Kuyenda Kwa Munda

Malingaliro osakhazikika a kukongoletsa ndi mapangidwe a mabatani: Zipangizo, njira zopukutira njira "yachiwiri", kupanga masitepe a m'munda.

Maonekedwe a malowa makamaka amatengera kuti ndi momwe mabatani amagwirira ntchito. Kuphimba kwa njira zazikuluziyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi nyumba m'mundamo

Njira zazing'ono, monga ngati ulusi wa intaneti, utatambasulira kunyumba ndi zipata mu ngodya zobisika

Kuchokera pamwala wachilengedwe, mapangidwe athu kapena zithunzi zonse zitha kupinda, kusewera pophatikiza mitundu yosiyanitsa ndi mitundu. Malinga ndi Chitchaina, ndikuyenda opanda nsapato panjira yomwe miyala imayikidwa m'mphepete, yothandiza kwambiri thanzi

Panjira yoyikidwa ndi mipata yayikulu pakati pa zinthuzo, m'mphepete "m'mphepete" ndi "maluwa ndi zitsamba

The Decuaut Kugona Bwana Kumapangitsa Kumva "Kusweka", ngakhale munthawi zambiri zotulukapo

Ilbosco.

Maulendo okongoletsedwa ndi maluwa. Mwachitsanzo, akuyenda, mwachitsanzo, pafupi ndi dziwe. Whles pakati pamiyala amabzala mbewu zomwe zimatha kunyamula

Panjira yolumikizidwa, miyala yachilendo, matayala ndi njerwa azachipatala zimapezeka. Kuphatikiza kofananako kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyananso kumaloledwa kubisa mosagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a chivindikiro cha mayanjano

Kumayambiriro kwa Meyi, chiyambi cha June Platifomu ili pafupi ndi nyumba yonunkhira komanso oledzera ozizira onunkhira

Mafuta azosa mapiri amachepetsedwa, motero amachepetsa kukula kwake ndi matayala ang'onoang'ono amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya buluu pamalopo

Matabwa owoneka bwino kwambiri, ngakhale atakhala ndi zida zazifupi. Makamaka amayang'ana pafupi ndi nyumba zamatabwa

Mitundu yamiyala yamiyala imatha kudzazidwa ndi ma cones, dziko lapansi, miyala kapena miyala yolima

Pamwamba, mawonekedwe ophatikizidwa kwathunthu ndi mainchesi yaying'ono, ndizodabwitsa kwenikweni. Ndikoyenera m'mundamo wokhala ndi mitundu yamitundu, pomwe zosemphana ndi maluwa ambiri ndi maluwa. Panjira, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zotsalira pambuyo pomanga nyumbayo

Masitepe, moss woponya, lankhulani za m'badwo wodalirika wa dimba

Naa, kutsanzira malo achilengedwe, masitepe a masitepe osakhumudwitsidwa, palibe malo okhwima

Matanda a matabwa amafunikira nyimbo zodzitchinjiriza motsutsana ndi nkhunda

Kukula kwamiyala slabbs kumapangitsa njira yapadera ya nyimbo

Minda ya Entused nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito span mosasinthika, "zachilengedwe"

Mphepete mwa njira yochuluka zimalimbikitsidwa, ngakhale mu dimba la malo - kuti miyala "sinathe '

Kupatsa chipwirikiti cha njira ya miyala, pamwamba pake mutha kuyikira zitsulo

Maulendo am'munda - mafayilo athu osalankhula. Amafunsidwa njira kuti isunthire pamalowo, thandizani kusunthika kuchokera kumbali imodzi ya munda kupita wina, magawo osiyanasiyana amagwirizanitsidwa pamodzi, nyumba zonse ndi zinthu zonse za malo.

Njira ndi ma tracks ndi maziko kapena, monga akatswiri amati, mafupa "a zomanga zonse ndi kukonzekera yankho la tsambalo. Pa intaneti ya pamsewu tikulimbikitsidwa kukonzekera pasadakhale, ngakhale pa kapangidwe ka malo (mapulogalamu amakono amakupatsani mwayi wowona m'munda uliwonse). Perekani malo oyendetsedwa kwambiri; Ganizirani komwe mungakwere njinga, kunyamula dimba kapena dimba kapena yokulungira woyenda ndi mwana wakhanda, ndipo kwinakwake kumayenda kukhala pawekha. Sankhani njira zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pafupipafupi, ndipo zina mwanyengo (mwachitsanzo, kokha m'chilimwe). Pankhani iliyonse, zinthu zapadera zimasankhidwa, malangizowo amakokedwa ndipo kapangidwe kake payekha kumapangidwa. Mukamapanga ma track ndi nsanja, ndikofunikira kusamalira matein ndikuwonetsetsa kuti madzi amvula (okopa a pamwamba akuyenera kukhala osachepera 0,03, kapena 2). Kunja mabatani ndi osavuta komanso osavuta, koma kuphweka kumeneku kungowoneka: ndi bungwe loyenera, ndi mawonekedwe opangira upangiri wovuta.

Nyumba Yanyumba

Njira yolowera pachipata (kapena kuchokera ku wicke) kupita kulowera chapakati kupita ku nyumbayo kumawerengedwa kuti ndi yayikulu. Ndiye wamkulu komanso "wodekha". Ngati pali garaja pagalimoto pamalopo, msewu kapena nthambi yake ndi yoyeneranso kwa icho. Kwa msewu waukulu, zinthu zolimba komanso zothandiza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Monga lamulo, mwina ndi kapangidwe ka conolithic (konkriti kapena phula (msewu ungasankhidwe (msewu ungasankhidwe "zojambulajambula ndi mwala, njerwa, pabedi).

Msewu wa Corolithic Conneutrate ndiyabwino chifukwa imatha kuperekedwa mtundu uliwonse, zopinga zovuta kwambiri. Kuti apange chitombiro chotere, "mkate" ndi kuya kwa masentimita 10 mpaka 15, kuthira mwala ku zinyalala ndi makulidwe a 6-8cm pamalopo ake. Kumtunda wa tray iyi, mawonekedwe a matabwa amaikidwa, momwe zosakanizira zosakaniza zimaphikidwa. Kupanga kuuma kwakuti chofunda, pamwamba pa zinyalala nthawi zina khazikitsani msewu wapadera. Kutengera ndi katundu zomwe muyenera kuyesa misewu yayikulu (ngakhale anthu aziyenda kapena kukwera magalimoto onyamula), ikani konkriti ya kachulukidwe kake. Chosakaniza chachikulu kwambiri chimakonzedwa kuchokera ku simenti, mchenga wowuma ndi zibatizi zingapo poyerekeza ndi 1: 3: 2. Mphamvu zochepa zimawonjezera mchenga.

Pofuna kuti malo a konkriti a malo akulu (msewu wapadera, khomo kapena nsanja pafupi ndi garaja), ming'alu sakapangidwa, ndikofunikira kukonza "misozi". Kuchuluka kwa mipata pakati pawo kumatengera zinthu zambiri ndipo kumachokera 1.5 mpaka 6m. Pamwamba pa zokutira ku konkriti zitha kukhala zosiyana kwambiri: njerwa yosalala, yoyipa, yotsatsira miyala. Phulu zophatikizika m'masamba amaikidwa kawirikawiri.

Kutsatira kuchokera ku konkriti wamba. Pansi pa miyambo ndi benchi, othamanga otsika mtengo

Amadyera omwe amamera m'mbali mwa njanjiyo ndikuphwanya ma seams ozungulira, kuyambiranso miyala yamiyala yokhazikika

Kulipira njerwa zochiritsira - njira imodzi yachikhalidwe yopanga ma track ndi masamba

NJIRA yayikulu imatha kusamala ndi konkriti, mwala (kutsekereza granite, baalt kapena dilebase, miyala yamiyala yopanga, njerwa. Omwe amalipira onsewa amayimba molimbika. Kwa iwo, zimafunikiranso kukonzekera pilo, makulidwe omwe amatengera cholinga cha mseu. Choyamba, amakumba "Thumba la" Thumba la Ufa "mpaka 30-50cm, pansi limayikidwa ndi tram. Pali gawo losanjikiza la zinyalala ndi makulidwe a 5-15 masentimita (nthawi zambiri limagwiritsa ntchito chidutswa cha 15-20mm), pamwamba pa mchenga, amakhalanso osagwirizana. Kwa matabwa ang'onoang'ono oyenda pansi panthaka zopanda kanthu, pilo limodzi lamchenga wokhala ndi makulidwe pafupifupi 10 cm amatha kukhala okwanira. Zowopsa, makamaka pamadothi osindikizidwa, pansi ndi makoma a "Thumba" likulimbikitsidwa kupanga geotexiles. Izi, osati kuti zizibela, zotsatira za bowa, nkhungu ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana amalumikizana, zimagwira ntchito zingapo nthawi imodzi. Zimalepheretsa kusakanikirana kwamakina kwa piritsi yopezeka ndi dothi lanyumba, limateteza msewu pamsewu kuchokera kumizu yazomera.

Magawo a ntchito yomanga "gawo la" njira "yochokera pakati pa moss.
Nsalu ya polyplenene imayikidwa pa pilo yomalizidwa, yomwe imalepheretsa kukula kwa namsongole. Kenako, mapilo otsika ochepa, matayala akhazikitsidwa (a), pamwamba akukhetsa ndipo m'derali ali ngati yunifolomu yopanda nkhalango yobweretsedwa (B, b).

Kutengera ndi njira yogona pamtunda kungakhale "youma" kapena yonyowa. " Ndi "youma" yowuma, njerwa, mwala kapena zosemphana ndi zingwe zimayesedwa mwachindunji pa mchenga komanso wamchenga wosanjikiza. Njira ina ndikuyiyika pa zosakaniza zouma za simenti, ndipo mutatayika madzi. Kuphatikiza kwa mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana komanso utoto wa zinthu kumakupatsani mwayi wopeza zambiri za zojambula kuti uzipukusa. Zovala zosiyanasiyana zimaphatikizidwa: mwachitsanzo, zoyikapo zochokera ku mwala wachilengedwe, galasi lofiirira, mwala wofiirira, wapya wanyanja kapena ma polima onjezerani kuti apunthwe. Misewu yaulere pamsewu, wopezeka ndi miyala ikuluikulu, amatha kudzazidwa ndi miyala yaying'ono yachilengedwe.

Kuyika pakugwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizira ("yonyowa") imafanana ndi njerwa zamisonkhano wamba. Njira yothetsera vutoli limayikidwa m'munsi mwa njerwa, kutsekera kapena mwala wamiyala, kapena pamunsi yokonzekera (malo osungira "zinthu za pader). Masampha pakati pawo, ngati akuluakulu okwanira, amatha kudzazidwa ndi yankho la zomangamanga kapena, monga "wowuma" wosakaniza, osakaniza ndi mchenga, womwe umanyowa. Nyengo yoyambira yophukira-yoyambirira ikuwonetsa momwe ntchito yomanga yonse idachitikira. Nthawi yamvula yamvula panjira yokonzekera njanjiyo idapangidwa ndi zolephera, kutupa, kapena kumangochoka "kumbali.

Malingaliro omwe aperekedwa ndi akatswiri azachipembedzo (Russia). Zinthu (ziwiri, zitatu, zinayi ndipo zochulukirapo) zimaphatikizidwa ndi masikono osiyanasiyana ndi mitundu. Nyimbo zachilendo, kufanana nthawi zina ndi zokongoletsera zovuta, kusintha njirayo, zimapangitsa kukhala zapadera, mosiyana ndi ena onse.

Zofanana ndi Meridians

Kuchokera pamsewu wapakatikati mosiyanasiyana ndi ma track ang'onoang'ono, ndipo kwa iwo ali njira zazing'ono. Amakhulupirira kuti ngati munthu m'modzi ayenda panjirayo, m'lifupi mwake uyenera kukhala 60-80 cm. Adlya kungakhale bwino kufalikira katatu mpaka 120 cm.

Mitundu ya "pulani yachiwiri" itha kupangidwa ndi zinthu zomwezo monga zazikulu, koma nthawi zambiri pamakhala miyala, kuthira, kungokhala ndi makungwa apadera motsutsana ndi kuzungulira kwa kuzungulira (zonse Zovala izi zimatchedwa "zofewa"), kapena kuchokera ku nkhuni. Inde, kulekanitsidwa kumene kwa zida ndilofunika kwambiri. Msewu wothawa m'munda ukhoza kukhala miyala kapena matabwa, ngati magalimoto sadutsa.

Amakhulupirira kuti miyala yolumikizidwa ndi imodzi mwazinthu zotsika mtengo kwambiri komanso zotsika mtengo mu chipangizocho. Poyamba, komanso potumba, amakonzera pansi pa zinyalala ndi mchenga - kaya ndi makulidwe akuti "chiwiya", kapena mwachindunji padziko lapansi. M'nkhani yachiwiri, m'mphepete mwa msewu, malire a mwala kapena njerwa amapangidwadi, kuti miyala "isathetsedwe." Border ndi kuwunika (nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuchokera ku chitsulo, nthawi zambiri kuchokera ku mitengo kapena pulasitiki) amafunikirabe kuti aletse "magawo" a dothi lozungulira ndi mabedi a maluwa. Amagona panjira yotengera mwala kapena mwala wosweka wa 10-20mm mu mainchesi. Miyala yofunda imafuna chisamaliro chopsa. Pansi pa "Thirani" imayikidwa ndi minyewa ya polypropyylene, yomwe ingathandize kulimbana nalowe, kumera miyala pansi. Namsongole, kuzika miyala yotsika mtengo, ayenera kuthiridwa pamanja. Zinyalala zazing'ono zazing'onozi zitha kuchotsedwa mothandizidwa ndi phonjese zopatuluka kapena zozimitsa nthawi yozizira, koma nthawi yozizira ndizovuta kuyeretsa njati ndi ayezi. Pakakhala zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zilizonse, zimasinthidwa, kusanjikiza kwatsopano kwa miyala kumakonzedwanso.

Kuchuluka kwa miyala kumawoneka mogwirizana kwambiri m'mphepete mwa matupi amadzi omwe sanabzalidwe ndi masamba. Kuyika kwa miyala yamdima yamdima kumalekanitsidwa kuchokera pamwamba ndi "malire" yamatabwa

Kuyika kwa zigawo zazing'ono kumathandizira kukonzanso malo obowola, opangidwa ndi mbale. Panjira yogona m'mizere itatu - ngati njira yatsopano yodutsa msewu waukulu. Mozungulira mabowo a Vase amakhazikika mozungulira bwalo

Hortesu.

VVDA imatha kukhala yopanda chinyezi (Hortesus, Italy). Amapangidwa ndi mitengo yamitengo yamatabwa, yolimbana ndi kuvunda ndi chisanu mpaka -25c: Iroquo, IPA ndi Tika ndi Tika ndi Tika. Tiles 30030030 kapena 60030037mm yolumikizidwa wina ndi mnzake

Chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri ndi mtengo (wa track, larch nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito; ndikofunikira kuti ziume bwino. Zachidziwikire, mtengowo sunali wolimba kwambiri ngati konkriti kapena mwala. Koma pokonza zoletsa za anti-antib apadera zimatumikira mpaka zaka 10. Ikani ndi paini: Ndizotsika mtengo, komanso "alumali moyo" pang'ono (zaka 5). Mutha kupanga zosankha zosiyana zopanga pogwiritsa ntchito ma board kapena maluso. Wood amaphatikizidwa bwino ndi zokutira zina. Chifukwa chakuti imatenga chinyezi bwino bwino, timayendedwe timatabwa nthawi zonse zimavala zotupa. Sakulimbikitsidwa kukonza m'malo okhala chinyezi chachikulu.

Maulendo ojambulidwa kumene kuyenda sikophweka kwambiri, mutha kutsitsimutsanso masamba. Pachifukwa ichi, kusakaniza kwachonde kwa magawo ofanana a turf, peat ndi mchenga wowuma umayikidwa m'mipata yayikulu. Zomera zokongoletsera ndi zitsamba zimabzalidwa pano, mosavuta kunyamula. Ili ndi Acena, zopinga (mitundu yoyandikira zachilengedwe, yotsika kwambiri, osakhala ndi masamba okwanira, chipinda chowuluka), zokongola, zokongoletsera), mitundu yokongoletsera), yosiyanasiyana ya masya . Mfinya pafupi ndi m'mbali mwa njanjiyi zitha kulumikizidwa ndi mitundu yaying'ono, yaying'ono, cuffs.

Mtengo wa msewu umakhala ndi zinthu zitatu: mitengo ya zinthu za pilo, zokutira ndi ntchito. Chimodzi mwazosankha zotsika mtengo kwambiri - msewu wanjika, womwe ungakuwonongereni ma ruble 600. Kwa 1M2; Panjira Tadom - Kuchokera 800rub.; Kuyika ma slabs a slabs - kuchokera ku 1000. Njira zokwera mtengo kwambiri zowonongeka ndi matenda anzeru ndi granite (kuchokera ku ma ruble 2000). Kutalika kwakukulu kwa njanji, kutsitsa mtengo kwa mita iliyonse.

Kutengera pafupifupi madera onse a dimba, pali piritsi yothira zinyalala ndi mchenga. Makulidwe amtundu uliwonse amatengera mtundu wa nthaka, katundu wonenedwa pamsewu wophimba komanso kuthekera kwachuma kasitomala. Pa dothi lodula, ma geoteles ayenera kuyikidwa. Pamphepete, ndikuwomba nkhuni, njerwa kapena ma sheet amapangidwa. Omaliza ali ndi vuto lopanda tanthauzo komanso labwino kwa mabatani aulere.

Masitepe m'munda

Masitepe nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'malowo - ndizofunikira m'minda yambiri pomwe malo otsika kwambiri (m'malo mwake amakhala ndi malo otsika kwambiri kuposa 0.1, kapena 6). Amatengedwa akafunika kukweza mtunda kapena wochokera ku Patio. Pofuna kusuntha, ndikofunikira kukonzekera malo omwe ali m'munda, kutalika kwa magawo, kutalika kwa ndodo (kutalika kwa siteji) ndi kutalika kwa siteji) . Masitepe a m'munda nthawi zambiri amapangidwa modekha. Kutalika ndi kutalika kwa Riser 12-15 masentimita ndi m'lifupi mwake kulima kuchokera pa 30cm. Chiwerengero cha zinthu zitha kuyambira 3 mpaka 4 mpaka 4-15. Asanu mwatsopano a spans atakonzanso malo oseketsa kapena nsanja yosangalatsa. Njira ziyenera kukhala ngakhale ndi osakhazikika. Sitikulimbikitsidwa kuti mumange azimayi, kuphatikiza magawo atatu, - alendo okhudza iwo nthawi zambiri amaiwala (kapena sazindikira), ndipo eni ake adzapunthwa. Mbali yocheperako ya masitepe, yosavuta yoyenda, ndi 90cm. Nthawi zambiri, kutalika kwawo kumafanana ndi chizindikiro chofananira cha ma track.

Pali mitundu iwiri ya masitepe a m'munda, omwe amatchedwa ndi mfulu. Masitepe a mtundu woyamba "kudula" mwachindunji mu dothi lotsekeredwa (limakhulupirira kuti ndizosavuta kuti amange), komanso kuchirikiza kwachiwiri, kumathandizira kopangidwa mwaluso, nthawi zambiri imalimbikitsidwa. Zokongoletsera masitepe, monga ma track, zinthu zosiyanasiyana za zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito: nkhuni (matabwa), nthomba, miyala yamiyala, slack, miyala yamiyala, yamchenga , motero ndi zojambula. Nthawi zambiri sankhani zinthu zomwezo zomwe zimayenda papulogalamu yoyandikana ndi masitepe omwe amapangidwa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, mutha kunyamula mtundu ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Nthawi zina masitepe (kapena nthaka ya pansi) amangidwa.

Njira za masitepe zimakutidwa ndi miyala ndipo zimalimbikitsidwa ndi miyala yolakwika, zimakhala zochuluka bwanji m'munda wamtunda uno

Azimayi abwinobwino a simenti ndi zitsamba zazifupi pafupi ndi khomo lokhazikika

Makwerero kuchokera kumatabwa akuluakulu oyikidwa patchgelion

Payekha wa chikhalidwe

Pali malingaliro opanga zinthu, malinga ndi momwe njira yabwino kwambiri ndiyabwino, yomwe imayikidwa pamzere wowongoka, ndi mtunda waufupi kwambiri pakati pa zinthu, sizimagwirizana nthawi zonse ndi chowonadi. Zonse zimatengera bungwe la zinthu zina komanso mawonekedwe. "Ogwira Ntchito" pakati pa mabedi, inde, ziyenera kukhala zowongoka. Njira za Aprizi nthawi zonse zimakhala zabwino kuchita ndi kuwombera, kuloleza mlendo kuti udutse malo amodzi kupita kwina, kuti asangalale ndi zinsinsi, zinsinsi, kusintha momwe mukumvera. Amakhulupirira kuti mabatani a ma tracks, kusintha kwa malo otsekeka ndi maluso ena kumawonjezera malo a dimba, ngakhale malo ochepa chifukwa cha njoka ya nepepentine amawoneka ochepera.

Minda yanthawi zonse, pomwe mitundu ingapo ili nthawi yomweyo, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamiyala. Zina mwazomwezi ndi zina zokhazikitsidwa komanso zofananira. Chifukwa chake, palibe chodziwika bwino kuposa madera okhazikika: mizere yowongoka, ikuyenda mbali zosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku malo apakati komanso ngati mutakhazikika malinga ndi wolamulirayo. Amagawanitsa mitengo ndi zitsamba, mabedi a maluwa ndi udzu kumagawo a geometric mawonekedwe. Kuchokera pazinthu pano ndi pafupifupi onse: ndipo ufa ndi njerwa kapena kumezedwa, ndi konkriti korona, komanso mayendedwe obiriwira, mwangwiro, mwangwiro. Njira ya njanjiyi imatha, chifukwa ndizofala kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito ma slabs, miyala yamiyala kapena mwala wachilengedwe. Kuchokera pa dimba la ku Japan, Trail "lidawoneka kuchokera ku dimba la Japan: Popanga miyala yake yayikulu idayikidwa patali kwambiri, ndikupanga kutchalitchi. Malo a Mediterrapean amakhala otchuka chifukwa cha miyala yamiyala ndi miyala yaying'ono yomwe imayikidwa mu matope a simenti. Njira pafupi ndi nyumba yakumidzi, mtengo, mwala, mwala wachipongwe, kumamveka utoto ndi kapangidwe kake ndi zida, ndizoyenera, komwe nyumba zoyandizo zimapangidwira.

Vesi lomwe lili pakati pa mabedi liyenera kukhala lowongoka komanso lokwanira kuyendetsa galimoto m'munda pano. Zosankha za kapangidwe ka "Kugwiritsa ntchito" kuntchito: Itha kukhala udzu wamba, kuweta, mbale zomwe zimayikidwa pamiyendo yodzaza. Kusankha "Zofutira" Zovuta, Ganizirani za malo omwe asinthiratu mayendedwe oterewa

Masitepe otengera malo ndi chikhalidwe cha m'mundamu ndi osiyana kwambiri. Pafupi ndi khomo lakutsogolo kwa nyumbayo, anthu ndi otalika kwambiri. Azizichita pazamiyala kapena njerwa. Kuphatikizidwa ndi ngodya kumakhala kovuta "masitepe". Imagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri: Itha kukhala kapangidwe kake ndi zothandizira matabwa, omwe kumatangana kumakutidwa ndi miyala kapena shale. Amayi oyambilira ophatikizidwa pansi: mayendedwe awo a chess ali mu dongosolo la Chess, akuwoneka kuti akukula kuchokera pansi ndi maluwa ndi zitsamba.

Otsatsa zikomo pakampani ilbosco, zsc-1, "nevava-tekhnogen", "rola", "stroymaster" yothandizira pokonzekera zinthu.