobs are in order, we do not notice them, but it is worth it that there is a serene life immediately turns out to be threatened. Shut-off-highly creaking loops, injured fingers and inexorably blocked doors occur, alas, not only in horror films.
To avoid large palls from the door "trifles", when buying it is important to choose the "right" accessories. It should be reliable, convenient to operate, the beautiful guest may not pay attention to a rich chandelier or the elegant bedroom window, but the door handle will certainly fall into his eyes. Therefore, the problems of fittings are occupied by the minds of engineers, well-known manufacturers and leading designers of the world. Advance devices (so called accessories until the October Revolution) for the inner doors and will be discussed in this article.
Sesame, Open!
Why do you need all sorts of tips, castles, latches? The answer is obvious. The vasserine stores selling the door fittings are presented with a great set of locking devices - from the simplest casing-valves to ultra-sided locks of the highest reliability and strength. Ovariagents of locks for entrance doors told in the article "Silent joy of closets".For internal doors of buildings, the following types of locking devices are used: passing latches, latches with a retainer (they are installed in the doors of bathrooms and toilets) and "normal" locks with a key. Locked - the most elementary variety of locking mechanism. Actually, they do not lock the door, but only kept in the closed state. Lockers are Fale, roller and magnetic.
Roller hold the door with the help of a freely rotating roller (roller) fixed by the spring. Rearned the position of the roller is located in the commander of the doorway. To open the door, it is necessary to make some effort to push the roller in the door groove. The output of the roller latch is regulated by a screw located on the front of the lock. Doors with a latch of this type are usually equipped with a stationary handle.
Fale latches use a rolling tongue, also a fixed spring. The door opens by pressing or turning the handle. The advantage of such devices in front of roller and magnetic is the impossibility of spontaneous door opening, let's say, under the influence of draft. However, someone will seek this, on the contrary, the disadvantage. Indeed, how to be if in your family there is a small child, not yet reaching the door handle? Incorrect insulation can become strong stress for him. Solid side, the permutation of the handle is troublesome, and do not want to "smite" the doors once again. Solve the problem will help the lace, reinforced at the end of the push lever handle. Practice shows that even children, barely able to walk, are able to open and close the door with such a lace.
To lock the interior doors on the inside, used as conventional locks with keys (affecting cases of the most primitive design) and special latch valves. Forms and designs of the latter can be diverse. The valves differ in the shape of the section of the locking rod (flat and round), the degree of its "openness" (there are spinages in which the rod is visible entirely, in the other models "is accessible to the outstand" only its advanced part). Extractive valves include ears for hanging locks (these structures are used in utility rooms). There are also devices equipped with the outside of the door with a sign with moving inscriptions: "Busy", "freely". Similar valves were very popular in communal apartments (especially at punctual residents of Soviet Baltic States).
Fale latches with a retainer are more common in modern bathrooms. Usually they are equipped with a double-sided push handle and a swivel button. These devices are available as domestic and foreign manufacturers. The cost of Russian and Belarusian latches for bathrooms is $ 1.5-10 (produced in factory factories in Kovrov, Brest, Mogilev, as well as in the St. Petersburg Association "Rigel"). A similar Turkish product will cost $ 4-20 (Kale, Mazini, Fiore). Spanish, Finnish and Italian Fale latches for bathrooms cost from $ 10 (Italians are manufactured by M.B.c., Pasini, Mandelli, Vallivalli, Finnish ABLOY company, Spanish Mestre, Swedish Assa, German Jado and many others).
A variety of latches with a retainer are knobs-nobbies with a built-in rotary locking button. The lack of design can be called small size of the button- This makes it difficult to manipulate the handle. There are no time on the market there are similar devices from Kale and Tesa (Spain). Price - from $ 4 to $ 10.
As for interroom locks with a key, in its design scheme they do not differ from similar input devices. The difference is only in the simplicity of the lock mechanism, the level of its secrecy. According to GOST 5089-97, the interior doors are allowed to use the locks of the lowest, first class with minimal security properties. It is not surprising: thieves and hackers must resist the entrance doors. For interior locks, the softness of work is much more important. For this, their moving parts are often made from brass and similar metals capable of ensuring a smooth silent course of the locking mechanism.
According to GOST 5089-97 ("Castles and latches for doors. Specifications"), latches even the lowest, first class of strength must withstand, at least 200000 cycles of opening-closing. Also, the handles and latches are required to withstand a twisting moment at least 15HM (this value corresponds to the load at 1.5 kg applied to the lever length1m).
Handmade
Door handles are different from each other with construction (stationary handles, brackets and push, push with a faual latch, push-button knobs), functional purpose (input, interroom, for bathrooms and toilets), manufacturing technology and, finally, case materials and protective coating . Products of companies Mandelli, Vallivalli, Colombo, M.V.S. are widely represented on the domestic door instrument market. (Italy), Abloy (Finland), Jado, Eco, Schuring, Boda, Hoppe (Germany), Assa, Mestre and others.
Stationary handles do not have mobile parts and extremely simple design. P-shaped voluminous staples are very popular. Usually their length is from110 to 170 mm, height (relative to the door plane) - from 40 to 60mm. The simplicity of the design of the bracket limits the possibilities of their use, but practically excludes any breakdown. Handles from a wide range of materials are manufactured, the most popular of which is the stainless steel with chrome coating. The bend shape of the bracket can be the most different, from the traditional rectangle to complex curves or broken lines. Ergonomics's vapors of the vision of ergonomics in the pens-brackets have at least two advantages. The first for the P-shaped bracket with smoothed angles is almost impossible to cling to clothing. Secondly, these products are very hygienic, they can be easily kept clean.
Also easy to design fixed g-shaped handles and knobs-buttons, called other knobs. The latter, being made of stainless steel with cornmarklacks, are often included in the set of locking heads for the entrance doors of increased strength, because they are not afraid of any "acts of aggression".
To another structural type of handles for interior doors (urged strength and hacking requirements are not particularly high), fell pressing patterns and rotary knobs-buttons. The devices of both species lead a wave latch of the lock and make it possible to open or close the door. The same and swivel models are used by the same mechanism - in fact they differ only in the design of the element for which we do the hand. A pair of pressure handles is connected by a rod passing through the door. The height of the handle is 50-55mm. The length of the working surface of the M-shaped lever is usually made comparable to the palm width (100-120mm). The door opens when you click on the lever. Rotary knobs-buttons are two round heads connected through the door with the rod. Their height is 50-65mm, the diameter of the button is 50-65mm.
The choice of this or that type of Fale handles is a taste. It should only be borne in mind that the pressure handles are able to hook and damage clothes, but they are more convenient to operate, you can even open the door without help. The turning models of such "liberty" are not allowed with them, so in many countries of Europe, the doors in public institutions are prescribed to supply only pressure handles to facilitate the fate of visitors to disabled.
Mechanisms and levers of influence
Door handles are attached at an altitude of 800-1200mm from the floor. The existing GOST 14624-84 requires the installation of door handles in public and industrial buildings at 1000mm from the floor. There are no recommendations to the fare of the "private" doors, therefore it is best to proceed from the rules of ergonomics, which say: more comfortable when the door handle is located at the belt level and when the door is opened, the hand is bent in the elbow joint at a right angle. So ultimately the height of the installation of the handles depends solely on the growth of the hosts of the house.The distance from the edge of the door to the handle axis is determined by the design of the key device and is an average of 50-80 mm. Still-free knobs that do not connect with the lock are recommended to be secured at a distance of 80-120mm from the edge of the canvas (the more distance from the edge, the more efforts it will be necessary to open and closing the door). Purpose and swivel knobs of interroom doors are attached to the profile pin (square stem) by hinting screws. Asami sockets in one case are pressed to the doors only reinforced on the profile pin with handles, in each other, in addition to the housing of the lock with screws (the last, more reliable option is sometimes called "German", because it is it preferred by a loving foundation of the Germans). By the king doors, fixed handles are fastened with tightening screws, and for the Fale handles, a cumbersome connection is used with threaded sleeves. It makes it difficult to access the handle and dismantling "outsiders", but, of course, cannot be considered as a serious obstacle to the hacker. Therefore, when the unpleasieness of the door is important, it is more reasonable to use fixed models on tightening screws protected by armored lining.
The main thing is to be beautiful
Considering in the store one or another headset for interroom or entrance doors, you need to remember the following points:
Depending on the installation of the door, door handles with the right or left version may be required (this applies to the Fale devices). Pick the handle according to the door design.
Some bilateral headsets are designed for mounting in the doors of different thickness (from35 to 80mm). Be sure to specify whether the selected accessories is suitable for your door.
A qualitatively manufactured locking mechanism (interroom latch) runs smoothly, silently and without much effort. Spring of the lock independently returns the handle to its original position. The moment on the handle should not exceed 3nm.
The lock tongue must be completely removed in the groove when turning the handle to an angle, not exceeding 45. The smaller this angle, the more comfortable operation of the door handle. It does not exceed the size of 20-30 with the prestigious models.
The headset for the entrance door should be combined with the cylinder secret part. The larva of the cylinder lock at the same time exactly suitable under the opening in the fittings. Most manufacturers of larvae-cylinders tend to unify their products, but the unnecessary check does not prevent. Therefore, if you have already acquired the larva of the cylinder castle, grab it on the "promising fittings".
Modern hardware are manufactured using high-strength and resistant coating corrosion. Some of them, however, can be destroyed under the influence of abrasive cleaning products (this, in particular, refers to special varnishes, which are covered by brass products). Specify when buying a headset, with which means it is better to clean it.
Well, of course, the door headsets should fit into the overall aesthetic concept of the room.
Recommended Time is very popular with handles made in the style of High Tech (model Virginia from Jado, Boda Handles, Fusital Line from Vallivalli). However, products of "classic" forms from "classic" materials (brass) in the domestic market are also presented by almost all Italian firms, Assa, Abloy and many others. Occasionally come across representatives of more exotic styles, such as the Bauhaus door headset (Jado), whose name speaks for itself.
As for the materials and appearance of faleva models, handles-natives and door linings, then there is almost incredible variety. For the case, chromed and nickel-plated steel, brass, aluminum alloys are most often used. The Germans prefer low-cost products from plastics, aluminum alloys or stainless steel. Plastic, understandable, cheap and hygienic, but its service life is small. The price of such a handle may be very low, about $ 0.5-1. Aluminum and steel are more expensive, but aluminum is good because scratches are weakly visible on its surface, the steel is generally durable and wear out little. Spanish and Italian Masters of Door Fittings make more expensive handles with overhead and genuine leather coating (Fedora, Vallivalli series), wood, glass, precious metals. Thus, the Spanish company Mestre uses to decorate its products Crystal, expensive wood species, moar glass, and Italian manufacturers of Mandelli and Colombo galvanic coating of nickel, chromium and even gold.
But elite door headsets are not only a triumph of expensive materials, first of all, the fruit of the work of famous designers. For example, such masters such as Matteo Thun, Antonio Gitterio, Gustav Peichl worked on the appearance of the handles of the Italian company Vallivalli. It is not surprising that such products are distinguished by sophisticated beauty, ergonomics and ease of operation. Medicea was one of the most popular series of Vallivalli pens appeared back in the distance 1934, but continues to be in demand and today. The service life of solid door handles is also a solid-firm ABLOY guarantees the trouble-free operation of its models for at least 20 years, Vallivalli- up to 30 years. Of course, this may not affect the price. The Presto (Abloy) model costs about $ 100, the most expensive handles of Colombo- about $ 150, the cost of the pens from the Fusital line (VALLIVALLI) comes up to $ 800.
If you get ridiculous to arrange your house in the archaic style, for this it is suitable forged door products, manufactured or manually, or by machine forging (headset of the Italian company ind.i.a). Such author works give the dwelling unique individuality. The cost of one product, depending on the complexity, is $ 30-70.
Among the models performed in the archaic style, it is necessary to mark the so-called handles-stupid, which are installed on the entrance doors and serve simultaneously with the handle, and the door hammer. This is quite massive structures produced from cast iron or bronze, their surface is often subjected to patinating and artificial aging.
Some models of the handles are famous not only by their design, but also by the premises they decorate. For example, the model H5007 series Fusital (VALLIVALLI) is installed on the interior doors of the Berlin Reichstag. Judging by its cost (about $ 300) and the established number, German parliamentarians also love to live widely and comfortably ...
Report with loop in pocket
Interior doors are supplied with hinges of two types: inhibit and traditional attached. The first consist of a pair of cylinders inserted into the door leaf and the box. In the second, the attached fragment are "cards" or "wings" - plates with screw holes. Such hinges consist of two cards with screws for screws. Maps are connected by a round rod (baotom). If they are made of a sheet, folded twice and envelope the rod, the loop is called a rim. Loops of a thicker leaf in which only baaut is enveloped, called bent. All other things being equal, flex hinges are easier in the manufacture, their production is cheaper, and therefore they have become wider distribution. The rod is fixed in the lower half of one of the cards.Mounted loops, in turn, are divided into universal (hinged), right and left-sided (half-s). There are also hack-resistant loops for entrance doors, equipped with devices that prevent the removal of the door (special anti-standard beglings). Usech these loops their advantages and disadvantages and, of course, their own area of use.
Hinged loops are used more often than others. The reason for this is the simplicity of their design, reflecting at cost. A set of unilateral hinges of Russian production for one door will cost the buyer at $ 1-5. Universal loops cost a little more expensive ($ 1.5-7), but at the same time use unchanged popularity among the population, acquiring them, you save yourself from the need to break your head, whether the hinges are suitable for the door (they are for both right-hand and left-sided suspension) . Alas, universal models, by virtue of their design, the door-equipped with them can be removed, only unscrewing screws. In addition, these loops have several friction surfaces and potentially more cream.
However, even ordinary loops can creak, if they are mounted with distortion, due to which additional loads occur in the mechanism. To reduce the hinge friction force, it is recommended to lubricate 1-2 times a year. There are still mounted models in which the transmission force axis contacts with a freely rotating ball or bearing. Such loops differ in incomparably softer move and practically do not creak.
Screw models are used for interior doors of imported production - Italian, Spanish, Finnish (most often and loop themselves are manufactured in the same countries). Halves of hinges are not equipped with a placard-card, but one or two threads with a thread. Single these pins one half is brought to the doorway, and the other, orcord. The advantage of such models is decorative attractiveness. As for the installation strength of doors, then on this part overhead loops are more reliable. Screw loops are usually installed only on thin doors weighing 20-50kg. On the contrary, heavy doors (weighing more than 60kg) are mounted on mounted loops with a 125-150mm card height and width, respectively, 40-45mm. It is possible to install the door to 3 and even 4 pieces. GOST14624 recommends in such cases placing them at a distance of 250mm from the top and bottom of the web, the third loop is attached at a distance of 250mm from the top. All loops must be outside the horizontal strapping bars (loud of wooden doors). Foreign manufacturers give their own recommendations on the selection and installation of loops. Accompliant, such recommendations are developed by ASSA (Sweden), Fiskars (Finland), Hoppe (Germany). The ozn recommendations lie charts along which, knowing the dimensions of the door leaf and its mass, it is easy to calculate the required amount of loops.
ASSA offers advanced recommendations in which the "reduced" mass of the door is the sum of the numerical values of the mass of the door and correction coefficients.
A large amount of loops does not contribute to the quality work of the door design. Practice shows that even three loops on one straight rods are accurately located on one straight rod (such seasonal, temperature and sedimentary deformations of the box and the canvas) is almost impossible. The most harmless consequences of this creaking doors. In principle, the arising deformations can lead to the destruction of the loop or to the wires of the canvas. When installing on one door of three or four hinges, it is best to use models with the possibility of lateral adjustment of the map location (for example, NTR110C30TSS from Fiskars). The features of the installation of entrance doors and loops for them were told in No. 10 of our magazine for 2002.
For doors with a festival (they are also called folded), they need special loops whose wings come under the ledge of the door box. Doors with a festival can be equipped with both screw loops.
Doors that should be discovered in both directions (swinging) are hung on spring loops consisting of three cards and two spring-loaded hinge connections. When opening in one direction the door turns around the hinge, when opening in the other side, around the hinge. Springs are necessary to return the web into the closed state.
How to distinguish right-sided and left-sided hinges? Disconnect the hints and look at the bottom card in which the rod remains. It is necessary to watch from the holes divided under the heads of the screws. If the rod is at the end of the right side, then the loop right, with the lava-left.
And other pleasant little things
The place of installation of the locking mechanism in the door is closed with a metal plaque-overlay. The pad can be solid, that is, a common for the handle and the locking mechanism (it is also called the Palet) and separate for each of these devices (socket). The socket for a keyhole with a slot for the key is also called a key, and a single-type kit of all parts (latch, handle, door lining) is a door headuit.
Solid linings are characterized by massiveness and provide higher consolidation of the headset. They usually completed the entrance doors. The disadvantage of the design is an extremely accurate matching of the sizes of all parts of the headset to each other. After all, each manufacturer prefers to produce handles with lining on their own standards. It is done to sell not only the castle, but the whole set of entirely. Veverop exists, however, the standard for the sizes of the hole under the larch: height is 35mm, the width of the lower part is 11 mm, the diameter of the upper part is 18 mm. Avot Another important dimension between the axis of the handle and the axis of the locking well is set by manufacturers arbitrarily. More often there are lining, which it is 70-80mm, but this is not a general rule. Therefore, in order to avoid the lock-lining inconsistencies, when buying a lining make sure that it comes to the existing lock. Persistent such difficulties usually do not occur, pick them substantially easier. Therefore, in Europe, the absolute majority of interior doors are equipped with such overlays.
At one and a half and biscuit doors, you need more devices to fix one of the sash (which is usually not ovated) in a fixed position. Such devices are called mortise valves or spinages. Insecured lever is used, which pushes the rod fixing the door. As a result, the rod is moving into a larvae embedded in the box. There are lower lathes that have a minimum length (usually 225mm), and the top, the length of which (usually 370 mm) determines the remover of the spivelet from the floor not more than 1800-1900mm. This is necessary for the convenience of unlocking the door. Using the upper scores can represent some inconvenience for low-spirited people. But but the input grooves in the opposite part are guaranteed not to score dust, as it sometimes happens with the bottom spinages. The cost of the studge of domestic production is from $ 0.5 to $ 1.5.
Recently, in addition to traditional hardware, entrance and interior doors, all thicker turn the diverse electronic access control equipment, which is designed to ensure the safety of the inhabitants of the house. This market segment develops especially quickly, and high-tech developments that have recently used in industry, gradually penetrate into everyday life. Onovinki in this "area of high technologies" we will tell in one of the following log numbers.
Calculation of the mass of the door, taking into account the amendments (according to ASSA)
| Factor | Amendment,% |
|---|---|
| Doors are equipped with a closer | +20 |
| Doors are equipped with a closer, giving the opportunity to fix the cloth in the open position | +100 |
| Doors are susceptible to strong wind loads | +10 |
| Doors can be subject to additional physical exertion. | +10 |
| Limited Operation Frequency (Doors in residential buildings) | -10 |
The editors thanks the company "Sesam", Doorlock, Vallivalli, "Russian forging", Lokmaster for help in the preparation of material.
