Malingaliro Omanga Wogulitsa Kwapadziko Lonse: Mbiri ndi zochitika zamakono, mfundo zomangira nyumba yomwe ikukulira pachitsanzo china
Kufotokozera kwa pansi loyamba
2. Tambaur .......................................................... 2,3M2
3. Nyumba .........................
4. Khitchini .......................................................
5. Chipinda chodyeramo - chipinda chochezera .................. 18.1M2
6. bafa ..................................... 3,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6)
7. Chipinda Chokhala ...............................
Momwe "adakula" Hussian HotKu Russia, mtengowo wakhala zinthu zotsika mtengo kwambiri. Adamangidwa kuchokera kumbali ndi mipingo ndi mipingo kupita kunyumba-iv. Kodi ndi nyumba ziti zomwe makolo athu anali makolo athu?
Maziko a nyumbayo. Maziko a nyumbayo inali khola lodulidwa - kanyumba kanayi koloko korona wopangidwa ndi mitengo inayi. M'makona a kanyumba kanyumba, mitengoyo idaphatikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu ingapo ya mkono kuti: "M'mphepete", "mu paw". (Tidanenanso za njira zazikulu zoyambira kulemba mu "IVD", 2009, №7).
Maziko. Amayika ma crate pamaziko a imodzi mwa mitundu iwiri. Mtundu woyamba wathu tikuwonekera ku tepi molingana ndi mawu amakono: pansi pa ngodya, komanso nthawi zambiri kumapiri onse a makoma, miyala ya granite. Mwailo wachiwiri, tidzayamba mzatiyo: pansi pa ngodya za kudula ndipo ngongolezo zidayikidwa cha m'mimba mwake - "mipando". Makoma a mitengo yopyapyala adadzaza pakati pawo, ndipo chifukwa cha dumplings (Rizbitsa) adachitika pansi panyumba: M'chilimwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito posowa chuma, ndipo nthawi yozizira adagwiritsa ntchito ziweto. Maziko aliwonse omwe amayika madzi osungirako - malo osungira ku Bereta.
Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti zogulitsa zonse zinali zodziwika bwino zakumpoto za dzikolo, ndi kumpoto, mpanda wapamwamba.
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1-3 mipando (1) ndi mipando ya "(2) idali mbali ya ngodya ndi subservit. Denga la wopachika lili ndi "khadi" (3) - matabwa apamwamba omwe adaphimba zigawo zapansi.
Nyumba ndi nyumba. Tsopano tikufotokozera kusinthidwa kwa nyumba. Anthu achuma amaika nyumba 6 kapena nyumba: pomwe panali makoma amkati, makoma awiriwa adadulidwa ndi chakunja (pamtanda, makoma amkati amalumikizana ndi ngodya kumanja). Anthu olemera, omwe anali ndi banja lalikulu, anamanga msirikali asanu, pomwe likulu la likulu la chisanu linagawika nyumbayo m'magawo awiri. Pokhudzana ndi mapangidwe awiriwa, sitinapite pachabe, nyumba "nyumba" inkagwiritsidwa ntchito, osati "nyumba" - osati mwaulemu monga nyumba zofananira. Koma olemera komanso olemera nthawi zonse sanali ochuluka kwambiri, ndipo ambiri adamangidwa nyumba zosiyanasiyana.
Poyamba, nyumba imodzi itayikidwa kukula kwa pafupifupi 66mola wokhala ndi chipinda chimodzi m'nyumba, koma ndi ng'anjo, ndiye kuti; Unali "kummawa" - "mawu oyambira" - ICHA. Twin adawomba pansi matanda omwe ali m'makoma kuchokera pamapunga akulu (ogubuduza chipika) kuti zisumbu iloke m'ndomo, kuchokera pakhomo kupita pazenera. Tinkakhala mbali yomweyo pamatanthauzidwe ndi kutsekemera kuchokera pa tesa, yomwe ili pamwamba pa masamba osemedwa. Ntchito yomangayi idamalizidwa, ndikuchotsa mitengo yamphongo. Kuphatikiza apo, ma peels amatha kukhala nthawi yayitali (yodzaza kutalika kwa skate) kapena zazifupi (zotchedwa matulutsidwe). Mapangidwe a denga lotere ndi osiyana ndi awa: adasonkhanitsidwa popanda msomali umodzi. Chifukwa chake, zinali zosavuta kusokoneza padenga, ndipo izi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zinthu zosinthana ndi zatsopano), komanso zomanga nyumba.
Kuphatikiza pa Shetto, madenga ake nawonso analinso. Malinga ndi kapangidwe kake, iwonso anali ofanana ndi amuna, okha ambuye okha ambuye okha omwe samadalira mitengo yam'maderamo, koma pa zowongoka zolumikizira za kanyumba kameneka kamakhala ndi chikho choluka.
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4. Tsain "idapangidwa ndi kabatizi ziwiri. Imenenso inali yofala kwambiri, "kulumikizana" - kudula kwake kunali atayikidwa patali ndikukhutira pakati pawo. Ndizotheka kuti nyumba yotere idamangidwa mu magawo.
5. Mtundu ndi pamwamba pakukula kwa mabwalo: Osangokhala nyumba zachuma zokha komanso zachuma zimachotsedwa pansi pa denga limodzi. "P" Nyumba zokhala ndi chuma, komanso nditagona pakati pawo.
6. Cordinolby Hight Hight imatsogolera munthawi yachilimwe (kumanja) ndi nthawi yachisanu (kumanzere) ya HUT. Pa chithunzichi, chikuwoneka bwino kuti khoma la Seine limangotsika kwambiri cruts.
Kukulitsa nyumbayo. Poyamba, ma tambo owoneka bwino kuchokera ku mitengo yopyapyala kapena Jeria adakopeka ndi khomo la nyumba. Kukhazikitsidwa kumeneku kunafotokozedwa mogwirizana ndi anthu wamba omwe ali padenga la kuthawa, koma silinataye. Ndikofunikira kuziphimba (kapena, pamene amalankhulana ndi akale, owopsa, ndi dzina) ndikutentha mu Hut. Pamene banja limakula komanso kuchuluka kwa homuweki yomwe idakuthandizani kuti akhale ndi nyumba ya "chipinda chimodzi" chinakhala pafupi. Ndi zochuluka pomwe eni ake adapeza ndalama, idayamba kuchuluka.
Njira yosavuta yokulira m'derali inali chipangizo cholandilidwa ku zowonjezera zodulidwa kuchokera ku zodula zitatuzo. Komabe, motere anali osowa, chifukwa chake izi zimafotokozedwa kuti: "Huni" (lolani kuti athe kutikhululukiranso mawu omwe. Kumbukirani kuti matanthauzidwe afotokozedwa kale, ndipo zidzaonekeratu kuti madontho a dothi adzachotsa chindapusa chachikulu (mutha kuonetsetsa kuti pochezera, mwachitsanzo, nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale kwambiri) . Ndiye kodi iwo anachita bwanji? Mu kafukufuku wodzipereka pamutuwu, kwalembedwa kuti: "Nthawi zambiri gubban anali ndi makoma atatu, koma akhoza kukhala anayi." Appto dore yotereyi? Sizinali zosiyana ngati dzenje limodzi, lomwe limakhazikitsidwa pafupi ndi zakale, koma popanda zolimbana ndi iyo (kudula konse komwe kudakhalapo kwa wina ndi mnzake).
Kuwonongeka kwa samstaya popewa (chidindo ndi makoswe)
Kwa zaka zambiri, njira zoyambirira za chipangizo cha mapiri zikapangidwe, zomwe sizinafunike mabatani kapena misomali. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi padenga la samstaya pa ziphuphu. Amunawa ndi mizere ingapo inachepa kwambiri kutalika kwa mitengo yomwe ikupanga kutsogolo kwa atatu. Amuna akutsogolo adalumikizidwa komanso alonjezo okha pakati pa malo otsetsereka (kutalika kwa HUT). Ndalama zawo zimadalira kutalika kwa omaliza, aliyense amayenda mogwirizana ndi nduwira anzawo wamba.
Mapeto a mpira adachitapo zopitilira malire a madera a madera, ndikupanga maziko a padenga. Whew-Atatu otsika othawa (iwowo) anali kuyendetsa nkhuku yopanda mafilimu omwe ali ndi zikondwerero za 1.5-2m kumapeto kwa mbedza ndi dzina la chinthucho). Nkhuku idayikidwa ndi gawo lina, ndipo kotero kuti malekezero aiwo amapachikika pakhoma, nakhala maziko a sill odekha.
Pa nkhuku, kugona khungwa, kugona pansi ndi mitengo yonse - mitsinje (nyumba zamadzi, madzi), kapena m'mawu am'makono. Kenako, mzere wotsika wa madenga a padenga la padenga, lomwe limathawa m'mphepete mwa chipilala. Pamwamba pa iwo, wachiwiri wosanjikiza ma Tsins, omwe anali ataliatali (m'mphepete mwake (m'mphepete mwake) adakhazikika pansi pamatumbo). Malekezero apamwamba a zigawo za tesin, vumbled pamtunda wapamwamba kwambiri (mfumukazi) m'mbuyomu, kukanikiza chipika chowoneka bwino ndi chimbudzi chambiri kutalika konse. Inali mayina awiri: "Ohlupin" (chikho cholemera chokhwima mokweza, koma pakadali pano, koposa kamodzi) ndi "konk" (nkwapa) , yomwe idatumikira faucet kuchokera ku mavuto osiyanasiyana). Kuti mwana wakhungu sasuntha, adalumikizidwa ndi nsapato za mfumuyo ndi ndodo zamatabwa ndi mutu wopindika. Zotsatira zake, kapangidwe koonekera kunapezeka (monga akunena ngati mafodi ovala).
Chosiyanasiyana cha padenga lopanga China padenga padendeli, losiyanitsidwa ndi zomwe zatchulidwa kale kuti limagwiritsidwa ntchito kale osati kutalika konse kwa Skate, koma yayifupi. Chowonadi ndichakuti denga lalitali liyenera kukhala lokwera mtengo lomwe lingakhale lopanda tanthauzo lomwe lingathane kapena kusungitsa. Ma board osindikizidwa apezeka ali osavuta, komanso otsika mtengo. Woweruza kuti asawadule osakhala ndi mitengo yayifupi. Mfundo yopanga denga pa zojambulazo ndizofanana kwambiri ndi kulowererapo: koma palinso kusiyana: ma groovo atayikidwa m'mizere iwiri yoyesedwa ndi Kuyenda kwamatumbo chachiwiri (nawonso adasewera gawo la kuponderezana). Kuchokera kumenyedwa ndi mitu ya semi-mitengo, yomwe idathawira mu njira ya poyambira. Kenako anaika mzere watsopano wamalingaliro awiri, m'mphepete mwa m'matumbo wachitatu. Chifukwa chake, mpaka itafika pamwamba pa denga, pomwe akachisi amakwanira mahatchi-ochan.
Ndimafunitsitsa kuti ndikalimbikitse ndodo za padenga ngati ndikukonzanso - kuwonjezeka kwa nyumbayo, padenga losefukira limatha kusinthidwa padenga lomwe limamwa. Malingaliro awa akugwa ndikutha kusintha padenga ndipo liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba yamakono "ikukula.
1. Stamik 2. алупень, kapena kavalo 3. oyang'anira 4. Guny 5. Owombera 6. Samsyyy 11. Imani 8. Chipale 9. Schelch 10. Kutuluka (chotupa, chamadzi) 11. Kukuku (kokore) | 
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Atakula, adakhazikitsidwa m'chigawo chatsopanocho, padenga likuthawa wakale, adapanga mawonekedwe amodzi pa ziwerengero zonse, malinga ndi zomwe, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zakale, denga latsopano lidamangidwa. Zingakhale bwino kuti denga latsopanoli silinalinso pa nkhuku, koma pamvula, koma ziwalo zonse zomwe zimatengedwa kuchokera padenga lakale (ma tes, chofiirira) adagwiritsa ntchito mokwanira. Asdore, mtengo wa zinthu zatsopano (ma tes, kumbuyo, mitu, ma guster) adachepetsa, komanso tsiku lomaliza kukhazikitsa. Madokotala osakhalitsa a nthaka ndi padenga ophimba mabwalo awiri (moyenera, kapangidwe kake kotereku kunawerengedwa kamodzi kapena kungoyendetsa dzina loti - chifukwa chinkangokhala moto. Mu theka la mabwalo adayika uvuni wawo. Kuyambira gawo limodzi la nyumba kupita ku lina, wokalambayo akhoza kugundidwa kudzera mu mawonekedwe akumbuyo.
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7. Betle M200 Brand patsamba lomwe lidamangiriza zosakanikirana. Kuti titumikire konkriti kumadera akumiyendo ya matepi, kugwiritsa ntchito thireyi lalitali lalitali lopangidwa pasadakhale.
8-10. Malamba oyamba a konkriti adayikidwa m'magawo awiri oyambira (8), kenako ndikuyika maziko kuchokera ku mabodi a konkire (9), magweamu pakati pa omwe adakulitsidwa (10).
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11-13. Malumikizidwe a bar yowomberayo mbali yakunja (11), mawonekedwe a makoma akunja ndi amkati (12) ndi mpweya wotalika (13) unachitidwa ku Poledev.
Mwachilengedwe, kukula kwa nyumbayo sikunathe. Dziwitsani kuchuluka kwake, mtunda wautali kuchokera nthawi yozizira (otenthetsedwa) a ofunda, "mapasa" adamangidwa ndi chipongwe chofunda (chosaukiridwa), chomwe chimaphatikizidwa ndi chisanu mpaka kuthandizidwa ndi mitundu yatsopano yomwe ili pakati pawo .
Mwa njira, kapangidwe kake kamene kamafunika kwambiri. Pansi pawo idabwezeretsedwa ndi mbali imodzi pagombe la nyumba yozizira, ina pagome. Makhoma awiri a Seine "adamangiriridwa" ku nkhuni zotentha za nthawi yozizira ndi nthawi yachilimwe, koma, kuyankhula m'mawu amakono, pofika pachilankhulo, kotero kuti mahatchi onsewa amatha "kusuntha" dothi latsikulo. Agontha awiri a Seeine anakonza khomo lokongoletsera mnyumbamo, lokongoletsedwa kunja kwa nyumba, ngati mapiko a mbalame, chifukwa cha mapiko a mbalame. Dzinalo). YVSA, magawo omwe amawonjezerawa adatsitsidwa pansi pa denga limodzi ndi nyumba yakale.
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14-17. Manja a pansi lagona, kupumula pamunsi, kunali komizidwa mu bar. Malipiro othandizira kwambiri anali otlips (15). Analoledwanso kunyansidwa ndi lag mpaka kutalika (16). Malekezero aulere adalumikizidwa pakati pa bru (17).
Kenako, Hitter ndi Agar adakopeka pang'ono pang'onopang'ono. Iwonso anali pa cafealate. Kuphweka, nkhani ziwiri. Achetoba sanafunike kuvala matumba ndi mphamvu ina yokoka pamapewa, pulama lolowera. Pambuyo pake adakopa Hlev ndi khola. Pa gawo la bwalo la bwalo linaoneka, kutalika kwake kunawonekera, komwe kunali posakhalitsa anasintha. Chifukwa chake ndi nthawi ndi nyumba za mawonekedwe a M-Scdwaper zidawuka, kenako ndikumetedwa.
Ndikufunitsitsa kuti osati nyumba wamba wamba zomwe zikukula, komanso zomwe zimasonkhana. Poyamba anamanga nyumba yayikulu, kenako zingwe ziwiri zotsalazi zinali zolumikizidwa ndi kalembedwe kake ndi gawo lalikulu. Mwachitsanzo, munjira imeneyi mu xix. Nyumba ya Sophia Andreevna idakhazikitsidwa mu Polyana - Estate L.N. Tolstoy.
Tsopano, tikayang'ana m'nkhaniyi, tikudziwana ndi njira zamakono zomangira nyumba yomwe ikukula. Adapangidwa ndipo adayamba kumanga mu umodzi wa malo amodzi a ku Moscow abs Abs Abs Abs Abs.
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18-21. Pawiri pa bala pa ngodya zakunja za kudulidwa kunapangidwa munthawi zonse (18). Makona omwewo pakhoma a nyumbayo adachitidwa ku Polyrev (19). Kupitira kwa mitu yolumikizidwa ngati nsalu yokhotakhota ndi makulidwe a 5mm (20). Adakulunganso madambo amatabwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza matabwa kutalika (21).
Mfundo Zakale ZatsopanoChifukwa chake, tikupanga mfundo ziwiri zoyambira kukula, zomwe zachitika ndi makolo athu, m'chinenedwe chamakono. Mfundo yoyamba yoyamba: Kuchulukitsa bokosi kunyumba ndikofunikira pogwiritsa ntchito ma module opepuka mopepuka. Mfundo yachiwiri: Denga liyenera kuwonongeka ndikusintha makamaka. Kugwiritsa ntchito kuthekera kwa ukadaulo wamakono wamakono, ndizotheka kuyesa kumanga nyumba yomwe imatha kukula osati m'lifupi mwake, komanso kutalika.
Ndinkakondanso lingaliro lathunthu kwa opanga, ndipo nthawi yomweyo adayamba kukulitsa ntchito yosavuta komanso yofulumira: "Tiyeni tiyambe ndi nyumba yaying'ono ndipo mukamakula gawo, tidzapanga pansi pomwe inu adzakonza zochulukirapo (pansi yoyamba - ndi pansi). Pamwambapa kwambiri. Pamwambapa rafter systect asonkhanitsa zinthu zotsika mtengo, makhoma amangidwa chifukwa cha tsango lachilengedwe chinyezi, adzatero ndi zisudzo za nyumbayo kuyimirira, ndipo mbali zowonjezerazo sizovuta kuzichita. Pofuna kuti muchepetse tepi lopanga bwino. Zidzakhala bwino Nyumba yotetezedwa ndi imodzi yosungika, ndipo ngati kuli kofunikira kuwonjezera nyumbayo mtsogolomo, itha kukhala yosavuta kuwonjezeka, ndizokwanira "Kuthamangitsidwa" Kulimbikitsidwa kwa Maziko a Thupi la Chimodzimodzi . Ichitoba Nyumbayi chifukwa sizinafanane ndi mapangidwe a ma cubes, ndipo imayang'ana komanso mogwirizana, ndikofunikira kupanga ntchitoyi, Momwe kusintha konse kumaganiziridwa, adakonzekera ndikujambulidwa pasadakhale ndipo utoto. "
Chifukwa chake ntchito ya nyumbayo "kiyi yagolide" idachokera. Ayenera kuti anamangidwa m'magawo awiri. Zotsatira za woyamba wa iwo zidakula nyumba imodzi yosungika ndi malo onse 50.8M2; Zotsatira za yachiwiri, merah yake idakwera mpaka 105m2. Ngati mwiniwakeyo akufuna, gawo lachitatu lingathe kuperekedwa, mu njira yomwe veranda imakutidwa ndi Veranda (mwina) veranda) imaphatikizidwa ndi nyumbayo.
Kasitomala anali wodabwitsa. Ataphunzira ntchitoyo ndikudziwitsa lingaliro la lingaliroli, kuti: "Tidzamanga mosangalala! Izi ndi zomwe ndingakwanitse tsopano, poganizira mwayi wanga wazachuma! " Pabwalo panali mwezi wa February, ndipo pakati pa Marichi, omanga nyumba anayamba kukwaniritsa ntchitoyi.
Kodi ndi momwe zodulira kukhoma zimalumikizidwa
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Maso a chinyezi cha chinyezi chadziko lapansi sanasokonezedwe ndipo sanapatulidwa nthawi youma, adaziphatikiza ndi misomali yokhala ndi misomali ndi kutalika kwa 250 mm (izi zimaloleza Snap2-25 -80). Kuti muchite izi, mu bar iliyonse ndi sitepe ya 1.5 m, mabowo ndi mainchesi a 15mm ndi kuya kwa 30mm (22) anali asanakwane. Kenako adagwedeza misomali yaphokoso (23), yomwe zipilala zake zimamizidwa kuyaku kwa mabowo omata (24).
Gawo la PerryMaziko. Popeza pamalopo anali malo owiritsa, owerengeka obwera kumayandikira chifukwa chosatheka. Pachipangizo chake, ngalande idakokedwa ndi ngalande yakuya 90cm ndi 50cm mulifupi, pomwe pilo lamchenga wowuma wokhala ndi 30cm adapangidwa. Kenako mu ngalawa yokhazikitsidwa mawonekedwe a mkaka, ndikuyika bwino kwambiri m'mphepete mwa maziko. Inde, zonsezi zinatenga nthawi yayitali, koma kwakukulukulu ndi kumveketsa bwino njira yowongolera konkriti pakudzaza. Barcask adayika zolimbitsa thupi (zingwe zinayi zazitali zazitali za 12mm, zokhudzana ndi zigawo zopingasa komanso zolimba za matepi omwewo), pambuyo pake matepi a konkriti adaponya pansi pafupifupi 10 cm.
Pakatha tsiku, konkriti zikapeza mphamvu inayake (osachepera 15kg / masentimita), izi zikutanthauza kuti, ngati mungayendetse makoma amtsogolo (motsatana), a maziko kuchokera ku zokongoletsera zokongoletsera za 400200200MMM adayikidwa. Kotero kuti malo omwe ali pansi pa nyumbayo anali ndi mpweya wabwino, mzere wapamwamba wa mabatani omwe adapangidwa (omwe ali pansi pa chipinda chilichonse), pomwe mabatani a konkriti adayika mbali. Pansi pa makoma amkati ndi sitepe ya 1.5 m ndikuyika mizati kuchokera m'magawo omwewo.
Pamwamba pa maziko am'mimba, wina wosanjikiza madzi adayikidwa pamwamba, ndipo kupsinjika kumalimbikitsidwa ndi gawo la antiseptic la 15015mm. Pansi pa makoma amkati, otchedwa magawo okhala ndi mtanda wa 200150mm yomwe imayikidwa pa yosanjikiza madzi itayikidwa. Kukonzekera kwa maziko akukonzekera, makodiko konkire adangowombera 50% ya mphamvu ya kapangidwe kake (idafunikira kuti muyambe kumanga bokosi kunyumba).
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25. Makoma omangika kunja kwa polera onse awiri.
26. Posachedwa ntchito yomanga nyumbayo idasunga mphamvu zokwanira, zotseguka "zovala kuchokera ku bar yolimba: Pakhomo lachitatu ndi teni yoyipa (pomwepo korona - Mzere uliwonse wa 3-3.
27. Wapansi woyamba pansi woyamba adapangidwa kuchokera ku bar ndi gawo la gawo la 15010mm. Malekezero onse awiri omwe amakhazikitsidwa pagawo 60 cm amaphatikizidwa mwamphamvu mu makoma apamwamba a makhoma (kuya kwa bokosi lodulidwa kuyenera kukhala osachepera 50mm). Nthawi yomweyo, matanda akuchulukira zipinda zoyandikana (zotseguka) pakukongoletsa ndi khoma lamkati adayikidwa mu dongosolo la Checker.
28. Zomangira zopulumuka zokhala ndi gawo linalake kuti liteteze kakhonde ka 1252mm yopangidwa ndi antiseptic. Panali zokutira kwakanthawi: zigawo ziwiri za khwangwala.
29-30. Pa khonde ndi veranda m'malo mwa chithandizo chosakhalitsa chomwe chimakhazikitsidwa chimayika (adapangidwa kuchokera ku matabwa omwewo), omwe adaperekedwa ndi screw Jack. Kuti muthe, zinali pansi pa mzati.
31-2. Mu bar curnial, wokhazikika m'mphepete mwa pansi pa pansi pa pansi pa pansi, adayika mabatani apansi pansi. Kenako inali pansi koyera, yokonzanso ndi kudzipangira nokha gulu lililonse lachisanu (32). Mtengowo ukauma, pansi patha.
Pansi. Tekinoloje yopanga maziko ochulukirapo kuchokera ku bar yokhala ndi gawo la 150100my imawonetsedwa bwino pazithunzi, kuti tisamafotokoze mwatsatanetsatane. Tiyeni tikhazikitse mbali ziwiri.
Phwando poyamba. Manja pansi, ofanana ndi makhoma akunja, sanaperekedwe kwa iwo, koma pamtunda wa 50-100mm. Malo odziwika mukamaliza amatha kuyikidwanso ndikutchingira kuti mpweya wozizira uzifika. Ngati mukufuna, ma ags amaikidwanso kukhoma, koma pankhaniyi, bala limadyetsedwa ku khoma pamlingo wa mabulogu, omwe angakhale thandizo lowonjezera pamalekezero a matabwa (ayenera kukhala osapachikika m'mphepete mwa ma ags poyerekeza 100mmm).
Phwando lachiwiri. Mamembala onse anali olekanitsidwa ndi ukonde wa Flask, womwe umapangitsa kuti apangeni mpweya, komanso amagwiranso ntchito. Njirayi idagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga makhoma.
Kupanga bokosi kunyumba. Makoma a nyumbayo adatengedwa kuchokera ku chinyezi chachilengedwe ndi gawo la 150150mm. Molunjika, nduwira korona adamangidwa ndi mitundu yachitsulo. Pamakoma omalizidwa a pansi woyamba, wolunjika unakonzedwa, kenako ndikukweza mizere ya eni ake, panali zokutira kwakanthawi, zigawo ziwiri za khwangwala. Pansi pake, nyumbayo imatha kusokonezeka kwa zaka 2-3, ndipo itatha ino, makamuwo ayamba kuyamba gawo lachiwiri lomanga. Nyumbayo idasiyidwa mpaka yophukira, ndikofunikira kuti mtengo utha kuuma ndikuchepetsa nyumbayo. Idple pambuyo pa omanga izi ayamba ntchito yomaliza.
Akamakonzedwa kuti achotse pansi lotsiriza pansi, kutsanulira kuchuluka ndi pansi. Momwemonso udzachitidwa ndi odzaza pansi woyamba. Kenako, yofunda makhoma a nyumbayo kunja, itatha pomwe idzachita zakunja, kenako kumaliza mkati pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe mwiniyo amasankhidwa. Pa izi, gawo loyamba lidzamalizidwa, ndipo eni ake adzatha kusewera ndi anthu omwe amayembekezeredwa kale.
Mizere yowonongeka
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33-5. Popanga dongosolo lino, bala la skate lidayikidwa pamatabwa osakhalitsa, omwe, kuti apange ntchito yogwira ntchito motalikirapo, adamenya pakati. Pakapita pa skate ndi gawo lotsimikizika linatulutsa mitengo ya rafter yobowoka pa template ya mabotolo a 15050mm (33). Wiritsani korona wa kudulidwayo adalumikizidwa, pogwiritsa ntchito ngodya ndi zomangira zodzikongoletsera (34), mbale yazitsulo idakokedwa pansi pa skate, ndipo mphamvu yamphamvu ya bolodi yomwe inakhazikitsidwa pansi (35). Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti zinthu zitsulo ndi zomata zokhazokha zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomusonkhanitsa mipingo yonse ya gulu la nkhosa, ngakhale lovuta ngati litstands.
Kodi chidzachitike ndi chiyani?Gawo lachiwiri la zomangamanga lipitilira. Choyamba, idzachotsa padenga losakhalitsa kuchokera kuntchito, kenako magawowo amadziwika ndi kabati, mafelemu a mafelemu ndi mapangidwe a rafter (izi sizingalimbikitsidwe ndi thandizo la Zida zachitsulo ndi zomata zokha). Chotsatira chidzayamba kumanga makoma a pansi lachiwiri. Zomwe azikhala ndi nkhawa kapena nyama - makasitomala sanasankhebe. Koma ziyenera kudziwitsidwa kuti njira yachiwiri ndi yofunikanso kwa woyamba: Makoma a chimango ndiofewa, ndipo amatha kukhazikitsidwa munthawi yochepa kwambiri, yomwe ndi yofunika. Makoma akamakula, ziwalo zonse zinachitika kale (dongosolo lazomera, chonyansa cha izo.) Idzatenganso malo oyikidwapo ndipo denga lidzayikidwa, tsopano ndi lamuyaya. Pambuyo pake, omangawo amapereka denga la chipinda cha chipinda cham'manja komanso chomaliza. Atangomaliza, m'modzi mwa malo (malowo akonzedwa pasadakhale) adzasiyanitsa pansi ndikusunga masitepe. Iva! Mutha kukhala ndi malo atsopano, bweretsani ndi kukhazikitsa mipando ndikuteteza nyumba inanso.
Kodi ntchito yomangayi imapweteketsa? Kumene. Ndizotheka kuti sabata limodzi lisakhale m'nyumba. Kodi sudzabwitsidwa ndi chiyani ndipo kodi zinthu zidzakhala bwanji? Pankhaniyi, ndi ochepa, ma roll angapo osungiramo zinyalala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apange padenga lakanthawi. Kapangidwe ka kapangidwe kake, malingana ndi ziwerengero zoyambirira, ndimangolira mabulube 30 mpaka 30-40 okha. Izi ndizosayerekezeka ndi kuchuluka komwe muyenera kulipira ngati chidwi ngati mungatenge ngongole kubanki ndikupanga nyumba yosungika iwiri, tinene, mu phwando limodzi.
Chiwembu chachiwiri chomanga
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36-39.Shired kunyumba (36) idzachotsa padenga losakhalitsa ndikuchotsa mapangidwe a rafter ndi madera atatu (37). Pangup yotenthedwa, makhoma a pansi lachiwiri adzaikidwa, pomwe matupi a madera a madera (38), kenako ndikuyika dongosolo la sollong komanso padenga nthawi zonse (39).
Malo okwera kwambiriM'dziko lathu, pali pulojekiti yadziko lonse "nyumba yofewa". Ambiri opanga ndi mafakitale omanga akuyesetsa kuti aziphunzira. Koma tiyeni tiganize: Kodi zonse zomwe zaperekedwa pano zomwe zaperekedwa kuti zikhale zotsika mtengo? Ngakhale ngati tikuganiza kuti nyumba 1M2 idzagulira ma ruble a 10-20. (Malinga ndi miyezo yamakono, ndi mphatso yamakono) kumanga nyumba osachepera 100-120m2, ndikofunikira kupeza ma ruble 1.2-2.4 mL pa chiyambi. Onjezani izi mtengo wotsiriza ndikuwongolera kulumikizana - ndipo chiwerengerochi chiri pafupifupi 1.5rd. Kodi "pafupifupi Russian", yomwe Pulogalamu yomwe yatchulidwayi yakwatirana, ikhoza kutenga ndalama zambiri?
Zachidziwikire, pali ngongole ndi ngongole. Koma munthawi yathu yamavuto yotenga ngongole ngati izi sizingawononge aliyense. Hudaleko si aliyense amene angatenge ngongole yofananayo, akufuna kuti achite. Kupatula apo, ngongole ndi mtundu wa matope. Ndani adzalipire ngati mutaya ntchito yanu kapena kudwala?
Lingaliro la katswiri
Pali nthawi imodzi yokhayo yaukadaulo wa nyumba yokulira - pomwe padenga pa kapangidwe ka gawo loyamba limasokonekera ndipo omanga nyumba amatenga makoma a pansi chachiwiri. Yakwana nthawi imeneyi kuti kusokonezeka sikunaikidwa bwino m'makoma ndikuwombera pansi yoyamba pansi pazinthu zoyambirira za mlengalenga. AMOKRA sounth imadziwika kuti imasiya kugwira ntchito yake. Chifukwa chake, ndikufuna kulabadira zinthu zomwe ma hyrophobhobized okha ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito muukadaulo uwu, akadali pa ntchito yopanga amapereka zida zodzikongoletsera zamadzi. Madzi, kugwera otenthetsera chotere, sikulowera kuya kwake.
Mayeso omwe amachitika omwe amawonetsedwa kuti ngakhale kumiza kwathunthu kwazinthu zotere m'madzi kwa maola ambiri pamwamba pa maola ambiri, filimu yamadzi yopyapyala yokha imapangidwa, ndipo mkati mwake ndiyouma kwathunthu. Madontho amasintha mwachangu kwambiri, ndipo zinthuzo sizimataya makina aliwonse, opanda mphamvu zotentha.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya hydrophobhobized ydrophobhobit kumalola kuti zitheke pomanga. Mwachitsanzo, ma pultes "ratewool vatinalts" (Russia) chifukwa cha kuyika kunja, kukhazikitsidwa kumaso, sikungatetezedwe motsutsana ndi zinthu zakutha mpaka miyezi itatu.
Tatyana Smirnova, katswiri wa katswiri wa rockwool
Koma ndi nyumba yokulira zonse ndi yosiyana. Jeenno ndi mtundu wotere (momveka bwino, njira yomangayi) ya nyumba ndipo imatha kutchedwa nyumba yotsika mtengo. Njira yopezerayo imatengera zinthu zazikulu ziwiri. Choyamba, kudzikundikira pang'onopang'ono kwa ndalama komanso kukhazikitsa gawo lotsatira ndiko kuchokera pa ndalamazi, osatchula mabungwe a ngongole. Chachiwiri, chiwerengero cha anthu ndikusintha pakupempha. Mwachitsanzo, banja laling'ono la anthu awiri poyamba lili lokwanira kunyumba ndi gawo pafupifupi 50m2. Zikuonekeratu kuti mtsogolo banjali lidzakulira ndipo nthawi iyamba kuyamba ntchito yomanga. Idieg pofika nthawi imeneyo angatha kudziunjikira, ndipo zofuna zawo zimapangitsa kuti mukhale ndi zipinda za makanda, komanso agogo, omwe adzawasamalira.
Tikuganiza kuti lingaliro la nyumba yomwe ikukula sizangokhala mabanja achichepere, komanso okhala chilimwe. Palibe chinsinsi kuti pali chiwerengero chachikulu cha chiwerengero cha anthu mdziko lathu, chomwe chakhala chikufuna kumanga kanyumba. Koma sikokwanira kuzindikira maloto anu, palibe kusowa kwa ndalama zoyambira kumanga nyumba yomwe ikugwirizana kwathunthu ndi loto ili. Tekinoloje yakunyumba yomwe ikukula imakupatsani mwayi woyamba maloto amtunduwu ndipo musadikire mpaka mutatenga ndalama zonse. Choyamba mumange kanyumba kakang'ono kamodzi. Koperani ndalama zofunikira - malizitsani nyumbayo kumbali ya "maloto".
Komabe, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti ndizosavuta kuchita izi sizingalole umisiri iliyonse yomanga, chifukwa ndikukula kwa nyumbayo mudzakhala ndi makoma ndi makoma. IAP si kampani yomanga iliyonse yomwe ingakupatseni yankho lolinganiza bwino pazapangidwe cha makoma, okulirapo ndi madenga oyenera kusintha. Avole Kumanga nyumba yomwe ikukula molingana ndi ntchito yokonzekera yopatsirana ndi malingaliro kuchokera ku malingaliro aliwonse ndikopindulitsa.
Kuwerengera kwa mtengo wake * Kupanga nyumba yokhala ndi malo okwanira 51m2 (potembenukira koyamba)| Dzina la Ntchito | Chiwerengero cha | Mtengo, pakani. | Mtengo, pakani. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maziko, makoma, magawo, kuwonjezeka, Denga | |||
| Amatenga nkhwangwa, makonzedwe, chitukuko ndi kupumula | 32M | 750. | 24,000 |
| Chipangizo cha mchenga pansi pa maziko | 9m3 | 410. | 3690. |
| Chipangizo cha maziko a ritiboti adalimbikitsa konkriti | 16M. | 2400. | 38 400. |
| Chida chomanga maziko kuchokera ku zokongoletsera zokongoletsera | 6m3 | 2280. | 1300. |
| Zopingasa zopingasa komanso zofananira | konza | - | 5200. |
| Chida chachilendo | konza | - | 3900. |
| Kumanga makoma ndi magawo kuchokera ku bar | 25m3 | 4300. | 107 500. |
| Pangani zochulukirapo ndi mitengo yogona, pansi | konza | - | 93 900. |
| Kusonkhanitsa zinthu zogona ndi chida | 75m3. | - | 1750. |
| Chida chophatikizana pafupipafupi | konza | - | 9600. |
| Zonse | 277. | ||
| Zogwiritsidwa ntchito pagawo | |||
| Mchenga | 9m3 | - | 10,000 |
| Konkriti | 16M. | 4500. | 72,000 |
| Block ntchentche | 375 ma PC. | 55. | 20 625. |
| Simenti | Matumba 15 | 270. | 4050. |
| Owonjezera owonjezera | 80l. | makumi atatu | 2400. |
| Bar. | 29M3. | 5500. | 159 500. |
| Kokha | 8 masikono | 750. | 6000. |
| Atakwera bolodi, bar | 9m3 | - | 49 500. |
| Board Firmware Wodetsedwa | 30m2 | 270. | 8100. |
| Ruber | 19 masikono | 270. | 5130. |
| Tepi yonyamula. | 2 Bays | 1500. | 3000. |
| Zida zam'madzi, zokutira waya, zotetezeka | konza | - | 9690. |
| Ayidini | 10l | 150. | 1500. |
| Misomali yosiyana | 215kg | - | 13 300. |
| Kuthamanga kwa nthawi | konza | - | 10 200. |
| Zonse | 374 995. | ||
| * Kuwerengera kunamalizidwa popanda kuwunika pamwamba, kunyamula ndi ndalama zina, komanso phindu la kampaniyo. |
Osintha zikomo kwambiri chobisalira chobisalira chothandizira pokonzekera zinthuzo.