Properly selected entrance door is not all. To protect against extraneous penetration, reliable locks are needed.
The safety of own dwellings, as the classic of Marxism would say, is the case of archiving. Too much divorced in our country "Expropriators", ready to drag everything that lies badly, - alas, police reports talking about the substantial growth of apartment buildings. However, not only robbers are improving their skills, but also manufacturers of protective and security devices. According to professionals engaged in the production and installation of "access control equipment", a properly selected entrance door and a reliable castle will significantly reduce the risk of penetration of thieves into your apartment.
Attention, the doors are closing!
Which castle can be considered reliable? Let's talk about his distinctive features.High secrecy. This indicator is characterized by the number of possible key configurations. That on the household level means the number of keys that you need to go through to unlock the lock. Such a definition, of course, is approximate, but it reflects the main property of secrecy - it is higher, the harder it is to choose the key to the castle. A fairly high level of secrecy is the order of 1 MLN and the more possible key configurations. Similar lock models are available by ABLOY companies (Finland), Assa (Sweden), Azbe (Spain), ATRA, Cisa, Mottura (Italy), Abus, Ikon, Mauer (Germany), "Class", "Mette", "Bark" ( Russia), Mul-T-Lock (Israel), Boda (Germany-Russia), NEMEF (Netherlands) and many others. An ordinary "English" castle has less secrecy in 1000.
Highly selection castles are quite complex and very accurate devices. The tiny details of the locking mechanism over the years of operation wear out, because of which the lock begins to open not only by the "its" key, but also simply look like it. In order to avoid this trouble, the locking mechanism should be made from wear-resistant material.
The more difficult and "cunning" mechanism, the one is vulnerable to the so-called coarse hacking. Castles can get out of the doors, drill, also "professionals" are able to embroider a larva. So that this does not occur, access to locking mechanisms is overlapped with special protective linings, which protect the lock from "all types of damage" and knock out from the door.
Locking well - "special risk zone". Through it can be carried out by hacking or the conclusion of the lock of the system (enough one skillfully inserted match, so that the unfortunate owner spends the night before tightly blocked by the door). Consequently, the locking wells must be protected from "random access" (we are talking about the perfect castle), and in the event of any abuse, it is desirable to be able to clean them from garbage. It is best if there are no wells at all, as in some electronic devices, where the key is not inserted, but is applied to the appropriate surface. Wells can be closed with dampers with an auxiliary lock or simple turning dampers, which, of course, powerless against the rogues, but will stop at least hooligan adolescents. Finally, it is easier to be cleaned from the contamination of the well of flat-walled locks (their device will be discussed below), which is therefore preferably used on the street, where it is likely to enter the water and snow.
Everyone, at least once in his life, lost "the key from the apartment where the money is lying." It is desirable that the castle in such an abnormal situation can somehow open (indestructuring the door), after which it is possible to replace its secret part or recode it without much effort. Here, during the resolution of this contradiction, when the castle should not succumb to the attacker, but it is obliged to obey the scattered owner, and numerous variants of locking structures arose.
What options for hacking doors are found in practice most often? It:
- Balance of locks by mate or lomik;
- knocking out locks and larvae of cylinder locks from doors with a sledgehaft;
- push up the doors using montage, jack;
- Theft of keys, the manufacture of their duplicates "Pin" (no one has canceled the human factor, and the craftsmen are among the intruders);
- knocking out the locking doors and the retacial parts of the castle (sometimes it is done "without hands", one good kick);
- selection of the key on the appropriate simple locks;
- Reversing the lock or some of its parts.
The use of launders beloved by all detectives, acids for dissolving the springs, specific thief instruments is extremely limited. Modern rogues know that it is much easier to break than hacking. In addition, they do not evenly drag with them various "special equipment", outstanding their criminal interests. Therefore, purchasing a lock for the front door, do not forget if necessary to complete it with a protective armored lining. And of course, do not "flash" your keys, do not leave them without supervision, a professional hacker just just carefully examine the key (without even taking it into hand) to subsequently make a completely efficient duplicate.
Let's talk about classification
According to GOST 5089-97, on the stability of hacking "locking mechanisms", like the doors, are divided into several classes. The class of resistance to power exposure is determined by tests on static and dynamic loads, opening with hoes and hacking using appropriate manual, electrical and thermal instruments. In all cases, the main criterion of the castle belonging to one or another class is its opening resistance, measured by time during which it is able to "resist" to external influence. The class of the lock is established as a result of complex tests. For example, even if the mechanism has the strength of the diamond and the highest secrecy, but it opens with a match in less than 5 minutes, his class will never be above.
Household locks installed on the entrance doors must have a stability class not lower, and if we are talking about "apartment where money is lying," at least III. It is impossible to determine the hack resistance class on their own at home. It is much easier to find out this indicator from the passport of the lock, where the excerpt from the certificate of conformity is necessarily given. Data confirming high hack resistance of the device is the subject of pride of each manufacturer, and if they are missing in the passport, then it is quite possible, the lock is not intended for installation on the entrance doors.
In addition to resistance to power influence, the locks are divided into two classes (A and B) on the secrecy of the indicator characterizing the number of key combinations. Modern locking devices provide desired secrecy with a fair reserve. The class of secrecy corresponds to 25,000, and the class B - 100000 key combinations according to GOST P 51072-97.
In addition, the number of locking devices included in the locking mechanism, depending on the class of stability of the door, should be no less than a certain GOS value (the number of devices is given in the article on the entrance doors of the "Ranger" doors of this number).
All locks consist of a secret and executive part. The secret or code part is called the mechanism recognizing the key (or encoded in one form or other information that serves as a password of access - luster electronic lock). The executive part is the shut-off mechanism consisting of valves, riglels (casov), planks and, in general, different castles are similar. The executive part varies according to the installation methods, it may be a mortise, overhead, contribution or mounted. Hence the separation of locks on mortise, overhead, deposit and attached.
By the design of the secret part, modern locks are very diverse. To the general case, they are divided into mechanical, electromechanical and electronic. The mechanical locks for the entrance doors, in turn, are cylinder, suvalid, codes. All these devices are inherent in their advantages and disadvantages.
Characteristics and recommended area of application of locks (GOST 5089-97)
| Castle class | Security properties | Force applied to the elements of the lock when testing for strength, not less than | Resistance to opening, not less min | Recommended area of application | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A.(Casov and Shut-off Planck) | B. (Zerov mechanism) | IN (Connection of the facial plank with a mortise lock case) | ||||
| I. | Low | 2940. | 785. | 785. | - | For the doors of the utility rooms and intra-ordinary doors |
| II. | Normal | 2940. | 785. | 785. | five | For entrance doors of apartments |
| III | Increased | 4900. | 1500. | 1960. | 10 | For the entrance doors of apartments, premises containing certain values, and (or) armed |
| IV | High | 6860. | 1960. | 4900. | thirty | For entrance doors of apartments, premises containing significant values, and (or) armed |
* - Castles of this class are subject to mandatory certification.
It's not a hat, but in a cylinder ...
Cylinder locks, also called pins or pines, and in spacious, English or French, are today the most common. The role of the secret mechanism is played by a set of moving pins, plates or disks enclosed in a secret part of the cylinder, also called the larva. These pins should be built in a key in a strictly defined order in height. The level of secrecy of the lock depends on the number of pins, their location inside the cylinder, the number of possible combinations in the height and accuracy of the manufacture of individual elements. There are single-row, double-row and crucible cylinder mechanisms. They differ in the constructive location of the pins - in one row, in two rows, from three or four sides. Two-row or cruciform mechanisms allow you to increase the total number of pins in the lock (the gear of the secrecy of the mechanism) without lengthening the key.
The advantage of cylinder locks is that an increase in the level of their secrecy is possible without significant complication of the mechanism. Cylinders are produced with a length of 30 to 120mm, so the locks can be chosen for the doors of different thickness. If necessary, the larvae of the cylinder lock is easy to replace. In addition, most large manufacturers of key devices produce cylinder locks with interchangeable cylinders. Simply put, the cylinders have standard sizes and shape and can be easily replaced by one other, regardless of the manufacturer's company.
Alas, shortcomings of cylinder locks are the continuation of their advantages. The secret part, which is practically not amenable to hacking with bale, can be relatively easy to knock out the door. In addition, they have a weak anti-vandal defense: any schoolboy, stuck in the larva, is able to deliver you a lot of trouble. In addition, with keys from cylinder locks, it is necessary to handle carefully - they can fail even from large scratches on the surface.
The variety of cylinder locks are disk locks. The secret portion is made in the form of a series of plates, the angle of rotation of which is set by grooves on the key. This design provides very high secrecy (about several million combinations) and makes extremely difficult access and opening of the lock using bars. The device almost does not affect dust, dirt, moisture and frost. Disadvantages of disk locks are the same as all cylinder, vulnerability to knocking, drill and other power methods of impact. The most common disk locks of the production of ABLOY (Finland).
Gift from Persia
Suwald locks in some sense are the opposite of cylinder. Locking-unlocking the mechanism occurs in them due to the set of suvald plates, which, arranged under the influence of the key in strictly defined positions, allow you to push locking rigels. Suwald locks are the most ancient mechanical locking devices: their primitive counterparts used another 3 thousand years ago in ancient Persia. However, due to its excellent anti-burglar and anti-vandal characteristics, such mechanisms are popular and today. They have sufficient massiveness, so they are not so easy to knock out of the door. The level of secrecy depends on the number of suwald and the accuracy of their manufacture.From hacking with the help of a laid, such devices are protected by an increase in the number of suwald and the complication of their shape. Occasions of the castle indirectly show the edges of the key of the key. It is better if they are straight, polished, without roundings, then, most likely, the secret mechanism is characterized by the accuracy of manufacture. In addition, the method of variable encryption is used in modern suvalden locks of increased secrecy. The distance between the opposite teeth of the key can be either constant or variable. With a constant distance between the teeth (constant encryption), the attacker is much easier to pick up the laundr.
The disadvantages of the Suwald locks can be called relatively low secrecy (if you compare them with cylinder locks), as well as some bulky keys (besides the fact that the hefty key is not very convenient to wear in your pocket, a wide locking well facilitates the work of a hacker with hides). With regard to the complexity of the replacement, modern suvalid locks are supplied with additional transcoding devices. They play the role of a replacement cylinder, allowing you to change the keys without replacing the castle itself. Manufacturers offer different versions of these devices. For example, the company Mottura in the N797 model uses the so-called nuclide, that is, a replaceable part of the mechanism with all the Suwalds. ATRA 6191 and NF09 and NF09 shafts are set to the MIA secrecy blocks compared to nuclies. In this case, the transcoding of the mechanism occurs without replacing the desalt part. Finally, Cisa locks (57966 or 17635) are equipped with a Cambio key replacement system, in which there are no replaceable parts at all. These locks have an additional well in the front part for the "technical key" (it is only available at the open door). When you entered it, all the lock settings are "reset"; To transcoding, it is enough to insert into the main well of any CISA brand key and open-close them the lock. The advantage of the CamBio system is the absence from the inside of the door panel of any holes to access the secret part of the mechanism.
Wrestling for quality
Manufacturers have long been trying to minimize the advantages of cylinder and suvalden castles. The result of these efforts was the appearance of combined devices. Plum models in a single case installed two locking mechanisms, suvalid and cylinder. Suwald "responds" for the mechanical durability of the door, and the cylinder reflects the attempts to hack the key or use of the keys. There are interdependent and dependent combined locks. Forward mechanisms operate autonomously from each other (for example, model 57.786 from CISA); The dependent is the function of blocking one device to others. There are both fully combined locks, pin-sunedie, in which the same key acts simultaneously on the Suwalds and pins.
Inter-dependent locks on the principle of operation do not differ from the pair of any single locks inserted into one door. Their main advantage is a massive and durable common corps, which is better resisting the powerful effect. In addition, the installation of one lock is not so strongly weakened by the design of the door panel as the installation of two. The lack of dual devices in a more complex design leading to the rise in the cost of the product - the dual lock is 10-20% more expensive than the pair of independent locks of the same class. The main feature of the dependent combined devices-locking of the main (as a rule, the Suwald) castle auxiliary (cylinder). This increases the stability of the main lock to the hacking hone and the method of selection of keys. The attacker will first "beat" auxiliary lock, without damaging the main one, and then take it. If you knock out the larva of the auxiliary lock, the mechanism of the main is automatically blocked.
Another option of an improved locking design - a pump lock. Introduction The key has an impact on the pins, located not along the axis of the cylinder, but by its diameter. In terms of its strength characteristics, pump locks are close to the suvalden, and in terms of secrecy, kidd. In addition, the advantages of the pumping mechanism can be attributed to a small key size. The disadvantage is the relative availability of the device for hacking using bars.
The number of code combinations of the Suwald Lock is calculated as Mn, where Mn is the number of different cutting depths on the key, and N- the number of independent secrets on the key (it is equal to the number of Suwald with a key of symmetric and twice the quantity - with a symmetrical). Thus, if in the lock 6Suvald, the asymmetric key, on the non-4-rims of different depths, then the number of code combinations- 4 to degrees6 2 = 12, which is 16777216. Castle with six suvalds, a symmetrical key and four cuts of different depths will be secrecy 46 , that is, 4096.>
Electronics not drill
Electronic and electron-mechanical locks are rarely used in apartments and country mansions. More often they establish those who managed to assess their advantages in multi-star hotels. According to hack resistance, these devices are not inferior to mechanical. In addition, they have their own advantages: the lack of a keyhole, the possibility of hidden installation and light and fast crossing. Some electronic locks do not require keys that can be faked or losing. In this case, the access control devices are used (the compositions are included, as a rule, a scanner and a computer that produces identification), which are able to recognize their owners by the method of dactyloscopy, vote or iris. The main disadvantage of such closures of the power supply. However, the likelihood is great that the electronics in the near future will be widely used as auxiliary locking mechanism with a powerful main castle of the Suwald type. But we will have a separate conversation about such pairs.What is there on the shop window?
Today in the domestic market there are many cylinder and suvalid castles of various manufacturers. Their cost varies from several tens of rubles to several hundred dollars. The corner of cheap includes devices manufactured in Russia, China, Turkey and Poland. Their bomb resistance is small, and the level of secrecy too. Models are more expensive (worth from several tens of dollars) are made from better materials and are equipped with additional devices that increase resistance to hacking. For increasing strength, dumbbell pins (IKON) are used to increase strength, overhead plates made of heavy-duty steel, armored inserts and washers, protecting the mechanism from driving, as well as a large number of shut-off riggers (5 or more). Many locks are supplied with traction to lock the door in addition on top-bottom, and sometimes from four sides at the same time. They are often called safe locks in everyday life (by analogy with similar devices installed in safes and armored doors of banking storage), which is not entirely true. Barbing Bolt Locks are extended by a separate device, for example, a handle, and the lock mechanism only fixes their position. Interface locks (let's call them) should be provided for protection from pressing a thrust, fixing them in the extended state, otherwise they can be "depressed" back.
Choosing one or more locks, be sure to take into account the design of the door on which they are planned to be installed. This design must comply with the requirements of the strength, and the class hacking classes of the door and the lock must be the same (it is pointless to install a super-domestic locking device on the door, stitched from organic sheets). For the entrance doors, it is recommended to use locksII, III or IV, the highest class. Some locks of locks are designed for metal doors, some and wooden.
By way of installation, locks are divided into mortise and overhead. Curls are more complicated in the installation, but do not spoil the view of the door panel. Outlacks are not easthetic, but they are easily replaced by a failed secret part. In addition, the installation of overhead locks does not reduce the strength of the door structure. This is especially important if the door is wooden and relatively thin, and besides, it already has one mortise castle. Typically, overhead locks are used as everyday, auxiliary locking devices, and mortise, respectively, play the role of the main. Deposit locks - type of devices that appeared relatively recently (such, for example, model 52.587 from MOTTURA). They are intended for steel doors and embed inside the door frame through a pocket carved in the inner sheet of the door. At the same time, a hole is done in the end profile of the frame only for the release of the riglel, that is, the profile is weakened much less than when using a mortise lock.
Both mortise and overhead locks can be single and bilateral. One-sided lock opens with a key on one side, and on the other handle is equipped with a rotary handle, the two-sided two-sided keys on both sides of the door. Cylinder double-sided locks have two cylinder in their housing, which naturally affects their cost. A feature of bilateral devices is the impossibility of opening them from the inside of the room without a key. It can be considered either as dignity (a foroter hacker will not be able to safely remove from the apartment through the door with your favorite TV), or as a disadvantage (for example, when there are small children or elderly in the house that are absentmaking to lose the key).
The installation of a new lock (rigging, inactive) is a fairly accurate operation requiring known professionalism. Best of all, if this work is done by the representative of the supplier company. Avtot Replacing the larvae of the cylinder lock or the element of the secrecy of the Suwalde is quite able to each person, a little bit familiar with the technique. As a rule, the larva is fixed by one or two bolts. Similarly, the element of secrecy in the Suwalt locks 6191b (ATRA), N797 (Mottura) is simply changing.
Protection, of course, is not found free. Regarding inexpensive castles of domestic producers are between 100 to 300 rubles. Italian or German medium-class cylinder lock can be purchased for $ 20-50. Approximately the same cornmarklacks for its protection against power influence. Finally, the most highly reliable and expensive models of Suwald and cylinder locks will cost the buyer at $ 100-300. According to the calculations of companies engaged in the sale and installation of locking systems, a kit from the main and auxiliary locks together with the installation will cost about $ 200-400. The amount is not so small, but compare it with the damage that would lead to theft. As the saying goes, God saved ...
Citizens of the USSR realized the advantages of high-quality devices capable of resisting hacking, in the 1970s. Then the famous "Finnish" castles manufactured by ABLOY were supplied to our country. The 451s model became a certain standard of quality castle in our country and deserved peculiar respect in the criminal world, having received the nickname "Stirlitz".
The editorial board thanks the company "Sesame", "Dorlock", "Slosselburg", "Hard Lok", Trassintdf, Abloyoy for help in preparing the material.