Present and future of monolithic construction

The advantages of monolithic housekeeping, features and types of monolithic houses, technological perspectives.

Today, monolithic construction is one of the most promising technologies for the construction of residential buildings. His idea is very simple and probably familiar to many, on the same principle pour house foundations. In a whole building, it looks like the construction of structural elements from a concrete-containing mixture using a special formwork directly at the construction site. To talk about the features of monolithic housing, we asked for an employee of the Department of Investment Programs of Construction, a qualified analyst of the real estate market of the Russian Guild of Realtors Andrei Viktorovich Kupriyanov

A bit of history

In our country, for many years, preference was given to the prepared panel houses. Although in the 1930s, during the period of constructivism, a certain experience of monolithic construction was already acquired. But it received widespread only in the last 10 years. Ito, despite the fact that with monolithic construction, as more rational, the prospects for the reduction of material consumption and improving the reliability of buildings have always been associated. So, in the late 70s, the 15-storey building of the hotel in monolithic technology was built in Sochi. A sliding formwork and concrete is used according to the "Krane-Badja" scheme. Concrete works were completed in just 15 days. The construction of such a hotel from the precast concrete would require an increase in concrete consumption by 30.7%, metallulas - by24.5%, and then its cost would increase by 20%. But adverse weather conditions and low technologies have long limited the use of monolithic construction in the middle lane of Russia. The main problems were the lack of high-quality formwork and complex concrete care in winter, demanding a lot of heat consumption. It was not one decade, before the technology of monolithic construction stepped forward so much that it was possible to seriously talk about its economic advantages.

The promotion of monolithic construction in the middle band of Russia became possible due to the use of special additives that accelerate the hardening of concrete and reducing water consumption, as well as to the cement, during the hydration of which a large amount of heat is distinguished. The use of these modern materials (despite the fact that their cost is relatively low), it makes it possible to protect concrete at temperatures to -15С and significantly expands the deadlines for the construction of monolithic buildings.

The spread of monolithic construction contributed to the use of inventory formwork, which can be moved to new sections after a few days. This made it possible to significantly reduce material costs, improve labor productivity and construction pace.

Advantages of monolithic house-building

However, the volume of construction of monolithic housing would not have increased in recent years to such an extent if this technology had not had very significant advantages compared to panel house-building. Among them, first of all, the irresponsibility of the steps of structures should be noted. Environmental construction, all designs have dimensions, multiple to a specific module. The technologies of manufacturing designs at the factory does not allow you to quickly change the shape of the snap. That is why architects and designers were tied to certain types of sizes and are limited to the adoption of project decisions.

An increase in the design steps compared to large-passenger construction from 12 to 15-16 m, and often up to 20m caused the appearance of completely new planning solutions of apartments. In addition, with an increase in the width of the building, it is possible not only to save materials, but also to reduce heat consumption for heating a monolithic house by 20-30%. Ito with the same heat engineering qualities of enclosing structures.

The monolithic building practically does not have seams, which also increases the indicators of its heat and soundproof. During the use of effective insulation, it allows you to improve the mode of operation of the house in winter, reduce the mass and volume of enclosing structures (the thickness of the walls and overlaps is significantly reduced). As a result, monolithic buildings are 15-20% lighter than bricks. At the same time, due to the relief of structures, the material intensity of the foundations is reduced and their device is reduced.

Another important advantage of monolithic construction is that all its production cycle is carried out directly at the construction site, unlike panel construction, when all the elements are manufactured at the factory, and then brought to the site and are mounted using cranes and other heavy techniques. The construction of a monolithic house consists of several stages: preparation and delivery of concrete (grades 200-400), formwork preparation and concrete itself. The case is even more simplified, if you can create a concrete node right on the site. After all, often when building buildings in places of point development, shipping and storage of panels are not possible, laying railway tracks for cranes. Asset in the manufacture of prefabricated structures is assumed to the tolerances at all technological stages, which is why additional labor costs occur when finishing the joints. So if monolithic construction is conducted on a clearly spent scheme, the construction of buildings is carried out in a shorter time. It is important that qualitatively performed work in monolithic construction eliminates the need for "wet" processes and ceilings are almost ready for the finishing finish.

Due to its technological features, monolithic houses are more resistant to the effects of man-made and other adverse environmental factors, more seismic resistant. And, which is completely natural, more durable. If the designated design life of modern panel houses is 50 years, then constructed by monolithic technology is not less than 200.

Features and types of monolithic houses

In monolithic construction there are its own characteristics. To date, there are not so many firms capable of high quality monolithic houses. After all, this is a new technology that requires knowledge of special techniques and methods of construction. A new design system is needed. A quite a long time passed before domestic companies involved in monolithic construction acquired sufficient experience.

A larger role in monolithic construction plays a formwork. It is exactly that determines the timing and quality of the construction of structures. The use of modern formwork systems made it possible to significantly increase the manufacturability of monolithic construction, to make it competitive. Today, the formwork systems are classified by the scope of application (for walls, for overlaps, for columns, etc.), constructive features (frame, beam), installation method (stationary, self-lifting, lifting, lifting, lifting), sizes and materials used. While the universal formwork system has not yet been created in our country, so leading foreign formwork manufacturers are struggling for the Russian construction market.

The current builders apply two main technologies: with a shield formwork and with a tunnel formwork. The first more speed, allows you to receive whole blocks of apartments and build at the same time internal walls and overlaps of any configuration. With the help of a second technology formwork, you can build a framework-type buildings without beams. As the result becomes real any planning of apartments. Therefore, the buyer can either order the necessary layout at the construction stage, or plan the interior after the completion of construction. Moreover, only the size of the apartment can be the only limitation of fantasy.

According to the type of construction, purely monolithic and collection-monolithic houses are distinguished. Started monoliths make bearing elements, and the outer walls are performed from more familiar materials, such as brick or panels. If the use of bricks allows you to increase the consumer properties of the object, the advantages of the panels are very dubious, the same seams and other problems of large-scale panel buildings.

Initially, the cost of monolithic construction was much higher than panel. This created a monolithic household houses for the rich. However, over the past years, the cost of "monolith" has decreased significantly, now it is only 20-40% higher than the "panels". The results of the home turned out to be affordable a much wider circle of buyers, because the remaining difference in price with interest is compensated by the quality of such housing. Decreased deadlines for the construction of monolithic houses.

To achieve the right to build every year more and more difficult, if only because the number of free platforms in the city is reduced. Outroxsers want to use the resulting place with maximum return.

Moscow realities

The largest distribution of monolithic housekeeping was obtained in Moscow. There are several reasons for this. First of all, the colossal increase in houses built in Moscow. Only last year in the capital 3600 thousand were built. M2 total area of ​​residential buildings. Power of Moscow DSC is limited, it is impossible to infinitely increase the production of panels. Accordingly, the number of panel houses cannot grow. This is how it is possible to explain the change in the percentage ratio between new monolithic and panel buildings. If 3-4 years ago it was 10:90, and in 1999- 30:70 in favor of the "panel", then in 2001 it became 50:50. The venouncement of 10-15% is expected for the first time in favor of monolithic construction.

Another factor that stimulated monolithic construction was that in Moscow there were practically no extensive territories suitable for mass development. Much contributed to this and the decision of the city authorities about the ban on the construction of typical panel houses in the historic part of the city. After all, it is the technology of monolithic construction that allows you to use the most different and often very original architectural and planning solutions, successfully inscribe the erected objects in the landscape and the existing building. A results of the construction of panel houses was resolutely displaced at the outskirts of Moscow. But here, monolithic buildings make up the panel substantial competition, and not only in places of point development, but also in areas of mass construction. Individual projects of monolithic houses are successfully implemented in Mitino, North Butovo, Maryino, Kuzminakh, textiles. Especially since in monolithic construction, the so-called reuse objects are no longer uncommon. There are in mind at home, in which, according to marketers, a set of apartments that are most fully sought after by buyers are quite successfully implemented. Everything is a queue, it allows you to significantly reduce the cost of design and construction.

The growth of the popularity of monolith among builders and investors contribute to the desire to maximize the existing territories, increase the liquidity of new housing and get the maximum profit from the sale (after all, buyers are increasingly interested in quality apartments). Monolith allows the developer to "squeeze" from the new house maximum living space due to a reduction in social premises. Hence traditionally large apartments in monolithic houses, - kprimeru, one-bedroom apartment has a total area of ​​90m2. The result of such planning solutions is the high absolute cost of housing.

Another Moscow feature is a gradual decrease in the number of new cheap housing. This year it is expected that this year the area of ​​"typovyshek" in the capital will decrease to 1,200 thousand m2 (the internal number 4000 thousandm2). But even if the area of ​​the new panel housing will remain unchanged, against the background of continuous growth of housing construction in Moscow, its share will inevitably decrease. Moreover, the cost of the square meter of the monolithic and panel house in the capital gradually comes closer. Now the cost of 1m2 of the typical panel house is approximately $ 250, and monolithic- $ 330, whereas 2 years ago, this difference was 2 times more. Moreover, it is precisely in the mass development areas that the difference in the market price of the square meter of the panel and monolithic house turns out to be within the difference in their cost - $ 80-100.

Monolithic housing gradually becomes familiar. Some of the apartments in such houses are sold at $ 450-500 for 1m2 (for example, in the south-east of Moscow, where monolithic houses, like panel, are bought badly). More prestigious areas, they enjoy in high demand and are bought out already at the investment stage of $ 800 per 1M2.

However, can the real estate market participants implement monolithic housing in such quantities? Ikak will affect the growth of construction volumes on the price of the offer? This is what the opinion on this account A. Kupriynova: "The economy develops exactly, without recession. The market behaves calmly, destabilizing its factors, such as tax change, regulatory innovations are not yet. Sales boom, as last year, we do not expect But the demand for quality accommodation will remain consistently high. "