Wotchi ngati chokongoletsa mkati. Zogulitsa zaku Europe, ochita masewera aku Russia ndi Asia: Zonyamula, mawonekedwe a njira, mitengo, malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito maupangiri.
Murano Icefestool magalasi - Wopanda madzi
Tsatam ndi Kutentha Kulimbana, ndipo kuwonjezera apo, zokongola kwambiri
Wowon wa khoma wopangidwa ndi nkhuni zachilengedwe mu mawonekedwe a kuyimilira pa nyanja ya dzuwa - zowonjezera zabwino kwambiri za nyumba kapena nyumba yamnyumba
Ngati maola osangalala sakuwona, muyenera kuvomereza kuti anthu akhala osasangalala kwambiri kwa nthawi yayitali. Ndi njira ziti zomwe sizinayese kufotokoza zomwe zili zomwe zili zosatha ndi zinthu zakuthambo! Ikaki zida zokhazokha sizinapange! Tsopano, ochokera ku Mapiko osamveka, wotchi inasinthiratu. Zingakhale chiyani osati chinthu chongotiitikitala chongotiitikitala, komanso chokongoletsera nyumbayo.
Nthawi yapitayi
Maganizo amunthu adapanga zida zingapo za nthawi yoyesedwa nthawi. Mwachitsanzo, Lunar, madzi, kandulo, ma ulonda amchenga ndi mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku XVIIV. Chifukwa cha ukadaulo wake wosakhazikika komanso kudalira zovuta zakunja, zida izi sizinapeze ntchito zapadziko lonse lapansi. Tsopano ziwonetserozi za njira za sayansi zimakonda kukhala m'malo osungirako zinthu zakale.Wotchiyo idawonekera mu XV. Ndipo poyamba anali osavuta kwambiri. Anayamba kugwira ntchito ndi katundu, nthawi ya maphunziroyo inali maola 12. Kenako katunduyo amayenera kukoka, ndipo wotchiyo sanalole kuti asunthe. Pafupifupi 1500g. Kuti tibweretse maola, tinaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito kasupe. B1658 Huaphincence Akhristu ananena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito pendulum mu koloko yakunja. Inayimitsidwa ulusi kapena chingwe chachitsulo ndikulumikizidwa ndi kayendedwe ka koloko ndi pulagi ndikuwongolera kayendedwe ka mivi. Izi ndi zopangidwa, limodzi ndi zopangidwa mu 1675. A Guygiens omwewo amasamala helc mucket matches, adasintha kwambiri nthawi yosungirako nthawi. Ngati koyambirira kwa maola omwe adakumana ndi zisonyezo zenizeni kapena patsogolo pawo pa kotala-theka la ola patsiku, tsopano kulondola kwa maphunzirowa kunakwera kwa mphindi imodzi mpaka zitatu. Mivi yapano idawonekera, ndipo wotchi idayamba kuyamba masiku asanu ndi atatu aliwonse. The Stroke Resolator adapanga zida zomwe zili ndi pendulum pafupifupi 1670, pamodzi ndi pendulum, osadziwa kuti pangodziwa kuti maphunzirowa: Kuyambiranso kwa masekondi angapo pa sabata.
Mu 1660-1720s. Ku England, mitundu yayikulu yamaola adapangidwa ndipo kenako idasintha: kutonthoza (pendulum, chassis a chassis), dzina lake lotoponda, lomwe lili pansi pa khoma; Kunja (ndi katundu ndi pendulumu yolumikizidwa ndi kanema wojambula womwe uli pamwamba pa mlanduwo). B1704G. Ku England, patent adapereka patent pogwiritsa ntchito miyala yamtengo wapatali popanga othandizira, omwe adapangitsa kuti achepetse mikangano komanso kuchepetsa zigawo zamakina.
Nkhondo ya ola limodzi ilinso ndi nkhani yomwe idayamba ku XIV. Choyamba, belu laling'ono limagwiritsidwa ntchito, limayang'anira kamodzi pomwe wotsatsa wapadera adajambulidwa. Wotchi yodulidwa belu ili idasinthidwa ndi belu lalikulu. B1676 Barlov adapanga wotchi yoyamba ndi nthawi yowerengera nthawi. Iwo "analankhula" osati ola lililonse lokha, komanso kotala ndipo amatha kubereka nkhondo mosasamala kanthu za stroko. Kale ndi XVVIV. Wotchi inali ndi mabelu angapo komanso zotupa zingapo. Kenako, m'malo mwa mabelu muzomwe, ma tubulur gonda adayikidwa (ma bolodi kumatalika osiyanasiyana ndi nyundo), zomwe zidapanga nyimbo ndi nkhondo. Tsopano mbiri ya nyimbo yam'madzi, yopangidwa ndi madzi, imapanga kugontha, kukhala yofanana ndi nkhondo yakale, ndipo ndodo imodzi ndi zidutswa, zimafanana ndi kulira kofananira, zofanana ndi mabelu. Amayi otchuka kwambiri adabwera wotchiyi ndi nsanja za amotateri ndi matchalitchi, komanso zomwe mayina anganene: Westminster, St. St. St. St. St. St. Zosamveka bwino, onse amachokera ku England.
Wotchi yolondola kwambiri ili ku Paris, pa Institute ya nthawi, ndipo ndi chizindikiro cha nthawi - pa iwo "mivi" padziko lonse lapansi. Ichi ndi chida chovuta kwambiri, chofananira chofanana ndi koloko wamba. Lingaliro la calculal wa danga ndi nthawi inali yovomerezeka pamaziko ndi ma frequencies ndi oscillations. Putchtar wa nthawi imagwiritsidwa ntchito jenereta. Zotsatira Zapadera zomwe zidakwaniritsidwa ndi miyeso ya atomiki ya nthawi, ndi cholakwa cha 1xand pazaka chikwi, zidapangitsa kuti pa Paris mu Okutobala 1967, tanthauzo latsopano la nthawi -Atomic Seest Unit idaperekedwa.. Tsopano zafotokozedwa ngati 9 192 631,770 Oscillations a radiation ya conachi atomu-133. Komabe, ndizotheka kugwiritsa ntchito cholembera chokha cha labotale m'magawo osiyanasiyana a sayansi, zakuthambo komanso wankhanza.
Mphatso
Pakati pa XX. Maungwe apadera adapangidwa, omwe amatchedwa chifukwa cha makhiristo achilengedwe (auto-misoti yopanga) quartz ankakonda kuwongolera stroke. Mabwalo angapo microscopic amalumikizidwa ku batri, yomwe magetsi ake amagetsi amayambitsa kusinthasintha kwa galasi, komwe kumalumikizana ndi pafupipafupi komanso kuwongolera kwa oscillator, komanso magiya kuti asunthe mivi. Kuonera kusatembenukira kwa nthawiyo kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake ka quartz ndi kusakhazikika kwa ma elekitikiti. Mwachidule, ngati batala itayamba, nthawiyo imayamba kukhazikika kumbuyo, ndipo ngati quartz shristal okalamba, amathawa. " Zowona, miyeso yomwe inawonetsa kuti ukalamba wa kristalo, wophatikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa pafupipafupi kwa oscillations, amasintha popanda kusintha kwakukulu komanso lakuthwa.
Masiku ano, ntchito yomwe ikusintha kwa wotchiyo siyimayima. Zowona, zimachitika kwambiri m'munda, m'matumbo amkati amasintha pang'onopang'ono. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pa kulondola kwa matenda omaliza 300th, sitiroko zimachulukitsa nthawi 100,000, ndipo izi si malire. Chimodzi mwazinthu zomaliza zopezeka ku Japan zimakhudzanso matenda a Stroke. Kuwongolera kwa stroke ndi gawo la wotchi kapena zizolowezi za nthawi yomweyo, zomwe zimapangitsa makinawo liwiro lina ndipo salola wotchi kuti 'thawa ". Olamulira (makampani osiyanasiyana) amamatira mawilo kudzera munthawi yochepa ndipo potero ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito kapena mwapadera kulepheretsa makina a ola limodzi. Kugwira ntchito kwa wogwira ntchito kumatha kuwoneka m'makaputala, kuchuluka kwa makina onse a makina ndi a quartz. Kuti mupewe izi, ajapani adapanga wowongolera wanyumba yomwe gudumu limakhala ndi mano ambiri kuposa wamba. Zotsatira zake ndi "kudumpha" kwa zida zomwe zidasiya kuwonekera komanso nkhupakupa zosafunikira. Zowona, ndizotheka kugwiritsa ntchito olamulira omwe ali mu quartz wotchi.
Kusankha nthawi
Mukamasankha wotchi, ndikofunikira kutsogoleredwa osati ndi mtengo, komanso mawonekedwe a makina. Lamulo pano ndi losavuta: Wotchuka kwambiri ndi kampaniyo, njira yabwinoko. Vernimchi kuchokera kumadongosolo, pomwe mpikisano uwu ndi wa Switzerland, mu zida zapakatikati zimatsogolera njira kuchokera ku Germany. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti asonkhane maola osati kudziko lakwawo, komanso m'maiko ena. Khalidwe lofunikira posankha wotchi ndi mapangidwe ake. Msika umapereka magawo awiri - ochita bwino komanso amakono. Mapangidwe apamwamba nthawi zambiri amakhala obwereza zitsanzo zakale, kapena ma stylization osiyanasiyana. Zipangizo zogwiritsidwa ntchito zapamwamba: nkhuni, mkuwa, ndege. Makina achikale nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito, ngakhale kuti njira za quartz zimapezeka. Makina amakono amadalira kukoma kwa kampaniyo. Maola a plush nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zamakono: pulasitiki, chitsulo, MDF. Makinawa amagwira ntchito yosavuta-quartz. Nthawi yopanga wotchi yamakono imasiya zochepa kuposa zapamwamba, ndipo zopangidwa zomwe zimangoyambitsa, kotero maola amakono ndizotsika mtengo kuposa zapamwamba. Apa ndikofunikira kutero kuchokera ku zokhumba zanu, ndalama, chabwino, kuchokera ku mapangidwe onse kapena kunyumba.Nthawi yakum'mawa
Masitolo ambiri amagulitsa maola otsika mtengo amapereka zowonjezera zachi China, za ku Korea ndi Korea. Wotchi iyi ndi yosavuta, yamakono, zotsika mtengo, zida mkati mwake zimagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano, ndipo titha kunena zondizwitsa kwambiri. Ktakim Mitundu Yopatsa Chikondi Omwe amagula pazonse pazonse chifukwa cha mitengo. Koma, ataphunzira zinthu zonse zomwe zaperekedwa pamsika wathu, titha kuyitanitsa mosamala kwambiri ntchito, chifukwa makampani ambiri akumadzulo amapanga bwino, koma osati okwera mtengo.
Kuimira kwathu koyamba kwa East ndi Gastar (Japan) ndi "chakudya" kwa maola ambiri abodza padziko lonse lapansi. Koma ngati nyumbayo itha kusungunuka, makina omwe adayambitsidwa ndi kampaniyo sanabwerezedwebe. Alendo amagwiritsa ntchito makina apadera a quartz. Piritsi lililonse ili ndi mikwingwirima 2566 ya mano ang'onoang'ono, kotero kuwongolera sitiroko kumayenda kuchokera mano mpaka mano. Kwa pendulum, dongosolo lapadera la maginiki adapangidwa kuti lizilola kusuntha ndi mtengo wochepera wa mabatire.
Zonyamula za kampaniyo ndi zosiyanasiyana. Pali mitundu ya makhoma ngati "mbale", yomwe imapangidwa nthawi zambiri kuchokera pazitsulo ndi yodziwika ndi kulondola ndi zingwe zokhala ndi mawonekedwe (ogona kuchokera pazopangidwa ngati zina). Zithunzi zowonjezera kuphatikiza pa wotchi kuphatikizapo hygrometer (chinyezi cha chinyezi) ndi thermometer, komanso zitsanzo za aliyense zimakhala ndi zenera kuti muwonetse madeti. Ufirma ali ndi gawo lapadera la khoma la khoma kapena pang'ono ndi magnetic pendudum, mitundu iyi imakhala ndi phala lomwe limapanga njira yosavuta yofanana ndi nyimbo. Nyimbo zimachitidwa ola lililonse, ndipo usiku amazimitsa zokha. Kuphatikiza pa khoma la pakhoma, kupitirira kwa akulu (mpaka 1m kutalika) amaperekedwa, kuchokera pa bronze kapena pulasitiki kwambiri pulasitiki, molingana ndi mwala womwewo. Zipangizozi zimakhala ndi pendulumu yolumikizidwa ndi kuyimba ndi kuyimitsidwa ndi icho, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zosonkhanitsa zitsimikizike kwambiri. Wotchi ya Wall Gastar Starproof ndi cholimba kwambiri, yomwe imawalola kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito osati mu nyumba, komanso m'maofesi ngakhale m'madziwe. Mitundu ya desktop, m'malo mwake, imafunikira ubale wosamala komanso wosamala. Ma dekktops okhala ndi gulu lalikulu lagalasi yokhala ndi zojambula, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati alamu. Khoma la Wall Gastar mtengo kuchokera $ 20 mpaka $ 40, ndipo bronze desktops ndi pendulum - kuchokera $ 300.
M'manja, pamodzi ndi zovuta, mudzakumana ndi Acelage (China). Mtundu uwu umakhala mu wotchi yosavuta kwambiri, "mbale" - zazing'ono m'mimba mwake (20-25 cm), lathyathyathya. Mawonekedwe samangozungulira, octagonal ndipo mwinanso lalikulu ndilotheka. Nyumbayo imapangidwa ndi pulasitiki, malo a magawo akunja a magawo akukulumbidwa ndi ma gasketi apadera, omwe samalola chinyezi kulowa mkati mwa makina. Makina a quartz amagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala othandiza (amafunikira m'malo mwa mabatire, zomwe ziyenera kupangidwa chaka chilichonse ndi theka). Kulondola kwa maphunzirowa kumathandizira kuti malo osankhidwa bwino pakhomalo, makamaka osawotcha dzuwa ndipo osanyowa. Kupirira kutsatira izi njira ya wotchiyo idzakhala yolondola, Backlog siyidzapitilira mphindi 1 zopsereza, zomwe ndizabwinobwino kwa quartz.
Mu dial nthawi yace nthawi imagwiritsa ntchito manambala achiarabu okha, omwe amapangitsa wotchi kukhala yosavuta kuti adziwe. Mivi imatsekedwa ndi yapadera, yolimba kwambiri, komanso yowoneka bwino kwambiri, poyang'ana pafupifupi pulasitiki. Mtundu wa zoweta ndi kapangidwe ka kapangidwe kake ndiwosiyanasiyana kotero kuti palibe chotheka kuwafotokozera pano. Pali mawotchi monochromatic, okhala ndi mawonekedwe a marble, matabwa, tortine ndi zitsulo, zokutidwa ndi zitsulo, zokutira zagolide ndi zojambula, ngakhale zimawonekera. Koma zochuluka za zida zimagwirizanitsa mitundu yoyera komanso yakuda. Mtunduwu ndi wotchuka kwambiri pokhudzana ndi mitengo yake: Malonda osavuta - "mbale" - kuchokera $ 10, ku zida zovuta za khoma - kuchokera $ 30.
Okonda maola otsika mtengo a kapangidwe kake ndi makina a quartz akhoza kulangizidwa ndi kampani ya Sino-Korea.
Kumadzulo
Taimiririka kuti ndi mayiko awiri okha, Germany ndi Italy, ngakhale m'nthawi yochepa amalonjeza mawonekedwe a mitundu ya Belgian.Khoma lokongola la thabwa ndi masitepe a desktop kuchokera ku Italy limapereka diamantininomenikomeniconikomeniconi (DD) mu meridiana. Ku VMOSKWE, wotchi iyi yawonetsedwa kale kwa zaka 3, koma kampaniyokha ili kale zaka zopitilira 30. Nthawi yonseyi, amatenga mawotchi osavuta kwa nyumba zosavuta. Mafala Akutoma ku Italy, wotchiyi ili konse "wopanda" kosatheka "ndiye kuti, palibe paciweruzo ndi umunthu wachifumu, koma pali kudzichepetsa komanso ulemu. Chigwirizano cha Meridiana chimaphatikizapo zoposa 300rowers paloto wamitundu mitundu. Zipangizo zoyambira, pulasitiki yotsika mtengo, koma yotsika mtengo komanso yoweta nkhuni, MDF, galasi, chitsulo, chitsulo. M'maola onse, njira zokhazokha za kampani yaku Germany yokha hemmele imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe imawonetsa kuti ndi yabwino kwambiri. Kukula kwa mitundu ya makhoma kumachokera ku miyambo ya 25cm mpaka 1m. Ulonda wa mndandanda wa artiveravera mu mizere ya mpweya kuchokera ku mpweya wabwino wopanduka, komanso wopangidwa ndi nkhuni, komanso mndandanda wa vetro mugalasi ndi mitundu ndi yotchuka kwambiri. Zogulitsa izi ndizokongola komanso zotentha kuposa anzawo akummmawa, apa pali dzanja lokhala wopanga komanso ojambula ojambula. Mitengo kwa maola ambiri ndi demokalase kwambiri: kuchokera $ 10 mpaka $ 60- ndipo zimatengera kukula kwa malonda.
Yang'anani mwapadera ndi yole koloko ndi cuckoo. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mtundu woterewu udapangidwa ku South Germany, m'nkhalango ya Black, pafupifupi 1730g., Pambuyo pake, koloko yokhala ndi nkhaka inayamba kuchitika ku Switzerland. Poyamba amaimira china chake ngati chisodzi ngati cholumikizana ndi ntchito yomwe amayang'anira. Thupi lidachitika ndi dzanja kuchokera kumtengo, nthawi zambiri munyumba kapena nyumba yachifumu, komwe kudalipo kunali zojambula za amisiri, komanso mtundu wa zojambula za Knights ndipo Madona okongola komanso mafano a moyo ndi imfa, unyamata ndi ukalamba. Mwambiri, ziwembuzi zingaoneke ngati zikuwonetsa kutuluka kwa moyo. Kupanga kwa maola oterekwa chiwonjezeko pambuyo pa 1840, makamaka kutumiza ku America, komwe anali kukhala otchuka kwambiri. Popita nthawi, makinawo adayamba kukhala ovuta kwambiri, kuwonjezera pa kudumpha kwa cuckoo, ziwerengerozi zidapangidwa, zoyendetsedwa ndi kulemera kapena kusanja.
Wotchi yeniyeni yokhala ndi nkhaka sizigwirizana ndi mtundu wa bulauni wa soviet, ndizosadziwika komanso zopangidwa mpaka pano pamanja pamanja, chidutswa. Wotchi yamakono ili ndi chokhacho komanso chosinthira kwa nkhanu zokha, ndipo wotchi wina adatsogolera kuyimitsa kuphika mumdima. UNAD amadziwika kuti amadziwika kuti "Cuckoo" pamsika - a Altobel Antonio kuchokera ku Italy (wowonera wamagetsi, ulusi kuchokera ku South Korea (Quartz). Koma ndibwino kubweretsa wotchi iyi kuchokera ku Germany ndi Switzerland.
Woyimira wotchuka komanso wamkulu wa zojambulajambula - kampani yaku Germany. Ndiwolemekeza ndi njira zawo zomwe zimatulutsa zaka 80. Kampaniyo imapangitsa ma quartz makamaka chifukwa cha maofesi amakono ndi khoma lomwe limakwera, komanso makina opanga minda ndi maola ojambula apamwamba. Milandu imapangidwa ndi opanga kampani ndipo amapangidwa pafakitale m'magulu akulu. Ndikosatheka kuona kuti maora angapo a mtunduwu, imatulutsa chilichonse: Khoma, kunja, mitundu ya desktop komanso ngakhale zitsanzo zoseketsa. Kuphatikiza apo, omwe amatchedwa "mahema" a "Mafuta a mafupa amapangidwira izi, makinawo omwe mwina amalandidwa kwathunthu kwa thupi, kapena amatseka zowoneka bwino. Zosakanizo zimasinthidwa chaka chilichonse, koma zopangidwa ndi chifukwa zitha kulamulidwa patadutsa zaka zochepa atachotsedwa kumasulidwa. Mtengo wachilengedwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito potsatsa: m'malo akulu, mndandanda wa zopindika zazing'ono - veneeer. Komanso, zoweta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mitundu yotsika mtengo yamakono.
Mtundu uliwonse umapangidwa m'mitundu inayi kuchokera kumtengo wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Otchuka kwambiri - oak, nati, chitumbuwa, mahogany. Vuto lokhalo posankha mtundu ndikuti chifukwa cha kukonza mwapadera, zinthuzo zimasintha mtundu wake ndipo sizimagwirizana ndi mipando yofanana ndi yamtengo womwewo. M'maola onse a kapangidwe kake, nyimbo ya nyimbo imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yopangidwa ndi tubular kapena rod gong. Memedies ma meyimbo amaseweredwa: Westminster, St. Smichael, Whitington, ndi nkhondo yovomerezeka. Nkhondo za nkhondoyi ndi zosiyana ndi mphindi 15 theka theka la ola, koma ngati lingafune, nkhondoyi imalemala pamanja. Palinso ntchito yolumikizidwa ndi yolemetsa yokhayokha usiku. Chomera chamakina popanda ndewu ndikwanira kwa masiku 14, zikuluzikulu ndi masiku 8.
Chomera chimakhala ndi mitundu itatu ya hermle: 1) Chomera cha masika mumakotchi pakhoma popanda cholemera komanso mu desktop ndi maginiki, pomwe masika akutuluka, omwe ndiye muyenera kupotoza kachiwiri; 2) Chinsinsi cha fakitale chojambulidwa ndi dzenje mu dial, osalumikizana ndi maunyolo ndi zolemera; 3) Fakitale ya unyolo "mwakale" - kukoka zolemera ndi dzanja. AVOTA kulondola kwa wotchi yamakina kumadalira kukhazikitsa kolondola ndi kasinthidwe. Ntchito izi zimakhazikitsa mbuye wapadera yemwe ali ndi chida chomwe chimakupatsani mwayi kuti musinthe nthawiyo kugula ndikukhazikitsa pamalo osatha. Kenako, kulondola kwa makinawo ndi otsimikizika. Zachidziwikire, mutha kudziyimira pawokha kwa maola awa kwa maola angapo amapatsidwa malangizo atsatanetsatane, koma ndizosavuta komanso mwachangu kuti atchule Ambuye, makamaka ntchito zake nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizidwa ndi mtengo wa maola. Mbuyeyo yemweyo amayang'ana ofukula onse kuti palibe kuwonongeka kulikonse, popeza kupatuka kulikonse kwa ngodya kumawonekera pa kulondola kwa maphunzirowo.
Maola akulu akunja sangathe kusunthidwa - pambuyo pake muyenera kukhazikitsanso ndikuwakhazikitsa. Makoma a avot satha kusinthasinthasintha kwa zakusintha kwapadera, motero atha kutanthauziridwa kumalo ena. Ngati mukufunikirabe kusuntha koloko, muyenera kuti ithetse kukulitsa zolemera ndi pendulum momwe mungathere ndikuyesera kugogoda nangula. Ngati mungachokere kwa nthawi yayitali patchuthi, mutha kuyimitsa koloko, ndipo mutabweranso kuti muyambe ndikukhazikitsa nthawi yomwe mukufuna, kulondola kwa maphunzirowo kuti mupulumutsidwe. Maola onse amapatsidwa chitsimikizo cha zaka zisanu, koma ukwatiwu umachitika mosavuta kwambiri, mavuto onse amadalira kugwiritsa ntchito koloko ndi chikhalidwe cha mwini wawo. Chizindikirocho chimayang'ana pa wogula wa sing'anga yemwe ali ndi zabwino komanso zabwino. Chifukwa chake, mitengo ya maola akunja achokera $ 1500 mpaka $ 5,000, pa khoma lokhazikika - kuchokera pa $ 50 mpaka $ 1000.
Kampani ya ku Italy Gallo imagunda yopanda zokongoletsera. Malo ogona a Hermle amagwira ntchito mu ma pololoko yamalo a ku Germany ndi Belgian. Imakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu ija, kuyambira panja kupita kunja, kapangidwe - suti mu baroque ndi rococo. Opanga mtunduwo akupanga mitundu malinga ndi zojambula za maola a nyumba yachifumu ya XVII-XVIII zaka zambiri. Zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito: nkhuni, chindato, chitsulo, mwala. Njira zovuta za mitengo yodana - itaria ndi mankhwala (kwa nkhani yoyamba (kwa nkhani yoyamba (kwa nkhani yoyamba (kwa nkhani yoyamba (kwa nkhani yoyamba), mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kapangidwe kake, kapangidwe kake, zimakhazikitsidwa). Pali chitukuko chokwanira, mwachitsanzo, maola ndi tebulo kwa iwo mu mawonekedwe amodzi ndi utoto; Clock yakunja imakhala ndi khoma lokhazikika ndi pendulum ndi zolemera m'malo okhazikika. Mitundu ya Gallo imapangidwa ndi mitengo, ndipo, mosiyana ndi herle, wopanga amagogomezera mtundu wachilengedwe komanso mawonekedwe a mitengo, kuti mutha kunyamula maola ofanana ndi mipando yanu. Mitengo ya machira imasinthanso chimodzimodzi ngati mtundu wa hermle: kunja - $ 1500-5000, desktop ndi makoma- $ 70-1000.
Farbel (Italy) ndizodziwika bwino chifukwa cha ma desktop ndi maola owonera moto mu kalembedwe ka baroque komanso kalankhulidwe kameneka. Amapangidwa makamaka ngati mwamwapo pogwiritsa ntchito siliva, zomanga 24 zomanga, miyala yachilengedwe, kuyimbidwa kuchokera kuombedwa ndi enamel. Pafupifupi maola onse omwe mungathe kunyamula zoikapo nyali kapena mipata yomwe ili. Monga mafamu ambiri, aval samagwiritsa ntchito njira zake, ndi Chijeremani kuchokera kwa Impel. Makina onse a Farbel amawona zamakina, ndi Guractical Geated Lime of Phall kapena mahatchi ochepa. Kuphatikizana ndi zitsanzo za zitsanzo zodziwika bwino kuchokera ku Louvre, mabala owoneka bwino, masitayilo, Venetian Pallazzo. Msonkhanowu umapangidwa pa fakitole, maphwando ndi ochepa, koma mitengo yake ndi yokwera chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana zodula. Mtengo wa maola - kuyambira $ 200 mpaka $ 2000, zoyikapo nyali ndi mipata zimagulitsidwa payokha.
Kampani ina ya ku Italy, a Altobel Antonio, komanso Farbeo, amapanga ulonda mu kalembedwe ka XVII-XIX zaka zambiri. Mwambiri, ochita maulendo aku Italiya amasiyanitsidwa ndi chikondi chachikulu pa zokongoletsera zonse komanso zokongoletsedwa bwino. The wotchi ya Antolio ndi khoma lalikulu komanso lakunja, ndi zokongoletsera zakomwe zoseweretsa, Marketer, brass ndi mkuwa, kupaka utoto wa lacquer. Ena alidi mwaluso kuti poyamba kungowoneka angaoneke ngati kale. Nkhope zimapangidwa kuchokera ku matabwa osakanikirana ndi chododometsa cha rock-ofiira a rock, nkhuni zofiirira, zakuda za Karelian birch. Maziko a kampani yaku Germany Kieniger-sbem ndi Westminster Midyd amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mawotchi ali ndi ntchito zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ntchito yankhondo ndi kusinthika kokha ku maola a usiku. Chomera ndichokwanira kwa masiku 14 ngati wotchi ndi yopanda nyimbo, ndipo pa 8- ngati nyimbo ndi nyimbo.
Zinthu izi zimakhala ndi njira yoyenera, mwachilengedwe, imapereka kuti kukhazikitsa ndi kasinthidwe kwayikidwa bwino. Kuwonongeka kokha, komwe kumatchedwa pendulum kusinthira, pokhapokha chifukwa cholakwitsa kwa wogwiritsa ntchito wosavomerezeka, komwe kumasunthika kwambiri komanso kosavuta, koma kuperewera kumeneku kumakonzedwa mwachangu. Masters a kampaniyo amalangiza zaka 5 mpaka 10 zilizonse kuti mafuta amoto ndi opaleshoni yapadera. Ntchitoyi imatha kupatsidwa ndi ogulitsa kapena malo opangira ziwonetsero. Mitengo ya ma traces imachokera $ 600 mpaka $ 5000, kutengera kukula ndi zovuta za kukopeka, komanso kuchokera pamtengo wa mtengowo.
Mafani a maola ozizira amatha kulangizidwa kuti mulumikizane ndi mtundu wa K.mozer (Germany) ndi massani (Italy).
Wotchiyo nthawi zonse inali yokongola, komabe komabe komanso mphatso yovomerezeka yomwe ingaperekedwe ndi mwamuna ndi mkazi. Pachifukwa ichi, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito magulu apadera a mafakitale omwe samakhazikika pa koloko. Kuchulukana makampani opanga opanga komanso kukhala opanga mafashoni amapereka mphatso zokongola mwazosonkhanitsidwa kunyumba. Penyani mankhwala amagwiritsa ntchito njira zodziwika bwino. Ndipo nthawi zambiri, njira za ola limodzi zimapangidwira ku Switzerland ndi Germany. Ndikofunika kulabadira zonyamula madzi (United Kingdom), villeroyboch (Germany), Alibe (ku United), France), Italy), Sebino (ku Italy) ndi ena. Zogulitsa Makampani oterewa adzaimirira chizindikiro (kumbuyo kwa maola) ndi ma rims (mbali yakutsogolo). Komanso mphatso yokongola komanso yachilendo kwambiri imatha kukhala yotchi yopanda mafomu osagwirizana (mwachitsanzo, akale, ngati a nsomba a nsomba) komanso osaphunzira. Mupeza njira zokongola komanso zokongola, kuphatikizapo kusuntha kwa mwezi, dzuwa ndi nthaka, zodikidwa kale kalendara ya Lunar ndi dzuwa, etc.
Nthawi ya Russia
Wotchi ya opanga ku Russia sizimasiyana mwanjira ina, ndipo kapangidwe kake ndi misonkhano yamisonkhano imakhudzidwanso. Ngakhale posachedwapa pali makampani ochulukirapo kapena ochepera omwe amapanga mawotchi apamwamba kwambiri munyumba yoyambirira. Inde, ndipo mtengo wa malondawu ndi wotsika kuposa momwe amapangira anthu ena akunja. Maola ngati amenewa amakondedwa kwambiri ndi akhalines chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito a Khokhloma ndi penti pa phane, gzhel, kutanthauzira, varnish, enmells, mabatani. Koma posankha zinthu za Russia ndikofunikira kuziona kuti mtundu wa msonkhano ungakuwonongeni kwambiri, chifukwa makope 5 ali ndi ukwati wokhala ndi ukwati. Chifukwa chake onani wotchi pa kulondola kwa kupita patsogolo, mbewuyo, nkhondoyi ndi china chilichonse ndizosamala kwambiri. Vuto lina la oyang'anira Russia ndi magulu angapo ophatikizika kwambiri. Kuyambira kutchula koyenera kwa opanga ku Russia, timatcha "kasupe" (g.vladimirir), "chaka" (g.uglich) ndi "Cascade" (Nizhny Novgorod).
Zokongola kwambiri pazakudya za kampani "kasupe" - zopangidwa ndi buku la Varnish. Atsikana, ma borchings, akavalo-asitikali, zotchuka, zonse zomwe zimadziwika ndi phane la proner, limapezeka m'magulu a desktop ndi khoma la khoma ku mtengo wachilengedwe. Mnyumbawo amasiyanitsidwanso ndi kapangidwe koyambirira - apa ndi khola la desktop (lotsekedwa, ngati lotker), ndipo ngakhale maola pachithunzipa. Chifukwa cha zojambula, mtengo wazogulitsa umabwera ma ruble a 15000., Koma mutha kugula ndi kuperewera - kwa ma ruble 3000.
Ngwazi zolimba ", ndizodziwika bwino chifukwa cha dzanja lake ndi mawotchi ake osaphunzira kuti achite bwino. Ngati timalankhula za zokambirana zamkati, ndikofunikira kulabadira alonda apadera a Cerimic (a koulsa puron, Gzhel, etc.). Kuphatikiza apo, zindikirani, iyi si dzina lophiphiritsa, koma makina owonera a quartz omwe amalowa mu mbale yeniyeni, m'mphepete mwa omwe amayimba. Zinthu zambiri zoterezi ndizoyenera khitchini. Tiyenera kukhala osamala kwambiri, popeza ma ceramic ndi osalimba, ndipo tchipisi tating'ono, tchipisi chimachitika mu makina. Koma ndi ntchito yoyenera komanso yoyera, nthawiyo imatumikira kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kampani "Cascade" imapanga nyumba zokhazokha zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, njirazi zimagwiritsa ntchito Chitchaina, motero kulondola kwa zinthu izi sikwachitsanzo chabwino kuposa nyumba yathu. Chinthu chachikulu, njirayi ili ndi mayendedwe oyandama, ndiye kuti sipakapakufufuti, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yaku Russia yomwe imadziwika ndi voliyumu yawo yowonjezereka. Kampani imagwira ntchito yozungulira pakhoma la pulasitiki, nkhuni ndi ma ceramic. Amawoneka oyendetsa bwino kwambiri komanso owoneka bwino kuposa mapepala apulasitiki, akumapangana mu wotchi ya mtundu womwewo. Kuphatikizanso zinthu zathunso mu galasi lomwe lili pafupi lomwe lili pafupi kuyimba. Zovomerezeka kuchokera pa pulasitiki, galasi silikusaka, mwamphamvu ndipo silikhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe, chomwe chimafunikira makamaka kukhitchini kapena mu ofesi.
Kwa iwo omwe akufuna kuthandizira wopanga ku Russia, titha kupangira Thirsalpina, momasuka kwambiri chifukwa cha makope ena.
Okonzayo akuthokoza gululo "Annanna", "malliks", "stitel", "mafashoni", mafashoni "pofuna kukonzekera nkhaniyo.