Ibizaba bitegereje inyubako y'amagorofa atanu yubatswe kuva 1959 kugeza 1985; Niki kigengwa, kandi niki - kwiyubaka no kuvugurura. Imyitozo yo kwiyubaka ningero zo gushyira mubikorwa iyi mishinga.
Inyubako zishaje kandi zangiritse ziri mugihugu icyo aricyo cyose no mumujyi uwo ariwo wose. Ariko inyubako ishaje ni inyubako ishaje. Ikintu kimwe ni urwibutso rwubukwanga cyangwa inzu umuntu uzwi yabayeho. Urundi rubanza - Amagorofa atanu "" Khrushche ". Ku mijyi minini (ni ukuvuga) igihugu cyacu, babaye umutwe nyawo. Kwambara kumubiri byizi nyubako bimaze kwegera igihe bimaze kwisobanura. Ariko, haracyari abantu benshi bakeneye kuva ahantu runaka
Ntabwo ibanga ko aya mazu yahinduye abafite amazu menshi yibyishimo, mumyaka 35-40, kandi kwambara ibintu muburyo bwinshi mubihe byinshi byageze kundangagaciro. Muri rusange, ikibazo cyamashami yamagorofa atanu kirakomeye. N'ubundi kandi, niba usenyitse amazu yose ya Panel mu gihugu hose, bizatuma habaho gutura abaturage ba Mujyi miliyoni 15-16. Niki, kizakenera umutungo ushimishije cyane, igihugu kidafite. Kubwibyo, iherezo ryinyubako zinkuru eshanu zaje muburyo butandukanye, bitewe nibishushanyo mbonera, imyaka nurwego rwo kwambara. Kugira ngo wumve impamvu bamwe mu ruhererekane rugomba gusenywa, mugihe izindi zo kuzamura no kwiyubaka, reka dusubire mu ntangiriro yinyubako yo kubaka urugo.
Kongera mu mateka
Ikintu gitangaje cyane nukubaka inyubako eshanu zuruhererekane rwibintu rusange, guhera mu 1959, byarangiye gusa mu 1985. Muri iki gihe, hafi ya 290mln2 mu gace k'amanyu y'inkuru eshanu byagaragaye mu Burusiya, bugera kuri 10% by'urufatiro rw'igihugu. WMOSKOW, Amazu ya mbere yubatswe muri kimwe cya kane cya kimwe cya kane cyimihango mishya, ahantu hamwe byose ni 36mm2. Inyubako zubatswe n'ibikoresho bitandukanye kandi ziratandukanye mu gishushanyo: amatafari, binini cyane, binini. Muri rusange, hari ibice 13 muri Moscou: K-7, II-32, II-35,1--447,1-447,1-467D, 1-5111, 1-5111, 1-515 / 5, 1605 na 1605a. Icyamamare cyane ku butaka bw'Uburusiya cyari inyubako zo guturamo zikurikirane 1-464,1-46a, 1-461; Uturere two mu gihugu no mu burasirazuba bw'igihugu ni urukurikirane ntarengwa rwo gukwirakwiza 1-468,1-468A, 1-468b, 1-468D; Muri Siberiya no mu burasirazuba bwa kure bwubatswe murugo rukurikirana 1-335.1-335D.Ku cyiciro cya mbere (1959-1963), inyubako zo guturamo zikurikirane K-7, II-32, II-35,1MG-300, 1-464, 1-468. Mubisanzwe, barabubatse hepfo, icyo gihe bakora. Inyungu nini yinzu yicyiciro cya mbere, cyane cyane urukurikirane rwa K-7, yari igiciro gito. Initing inkuta ziguruka ziva mu mikorere yoroheje zabanjije ceramic ceramic hamwe nuburinganire budahagije bwo kurinda amadirishya bidahagije, imigezi ntoya, inkingi ntoya (irengana na kimwe cya kabiri ibyumba. Ariko inzira ibabaje cyane ni urwego rwo hasi rwo gukora no kwishyiriraho kurubuga rwubwubatsi, bisobanurwa no kubura uburambe bwuzuye mukubaka inyubako zuzuye.
Ku myitwarire yiyi mfura, umwaka wa C1961 warebye neza. Kubera iyo mpamvu, inenge nyinshi no kwangiza byinshi. Ibisanzwe kandi bifite akamaro: Kubangamira igisenge cyamatungo, imyanda (kubera kubura ibicuruzwa) kwishinyagurika mu rukuta rw'ibitabo bitatu kandi, nk'ibisubizo, bibakura hejuru. Ntabwo yahagaze igihe cyigihe nibikoresho byakoreshwaga mu rwego rwo gufunga amasangano hagati yurukuta. Ihebukwa ritwikiriwe na sima-umugozi umugozi kandi kashe no gufunga hamwe na sima-sandy sutire yahagaritswe. Imiryango ya Windows hamwe na Balconi yariyongereye ku kirere. Ibihumyo bya Series K-7, II-32, II-35 byagaragaye ko bikaba mu rukuta no guhumurizwa, kwikuramo imbaho zanditse. Noneho, nyuma yimyaka 35-40 yimyaka 35-40, kwambara kumubiri byinyubako zo guturamo yicyiciro cya mbere cyo kubaka ni kinini cyane. Muri uru rubanza, bagengwa no gusenya, kubera ko ikoranabuhanga ryubwubatsi ryakoreshejwe ritabemerera kwisubiraho.
Kugeza ubu, hari amazu 2284 n'amagorofa atanu y'amagorofa ya 7292554m4 mu nkengero. Muri ibyo, amatafari 1320 (4223167M2) na 964 Panel (3069387m2). Gushyira mu bikorwa mu karere ka Moscou Gahunda yo kwiyubaka kw'inyubako zo guturamo zikurikirane zambere zishingiye ku gisekuru cya mbere cy'ibisekuruza bya mbere by'imiturire, kugirango wongere ubunini bw'imiturire Kugeza 2500-3000 M2 yubuso bwose kandi utezimbere imibereho yabantu muri ako karere. Biteganijwe ko ibiciro byihariye byubushyuhe bwo gushyushya no gutanga amazi ashyushye bizagabanuka byibuze 35%, kandi uburyo bwo kuvugurura ibikoresho byubwubatsi buzagabanya uburyo bwo kunywa amazi 40-50% kandi, kubwibyo, bigabanya umutwaro ku miyoboro y'imyanda.
Ku cyiciro cya kabiri (C1963), iyubakwa ry'inyubako zo guturamo zinyuranye zigezweho zatangiye: 1-4644a na D; 1-48A, B, D; 1-510; 1605a; 1-515 / 9; 1-467A na D; 1-447; 1-511; 1-510; 1-335D nibindi. Bamaze kubakwa hashingiwe ku rutonde rwemejwe mu 1962. Ibiranga umugereka bya aya mazu biri hejuru, birakomeye, bifite gahunda nziza yo gutegura amazu. Kwambara kumubiri mu nyubako ngarukamwaka ya 1963-1970 ni munsi y'amazu yicyiciro cya mbere. Nk'ubutegetsi, burenze 20%. Kubera iyo mpamvu, hafashwe umwanzuro wo kugira inyubako z'amagorofa atanu, yubatswe nyuma ya 1963, cyane cyane amatafari, ntabwo ari ugusenya, ahubwo yakorewe iminsi mirenge. Ariko, hariho ibitavuzwe. Amazu y "ubutayu" butagaragara arashobora gucika nibagwa muri zone yo gusenya. Byaragaragaye ko ari inyungu zubukungu haba hamwe ninzu yinkuru zihagije zo kubaka inyubako yo guturamo.
Nkuko twabivuze, gahunda yo kwiyubaka ku nyubako zituruka mu madirishya eshanu ziri mu turere twinshi tw'igihugu. Ariko, ahari, gusa muri Moscou ikibazo cyinyubako zinkuru eshanu zakemutse, kandi zikora cyane. Mubyukuri kubyerekeye gusenyuka no kongera kubaka "Khrushchev" yatangiye kuvuga mugihe cya USSR, mu 1989. Ariko kuri 6, gukurikirana mu murwa mukuru waravunitse imyaka 16 gusa. Impinduka zabaye mu 1995, igihe guverinoma ya Moscou yafashe icyemezo cya gahunda yuzuye "itanu-mu gaciro". Noneho ibibazo byose bijyanye no kongera kubaka izindi nyubako bagenga icyemezo cya guverinoma ya Moscou N608 "Ibisubizo by'Ubukangurambaga Buzuye bw'iterambere ry'iterambere ry'inganda bigera kuri 2010, byemejwe n'umwaka wa 6 yo mu 1999. Muri iki cyemezo cyo kuva mu gihe cyo kuva mu 2000 kugeza 2010, Gusenya kw'inzu y'ikigo eshanu ya K-7, II-32, II-35,1605-AM, 1MGM2 cyangwa izindi Urukurikirane (kugeza kuri 0.3 ppm). Ariko haracyariho kuramba kandi amatafari "Khrushchevka" i Moscou, bidateganijwe gusenya, kuko bashobora kuba ijoro rya 60-80. Nuruhererekane rukurikirana 1-510.1-51.1-515, nibindi (birenze 2,75 MLM2). Bagomba kwiyongera.
Icyumba cya mbere
Ariko, abapangayi barashobora kandi gusobanukirwa. Imanza zari zimaze kumenyekana mugihe iyubakwa ryatangiye munzu aho kuba amezi 6-8 yamaze shortcut. Hano hari urugero rumwe gusa ni ukuboho kubaka udakuraho inzu n5 kumuhanda wubaka i Moscou. Imyaka itanu ishize abapangayi be basaba kubabara umwaka, bitangaza abasimbura ibikoresho byose byubuhanga, kwishyiriraho lift nibikorwa byimibare muburyo bwa atike. Ariko aho kuba adake yoroheje byatangiye gushinga hasi, hanyuma akazi gakonje. Kutonganya n'uburakari bw'abatuye inzu ntabwo bagwa mubisobanuro. Mbere rero itangira ryinyubako nyinshi zigezweho zituyemo, byaba byiza ukemuye ikibazo cyinshingano z'abamwubatsi urenga ku gihe cyakazi cyangwa kubikora ufite ubuziranenge. Nzi abayobozi kugenzura iyo mirimo.
Muri St. Petersburg, ikigo cya gahunda yakarere yo kwiyubaka kw'inyubako zo guturamo z'urukurikirane rwa mbere rwabaye ibihumbi 8900. M2 yo mu mazu yose. Umugabane wibice binini bya GI, OD, 1-335.1lh-507 ku bihumbi 6300. M2 na Urutonde rw'amatafari 1-528-2600. M2. Ifasi yiterambere rya 60-Hodges - Inzu 100 hamwe nubuso bwa 2500g. Igisubizo cya gahunda kigomba kuba cyo kubaka inyubako hamwe nubuso bwuzuye inzu 3200 hamwe nubwubatsi bwibihumbi 2800. M2 Amazu mashya. Byongeye kandi, kwiyongera mu magorofa no kugabanya cyane ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga, gusana no gukora ububiko bw'imiturire.
Lytkarinsky
Mubikorwa byubwubatsi, igiti kidatuwe cyarasenyutse kandi igisenge cya duplex. Igishushanyo mbonera cya attike cyateranijwe mubice byiza hejuru yinyubako. Ibikoresho byazamuye imirambo-umugenzi. Kubijyanye nubushyuhe muburyo butandukanye, ubwonko bwa rockwool bwakoreshejwe. Inkuta za Cyitali Muri Stic zatunganijwe n'amatafari, hamwe n'amatafari y'iki gihembwe cyakozwe kuva ku ibyuma bifite isahani ebyiri zumye hamwe n'isahani y'amapoza (12.5 mm) ku mpande zombi. Ibitero by'inzu n'inzu ya buri gihembwe byuzuyemo insulation, bitwikiriye wallpaper no gusiga irangi. Nanone, abubatsi bashizeho Mansard Windows ya ManArd. Igisubizo muri etage ya attike byagaragaye kurwego rwa 9 na duplex. Umwe yari kuri buri ngazi ya attike kuri buri ngazi zo hasi. Imiyoboro ishingiye ku gahindagurika yarakijijwe kandi yiyongereye hejuru y'inzu nshya. Ingazi zari zongerewe kugirango zigere ku nzu ya attle.
Mu nsi yo munsi y'inyubako, Danfoss yashyizeho urutonde rwo kugenzura sisitemu yikora hamwe na sensor yubushyuhe no kugenzura ibikoresho. Sisitemu yo gushyushya yarakozwe nkumuyoboro ibiri hamwe na mugenzi butaringaniza, imiyoboro irahishe kandi igaragazwa mumuyoboro wintambwe yo hagati. Kwiyongera kw'inzu byakozwe mu kuzamura urusaku rwahujwe na Metallic kugereranya n'ubushyuhe bwo kwigarurira igice cya polypane. Windows n'imiryango irasanwa kandi irangi. Kubera ko intera iva ku isi kugeza ku igorofa rishya ritari munsi ya 16m, hanyuma nk'uko bikurikije uko byari bimeze ubu, ishyirwaho ry'abagenzi batwara abagenzi ntibyasabwaga. Abapangayi ntibasize amazu yabo mugihe cyo kwiyubaka. Inganda zose zikenewe zafashwe kuri iyi: Crane yubaka ntabwo yakoreshejwe, ubwinjiriro bwari bwuzuyemo abasazi badasanzwe ko aririnda, yakoreshejwe gusa amashyamba yakoreshejwe, aherereye hejuru y'urwego rwa kane ruzengurutse iyo nyubako.
Hasi no hanze ibibazo byatangiye
Umushinga wa kabiri uzi washyizwe mu bikorwa i St. Petersburg, ku muhanda wa Torokhankaya, ufite imyaka 16 (akarere ka Primorsky). Ingoma yakazi karimo kuvura igorofa yatunganiye ku nyubako y'amagorofa atanu yo guturamo ya 1-507-3 ya 1962. Kwiyubaka byakozwe mu mezi 9. Nkuko byabereye muri Lytkarin, igice cyingenzi cyumushinga nicyo cyo kwiyubaka ariho: Inkuta zo hanze zashyizwe mu nsi yo mu nsi, zashyizwe ahanini mu nsi yinyubako, amadirishya n'inzugi byasanwe , ingazi zavuguruwe, kandi sisitemu yo gushyushya yarazamuwe kandi ibikoresho byazamuwe mu buryo bwikora. Uyu mushinga wateje imbere Lengilniaproeve ojsc, ni LLC Padams, n'imikorere yumukiriya na tekiniki bakoze OJSCE Petersburg. Ibikoresho bikenewe, Windows ya Attic, ibikoresho byubwubatsi, ibikoresho byo kwigarurira - byatangaga ibigo bitandatu byiburayi: Velux, Dackwool, Danfoss, Grundfos, Wavin na Trellenkos.Itandukaniro riva mu igeragezwa rya Lytkarin muri uru rubanza niho kwishyiriraho igisenge cya kirimbuzi. Gutwara ibwubatsi byari bikozwe mu mwirondoro ugurumana woroheje uhujwe no kwihatira no guterana, hamwe n'umusozi mu gice cyo hejuru no hepfo.
Mbega mansar itabitekereje
Kuri ubu hari imishinga ivugurura cyane cyane amazu atanu yububiko. Abasomyi bacu barashobora gutangazwa mugihe bamenye ko iterambere ryububiko bwo kwiyubaka imyaka. Muri kiriya gihe, urukurikirane rwose rwa "KHrushchev" rwasuzumwe kandi ibikorwa byose bijyanye no guhinduka byarabazwe haba no gutandukana kw'abakodesha no kutayifite. Igisubizo cyari amahitamo atatu yo kuvugurura no kubaka amazu yuruhererekane.
Ihitamo ryambere, cyangwa, nkuko byitwa, kugabanya, riteganya kurambagiza kandi bikingira imitwe, kwagura idirishya hamwe na logice, bishobora gukorwa muburyo butunganijwemo . Uku gucungura ni kwagura koridoro, igikoresho cya cabinets, antlesole, pantry ninzugi ebyiri. Gukuramo ubwoko bwamagorofa biri hafi yumuryango uriho, shyashya kandi ibice byongeweho kugirango bishyireho itegurwa. Ibishako batakuyeho abaturage kandi birimo no gusana amagorofa, imirimo mito yo gusana ", gusana no gusimbuza imiyoboro y'amazi, igice cyo gusimbuza amakuru yubwuzuzanye. Ariko, ibyabaye byo gucukura amazu utakuyeho abaturage udashobora kuzana amazu kugirango wubahirize byuzuye nibisabwa MHSN 3.01-96.
Ihitamo rya kabiri, ryitwa Maxodelisation, rikubiyemo imirimo yose yo kwinjiza amazu, kimwe no gucuranga amazu mumipaka iriho hamwe no gutegura ibisubizo byubushakashatsi bwakozwe na MHSN 3.01-96. Nk'itegeko, icyarimwe inzu ntoya yicyumba kimwe ihinduka icyumba kinini, hamwe nicyumba gito cyibyumba bitatu mucyumba kinini. Kurugero, guhinduka kwa "kabiri" mumagorofa yicyumba kimwe bitanga ubwiyongere bwabatarenze 16% ugereranije na MHSN 3.01-96 bisanzwe. Hamwe na Maximoderialisation Hariho kwiyongera mubikoni bigera kuri 8-9m2, kurema ibinyabiziga bigurika bifite ipantaro cyangwa imyenda yashyizwe ahagaragara. Mu nyubako 2-3 z'ibyumba, ubwiherero butandukanye burategurwa hamwe no gupima imashini imesa n'ubwiherero hamwe n'uburebure bwa cm 170. Birumvikana ko ibyo byonyine hashoboka gusa mugihe dukuraho abaturage.
Nibyiza, uwa gatatu, uburyo bwa radical cyane bwitwa kwiyubaka. Hano hari urugamba rwavuzwe haruguru rukora, hashyizweho amazu hamwe no gukomeza ubwoko bwabo (ni ukuvuga umubare wibyumba) kandi uzana imico yabo ibisabwa muri minisiteri y'itumanaho 3.01-96. Ibi bigerwaho mu kongera uturere tw'atuye kubera ibitero by'indege (nk'ibiti bishingiye ku rukuta rwa Pylons, cyangwa kubeshya); Agace k'iminsi yiyongera. Usibye guhindura ibyumba biboneka, inzu shingiro nayo ikorwa na atike cyangwa monolithic imiterere ya etage 2-3. Mugihe cyimibare, amazu yo mu rwego rworoheje cyangwa amagorofa abiri atandukanye arashobora kuba ahanini muri atike. Kandi, ni ngombwa cyane, inzu ifite uburozi hamwe nibikoresho by'imyanda bituma birushaho kuba byiza.
Byongeye kandi, inyubako eshanu zigorofa ntabwo ikomeye. Kubwibyo, ku gipimo cya kimwe cya kane, igomba gukora kwaguka, bizaba birenze inyubako zubatswe ubwazo.
Mu nyubako zamagorofa atanu ya Moscou, "Ibikoresho bya" Atiti "bifite aho bigera kuri 6mln2. Niba byibuze igice cyititi cyo kongera guha ibikoresho munsi yinzu, nko mu bihumbi bigera ku 150 bizagaragara mumujyi. Amazu mashya ahendutse. Kubaka bibujijwe bisabwa gutanga "khrushchev" ubuzima bwa kabiri, na 20%, cyangwa na 50% byukuri. Ntibikenewe gushyira itumanaho, gucukura, kubaka urufatiro, - ibintu byose bimaze kuba.
Indi moderi yo kwiyubaka amazu atanu yuruhererekane rwa mbere 511 na 515 yateguwe ukurikije gahunda ya leta ya leta "wez" na sosiyete "Realptproy". Nk'uko uyu mushinga, inyubako yamagorofa atanu azaregwa amagorofa 9-10 azahuza ibipimo byose bigezweho. Agace k'igikoni kaziyongera kuri 9m2. Ubwiherero bugenda bwegereye icyumba cyo kuraramo, inzitizi izagaragara mu mazu. Ibisubizo byonyine bitazashobora gukuraho hamwe no kwiyubaka ni igisenge gito.
Intangiriro yo kwiyubaka ni ibi bikurikira. Hafi yinyubako yububiko butanu, monolithic yitwara hafi, ifata umutwaro w'amagorofa yose. Imiturire yinyubako ishaje iri muriyi "ikadiri". Balkoni yometse kuri KEDM. Icyitegererezo cyo kwiyubaka kibanziriza iki cyasabwe nu mushinga wa "Resort" uzatwara amadorari 150 omn2. Mubisanzwe, inyubako izasimburwa nimitako yose. Iyubakwa rizatangirana nuko igice cya monolithic kizashyirwa ku mpera yinyubako yamagorofa atanu, aho abatuye umuryango wegereye bazanyeganyezwa. Ubwinjiriro buzubakwa rwose, n'abatuye ubutaha, n'ibindi bibeho. Apacks umubare w'amazu mu nzu yubatswe aziyongera, hateganijwe kwimurira abaturage bahinduwe hafi "Khrushchetta" kugirango basenywe. Abantu bazaguma mu gikari cyabo kavukire, mugihe batezimbere ibihe byabo. Biteganijwe ko kwiyubaka amazu atanu-yububiko bwambere kumishinga ya MNIIIITEP na "Resort Umushinga" uzakorwa mu majyepfo-mu majyepfo-mu burengerazuba bw'umurwa mukuru, ku muhanda wa KRAKKA.
Imishinga ivuye ku isi
Hamwe na gahunda nkiyi, igikoni gito cyanyuma, ubwiherero bwaka kandi ibyumba byegeranye bijya kera. Gucana kugaragara neza, ubwiherero butandukanye, ingazi nini, inkware yimyanda, kandi itumanaho ryose risimbuzwa. Amazu ntabwo ari mubi kuruta mu nyubako nshya. AESLI ahantu hasubiwemo amagorofa atanu wari ugera ku bihumbi 3.5. M2, hanyuma nyuma yo kwiyubaka, iyi mibare yongera inshuro 2.5-3. Kubwibyo, ubucucike bwinyubako bwiyongera. Birashoboka cyane, ububiko bwububiko bwambere bwinkuru kuri ubu bukorikori buzasubirwamo mubisobanuro byiza-poinniks, hanyuma bigakora i Tushino bizatangira.
Usibye iterambere ryayo bwite, i Moscou yahisemo gukoresha uburambe bwamahanga, mu kidage runaka. Mubyukuri, 70% gusa byikigega gishaje cyasubiwemo i Berlin. Ukurikije umuyobozi w'akarere, kugira ngo akoreshe ibintu by'Ubudage i Moscou, ishami rishinzwe kohereza mu kigega cy'amazu "cyashinzwe, imiryango ishinzwe kubaka igihangano, Umuyoboro w'igitsina gore mu" bukungu bw'imiturire Amazu "(IWO) na" Ubumwe bwa ba rwiyemezamirimo bu Burayi no hagati "(Omv). Bifatwa ko mu ntangiriro, inzobere z'Abadage zizerekana uburyo zishobora gushyiraho icyemezo cyo gutambura inyubako zito. Imirimo izakorwa nta gukuraho abaturage. Abamwubatsi b'Abadage basezeranya guhisha amezi atandatu. Imirongo yubushakashatsi bwaguye Inzu N3 kuri Askonkment ya Krasnocholm na N45 murugo rwa N45 mu muhanda wa Malaya Kalitnikovskaya. Byongeye kandi, umujyi witeguye kubona ikoranabuhanga ryo mu Budage mu bigo byo mu muhanda wa Marshal Fedorenko, mu muhanda wo mu gihugu no muri Yuryvsky.
Nibintu bito rero: birakenewe gutangira kwiyubaka, kandi bidatinze i Moscou inyubako yamagorofa atanu ntizasenywa gusa, ahubwo ni uguhinduka amazu meza, ashoboye kumva indi myaka 50-60. Nibyiza, umurongo "Khrushchev" mu Burusiya.
Ibiro by'Amatangazo Murakoze kugisha inama Umuyobozi w'ishami rishinzwe guhuza ibikorwa byo kwiyubaka ku kigega cy'amagorofa atanu kandi cyangiritse cya Moscou .vich Yevseeva.