I-Byzantine kunye nezitayile ze-gothic zikhutshiwe ngaphakathi. Umhombiso ngaphakathi, izixhobo zokuhombisa.
Ifanitshala emnyama, iipaneli ze-Oak Walls Yenza i-Atmosphele yothando yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo
Ngokuchasene nemvelaphi ye-Brick Sundry, ifenitshala eqaqambileyo ibonakala ingenamzimba
Indawo ehlekisayo yesifuba esikhulu kunye nesitulo se-gothtic sine-oved back
Ngaphambi kokuqala incoko malunga neXesha Eliqhelekileyo, uninzi lunxulunyaniswa ngokuqinileyo neGothic, kuya kufuneka ukhumbule i-Byzantium. Oku kungena kunokubonakala kudala, kodwa kusengqiqweni. I-heiress yeRoma yamandulo, i-Byzantium yayinefuthe elikhulu kuphuhliso lwenkcubeko, uyilo kunye nezithethe zangaphakathi zamazwe aseYurophu.
I-Byzantium
Ubunewunewu obuhlekisayo kunye nokuxabana kwabakhweli baseRoma batyhutywe phambi komoya onzima we-Byzantium. Kuyinyani, sinokugweba umhlobiso wezinto eziphathwayo ze-Byzantine kwiinkumbulo zabantu ababephila ngexesha le-MASAIC, ezazigcinwe kwi-venice, eSpain .Intliziyo ye-Byzantium yayinguRetsatium, esona sixeko sikhulu sehlabathi, ngokoqobo, ngokwenyani selizwi lamagama esixekweni kunye neleva. Amanzi kuphela okuntsonkotha kwibhotwe elikhulu lafa malunga namashumi amabini abantu.
Ibhotwe elikhulu lase-Imperaili yayikwimpuma yeso sixeko, phakathi kweBossiror kunye nophondo lwegolide. Uyilo kunye nomhombiso wayo wasebenza njengomzekelo ongenamiqathango wobungqina. Iindonga kunye neekholamu zezakhiwo zahlulwa kwiiplate ezivela kumabakala ohlukeneyo eMarble kunye ne-onyx, kwezinye iiholo - ukusuka kwiglasi, zipeyintiwe ngeentyatyambo kunye neziqhamo. I-byzatine eyaziwayo yase-Byzantine, eyayihombise umkhuhlane we-Imperial, wamnika itheko endaweni yesimo esisebenzayo. I-Guester yeGusi yeGenkile yeGolide, yeTeleter yeTeeter, yephaneli yeendlela zodonga, yazala umoya woBukho bobuThixo. I-mosaics yomgangatho yenziwa sisibonelelo seMarble yombala, nangona ngamanye amaxesha amatye anqabileyo axabisekileyo asetyenziswa njenge-gapis-azure, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeagate kunye neRhinestone.
Ngokwahlukileyo, kufanelekile ukuba uthethe ngemicimbi ehlonit. Isilika ye-byzantin eyaziwayo eneepateni ezilukiweyo nakwimigangatho egcinwe edlulise uvavanyo lwexesha zibetha ubuhle bomsebenzi. Iipaneli zeSilk zazihlola iindonga, zomelezwa kwiindawo ezivulekileyo. Kulula ukuba kwakuyimfuneko ukuvula izivungulo, amakhethini abotshwe okanye ajike kwikholamu. Ukusuka kumaPersi kunye namazwe aseMbindi Mpuma, iikhaphethi kunye nelaphu elixabisekileyo lenziwa kakhulu, elihonjiswe ngeebhedi, izitulo kunye neetrone.
I-Byzantine yobugcisa ihlala ihleli (i-intervietive) ibonwa njengebhulorho phakathi kobugcisa beRoma kunye neXesha Eliqhelekileyo.
Kwiminyaka ephakathi
Isiqalo seXesha Eliqhelekileyo lithathwa njengekrisimesi 800Godan.00E.- Umhla wokunikezelwa kweKarl Mkhulu. Wayebizwa ngokuba yiTonstantin entsha, kuba uBukhosi, awaseka eNtshona, wayefana nesiRoma.
Isitayile sabantu abatshatileyo bexesha leKarl bayabizwa ngokuba yi-Airguaval. Awu, kunzima ukufumana imizekelo eyaneleyo emfanekisweni, kuya kufuneka uqikelele kakhulu. Yintoni ecacileyo xa ijongwa ngamaxesha aphakathi.
Uninzi emva koko iiholo kunye namagumbi okwangoku zibonakala zinikezelwe kakubi. Ezo zizathu zabo. Impahla ebanzi yabaguli ifuna ukujongwa ngokusisigxina, okubandakanya ukungalawulwa kwishishini kuphela, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha izenzo zomkhosi. Ke ngoko, "i" avareji "feuudal feudal kunye nejelly yakhe yayisemotweni (i-Nurevna). Balula bakaSkarba baquka ifanitshala, iidreyini, izitya, izibonelelo kunye nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko ezihlala zihanjiswa kwiindawo ngeendawo. Ukufika kwakhe kwinqaba, yonke le nto yathunyelwa ngokweemfuno. Akunakwenzeka ukubiza amagama anikezwe ngokupheleleyo okanye abakhutshiweyo abathinjwe.
Ukupeyinta kodonga, ukudakumba ukulwa okanye imifanekiso yenkundla kunye nemiqondiso ye-heraldic, yasasazwa kakhulu ngaloo mihla. Ukongeza, inqwelomoya ihonjiswe ngemifuno yemifuno okanye ukuxelisa iidrafti. Izisombululo zeresiphi yokwenene zazixhonywe imiqolo yeendonga zamatye okanye kwiindawo ezivulekileyo. Ii-treliers zisebenzele i-inshulensi kwaye ihombise izakhiwo kwaye ibetha iiplani ezifanayo njengokupeyinta.
Umhlobiso wangaphakathi wezinto ezivaliweyo ubuncinci yinyani ngenkcazo "yobudala obuphakathi". Iindonga zezakhiwo zigutyungelwe yipeyinti yobuqhetseba okanye i-Whitewash (yaqhawule umtshato kwi-chabk exineneyo). Umaleko wokugqibela wepeyinti ngamanye amaxesha wongezwe ngemigca ebomvu ebonisa ukuba uqhekezelwe. Ihlala isetyenziselwa ukubizwa ngokuba yi-White Plaster, eyenziwe nge-lime, isanti kunye neebristles. Ukongeza amatyala, xa kufuneka ukwenziwa kwengqondo efanelekileyo, i-gypsum evuthayo yongezwa kumxube. I-Plasters enjalo ibizwa ngokuba yiParis okanye isiFrentshi (Franco Plastro).
I-trophies zokuzingela idlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuhonjisweni kweeholo, ukuba ingasathethi ke izixhobo, izixhobo, izibhengezo zomkhosi kunye nezihlangu ze-heraldic ezenzelwe ukubonisa iflor yenkosi yenqaba. I-Sormor, kufuneka nditsho, ayisoloko iboniswa ezantsi. Ngamanye amaxesha bathathe umhlala phantsi "ukuxhaphaza" - kukho into efana nesifuba esithe nkqo esihonjisiweyo kunye nokufakwa kwejometri.
Kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, indlela yokuphila yenqaba ephakathi itshintshile. Ixesha leemfazwe ezisisigxina zinika indlela yokucwangciswa kwendawo eyoyisiweyo. Ukuthetha malunga ne-loull egcweleyo, bekungayi kuba nasihlathi, nangona kunjalo, ixesha lokuphuhliswa kwenkcubeko sele liqalile kwi-xiiiverk eYurophu. Into eyenze ukuba kwenzeke ngokuthe ngcembe isitayile esiyibiza ngokuba yiGothic.
Gothic
Isitayile seGothic siqinile kakhulu. Kuwo onke amazwe aseNtshona Yurophu, izikhumbuzo zoyilo zelo xesha ziyafana nomnye njengabazalwana. Ukongeza, isitayile seGothic sizalelwe kakhulu. I-Juicy Pepets, ibhidi kunye nezihombiso ezimangalisayo (ezibolekwe yi-Byzantines), ii-arches ezinqeni (ifuthe le-Arabic (ifuthe le-Arabic), ilitye le-aredy kunye nelizulu. Iingcali ezininzi zijonga isitayile seGothic ukuqhubeka neRomanesque kwaye, ngaphezulu, owona msebenzi uphezulu wophuhliso. Iincwadi zesiseko zeSoviet kwimbali yoyilo kudala zibhengeze ngenkani ukuba iGothic yadalwa ngobongo osilele ukuqonda uyilo lwe-romanesque. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela yamaxesha aphakathi, ethi ithathe ityhefu ye-Byzantine kwaye ibolekwe kwi-Arabhu ingumbala kunye nombutho wokukhanya wendawo, ayinakuba sisiphumo sokungazithembi kakhulu.Ngandlela thile, iGothic yayiyeyona ndlela yokudala. Amandla o-Afch Atch off Gotwe achithwe ekuvulekeni kweebhulethi zekholamu kunye nobuninzi beentlobo ngeentlobo zemihombiso eziqingqiweyo. Ukukhanya kwemini, ukuzula e-Interrior, kwakhokelela kumdlalo omangalisayo wemithunzi. I-AOQ kunye neglasi eseleyo, yadala imvakalelo yonqulo lomntu kwimitha yelinye, ilizwe eliphantsi. Iziphumo ezifanayo zobukho bobuThixo ziye zavela kubugcisa baseByzantine ngenxa kaMoses. Kodwa kuphela ukukhanya okuphumelela kwiglasi enemibala kunika le volumu yemveliso.
Kwiminyaka yokuqala yamandulo, amagumbi enqaba ayeninzi. Indawo yemithendeleko yayiba sebusuku egumbini lokulala, indawo yokugcina iimpahla yacwangciswa njengemfuneko. Ixesha le-gothic lalinyusa i-loning. Nangona, ethetha ngokungqongqo, yayiyihlonimo kwaye yayifuzisela. Ukuchaneka, into efana neBalsandwe yayisaziwa kumazwe aseMpuma yakudala, eGrisi naseRoma, emva koko kwi-Byzantium. Nangona kunjalo, kwiMbindi Yurophu, wasasazwa ngokuthe ngqo njengenye yeendlela zonqulo. I-Baldahin yasebenza ukuqaqambisa ukulala umninimthi ukusuka kwindawo eqhelekileyo apho i-chelynt ingahlala khona. Xa amagumbi asondeleyo avela ekuhambeni kwexesha, iibhedi zazinokuqhubela apho kunye ne-canopy, ngokuthe ngcembe yaba yinto ephosayo. Rhoqo yenziwa kwilaphu elinye njengodonga. Ukunika abanye umhlobiso obengezelekileyo kwigumbi lokulala kwakujongwa njengethoni elungileyo. Iidramo kunye neBaldenga yenziwa kwimiba ebizayo kwaye zandiswa ngegolide kunye nentsimbi yesilivere. Indlela yokupeyinta kunye nokupeyinta kwizicubu kwagqitywa. Iiplani zazihlukile kakhulu.
"Ukumkani waseFransi uJohn wayenezindlu ezintathu zentsimbi ngokweeholide zikaKristu, usuku lwazo zonke iingcwele kunye nekrisimesi ihambelana neholide. Idyasi yengalo zeFrance kwiikona, icinyiwe, i-backdrops (ngasemva kwesitulo okanye ebhedini), ikhuselo kunye nekhuselo eliluhlaza iinkwenkwezi. I-Ensemble ixhaswe ngebhedi yezitulo ezivela kwi-velvet eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nesilika eluhlaza, kunye namakhethini aluhlaza avela kwi-sarzhi kwi-windows kunye nebhedi ithoni. " (Ch. I-Mak-Contrations "Ukuhonjiswa kwendawo yokuhlala ukusuka kumandulo kude kube namhlanje.")
Nathi sityala "IHolo yeNdawo yokuFanisa" ngakwiXesha Eliphakathi. Ngapha koko, ukuba ekuqaleni kwamaXesha Aphakathi, indawo yomlilo yayifana nokugxila kwe-Coarde, emva koko yi-XIIIV, yaba yinkcukacha ebaluleke kakhulu ngaphakathi. Inokwenziwa kabini okanye kathathu, kuxhomekeka kumthamo wegumbi elishushu. Ubungakanani obunomtsalane bendawo yokucima umlilo bavunyelwe ukuba bamnike imbonakalo yesakhiwo soyilo. Ihonjiswe ngethanga lasendle, iindiza, ezomeleleyo ngeminyhadala ye-Knight, ipeyinti yokuzingela okanye i-irol.
Ke yona ifanitshala, yayingafani kakhulu kwiisampulu zaphakathi eziphakathi kwixesha le-Gothic. Izitulo, izitulo, isifuba kunye ne-buffets zazibonakala ngathi zezinto ze-highly " Inguqu yefanitshala kwimeko ephelileyo kuphela kwixesha leBaroque.
I-Neostili
Isitayile seGothic siphila kakuhle ngokwembali. Wavuselelwa embindini weXviii yinkulungwane kwi-wave ebizwa ngokuba yi-neostil. Imeko yembali enobuchule beGothic itsala ukuthanda kwakhe okuphendulayo imvakalelo ngokubanzi. Kulapho ke inkcazo ye "gothic" yavela: Kwibali le-knights kunye namaphupha amnandi anenekazi, unxibelelwano nelinye ilizwe kunye nokuhlangana nezilwanyana eziziintsomi zahambelana. Imozulu yophawu lokungakhundakazekiyo enomxholo obambe umfundi kwindawo eqhubekayo ilinde ukukhawuleza, kodwa inomtsalane kakhulu. Ixabisa ixesha elifanayo kukho iipaki zepikiti kunye nokuqaliswa kwazo. Ngapha koko, amabhodlo ohlobiso kunye neendlela zamanzi zibekwe kwisicwangciso esicacileyo nesiqinisekisiweyo. Iisampulu eziqaqambileyo ze-piking yokupaka i-piking eTsaritsyno, ipropathi yeStroganov eMarfino.
I-Neoetics-isitayile sokuhombisa. Ii-gothic arches, iindidi, izihombiso, iifestile zeglasi zeglasi, izixhobo zajika zangena kwiseti yeendlela, ngoncedo lwemozulu eyenziwe ngothando. Emva koko ifenitshala yeGothic yavela okokuqala, eyayingahambelani nokuba nexesha lokwenyani. Kwakungaphezulu kokuqonda okuyindlela yokuyila kwesitayile, ibali lomvuzo ophakathi waguqulelwa kulwimi lwexesha elitsha. Kwangelo xesha, iiofisi ze-gothic kunye neelayibrari zamiliseka ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, akuyomfuneko ukuba ihlasele intsimi yale mihla. Ukuthetha ngaye kusekho.
Iworkshop
Ukuba sivavanya izitayile zembali ukuba zilungele ukuvela kwabo kwingaphakathi yale mihla, i-Byzantine iya kufumana othathu iphambili kunye ne-dibanisa. Okokuqala, nayiphi na isitayile se-impiriyali ifuna iindleko ezinkulu zezinto ezibonakalayo kunye nengca egqibeleleyo. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ungazigqithi ngeenkcukacha kwaye ungafumani mbono pompous kwikliphu yevidiyo. Okwesibini, isitayile se-Byzantine saphakama ngexesha le-heyday yenkolo ye-Orthodox, ngayo yonke imiphumo evela koku. Yves-okwesithathu, ukuya kwixesha lethu, hayi umfanekiso omnye wengaphakathi lobukhosi baseByzantine kufikelelwe. Nangona kunjalo, iingcebiso ezininzi esinokuzinika, sixhomekeke kwimithombo ebhaliweyo kunye ne-intuition.Imibala emibini ephambili - igolide kunye nebomvu. Kungcono ukugxila kwigumbi lokulala ukuze ugxile kwintsasa nganye ukuze uzive ngathi yi-porphyrogenitis (ezalelwe emfuleni). Le yindlela ezalelwe ngayo iintsholongwane. Eyona ndawo yokugcwala kombala osebenzayo kakhulu yibhedi. Ingathwelwa iilaphu ezikhaphukhaphu ngomda wegolide okanye igolide encinci yegolide. Ukubandakanywa kwemisonto emfutshane etyibilikayo kumcimbi ikuvumela ukuba wenze isiphumo se-fliker. Iindonga zeendonga kufuneka zixhaswe kuluhlu olunye, kodwa ethonini zikhaphukhaphu. Iikhaphethi ze-Iraphu ze-Iraphu, imiqamelo yobungakanani obahlukeneyo kunye nokucwangciswa.
Inguqu yegumbi lakho lokuhlala kwiholo ye-cermoikali kunokwenzeka ukuba ivumela ubungakanani begumbi. Olunye lodonga lokukhetha imibala luxelisa ukugqiba iipleyiti ezinemibala. Kodwa kule meko, kubalulekile ukuba ungaphazamisi kwixabiso kunye nokugqitywa kwemibala ekhethiweyo. Kungcono ukwenza i-sketch apho ungabeka khona inqwelomoya. Ukuba umsebenzi ubonakala ngathi kunzima kakhulu, sicebisa ukuba sizithintele kwigumbi lokutya kunye nediliya elingqwayiliseko. Isofa kunye nezitulo kufuneka zifakwe kwilaphu eliqaqambileyo "empuma". Iyafuneka kwaye ubukho bemiqamelo ye-rollers yesayizi eyahlukeneyo kwiskimu esifanayo semibala.
I-mosaics yomgangatho uya kusilela ekwenzeni amatye anqabileyo. Kodwa ungakhathazeki. Ukukhetha ubutyebi be-ceraramic abaneminyaka yobudala enephethini yejometri elula okanye zonke izinto ezifanayo zemifuno ziya kukunceda wenze i-istrint eyimfuneko.
Izitayile zeMediaval (ngakumbi i-gothic) ngobunono kwaye zithandwa ngokukhululekileyo zii-quinematography kunye neeresty zomnini. Kuyabonakala ukuba, akukho nto enye ikwazi ukudala umoya owothando kwaye unomdla wokutya. Ke ngoko, ngokutyelela amaziko ambalwa kunye nabangeneli bolu hlobo kunye nokuphononongwa izithende zemovie kumxholo we-knight, unokuqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba "ungafanelekanga."
Ke kufanele kube njani?
Okokuqala, akukho nto inqabileyo. AKUKHO BUNGOZI LOKUGQIBELA LWE-MAYORES, AKUKHO BUNGOZI OLUFANELEKILEYO. Iziseko kufuneka "zikhawuleze." Ke ukuba ukuphakama okukhoyo akugqithi kwi-2,5m, yenza inkohliso. Yenza iindonga ezilula zophahla. Imeko epheleleyo iyonke kufuneka ifane ne-mineature encinci kunye ne-ijuicy yejusi yabo, encotsheni. Ukuxeliswa kweendlela zephaphari kwindlu yedolophu, njengokuziqhelanisa nemiboniso, ayisoloko ibonakala ifanelekile. Kwaye abalandeli beemfundiso zikaFeng Shui, bathi akukho nto ingathandekiyo. Kodwa ukuba ufuna imiqadi, kungcono ukucwangcisa ekhitshini.
I-Internam Inguthumlo ayibi ukuba yenze ngohlobo lwee-arches ezifanelekileyo. Isihloko esifanayo sinokuphindaphinda ngokuhlobisa iifestile, sisebenzisa i-lallene yefom ehambelanayo. Phila umfanekiso wamakhethini amabini athambileyo.
Funda ngokugqithisileyo. Ngaphandle kwazo, akukho ndlela yenze. Kodwa sifuna ukukulumkisa ngokusebenzisakala kwezi zinto zibalulekileyo. Ubukho beglasi eqingqiweyo kufuneka bube yinto engathandekiyo kangangokuba azifumani zimpawu eziphambili zesylist. Ke kungcono ungabi nobulumko kwimilinganiselo emnandi yokwahlulahlula i-Alakelnsky Caredral. I-geometric elula yokuqulunqwa kwendlela yokuma kunye nemifanekiso enqamlezileyo inomtsalane kakhulu. Iifestile ezincinci zeglasi ezinamacala amancinci ziya kuba zimangalisa iingcango zangaphakathi, ihlobe.
I-Gobeli ibhetele yokuxhoma kwigumbi lokulala. Nangona kunjalo, i "gothic" igumbi lokulala linokudalwa ngoncedo lweendlela zokuhlala ezichongiweyo kwibhodi yebhedi yokulinganisa i-canopy. Imibala ecetyiswayo-ukukhanya eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-emerald okanye isaladi. Umzobo kwilaphu kufuneka ube mncinci kunye nesingqisho, igolide. Kucetyiswa ukuba ukhethe ii-motifs ze-tickis: i-daid efanayo kunye nemfazwe. Ukutyiselwa kweendonga kunokuba buhlungu, umbala uyikhetha i-pastel ekhethiweyo, ezolile, bobabini bobahlulahlulahlulahlula kunye nabo.
I-Gothic Motifs iguqula ngokulandelelana abantwana. Apha ungaxhomekeka kwi-fantasy yakho. Kungenzeka ukuba kwinkqubo yokuhombisa igumbi lenkosana okanye inkosazana yakhe, uya kuqonda ngequbuliso ukuba izisa amaphupha abantwana bethu.
Incwadana ye-Russian-uyilo
Amagama ifanitshala kwaye iselfowuni Zisekwe kwi-Graff yabo yengcambu yabo yaseFransi, ethetha ukuthini "iyashukuma".
Iireyithi (It. I-Spaliera - uluhlu lwemithi) - iikhaphethi zolukiwe.
Iitapile -Ilinye igama lomkhombe, owaziwa kakhulu. Ivela egameni lenkosi yaseFransi yeGleble, kumasifundisane awayekulo kwi-Xviv. Waqala ukwenza intendelezo yeNkundla yeKing Henryxovv. Esona sithuba seTweeli esidumileyo, ebizwa ngokuba "yikhaphethi kwi-Baye", yi-freeded freeded enobude obuyi-70.1M, ebonisa uhlaselo lwe-wililm yonyuso eNgilane.
Gothic . Ngapha koko, esi sitayile sinokuchazwa kwiinkulungwane ze-XIII ezininzi. I-Goths - Igama eliqhelekileyo lezizwe zeBarbaric, ihlaselwe emantla ukuya kuBukhosi baseRoma kwinkulungwane ye-III. Njengendlela, iGothic yahlulwe yangamanqanaba amathathu: ekuqaleni (isiqingatha sesibini se-Xii-Xiii kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo); iqonga, okanye ephezulu (xiiiv); Emva kwexesha, okanye iflethi (i-XIV-XV yeenkulungwane).
Inyibilikisiwe (Fr. I-virrage ukusuka kwi-Lat. I-Vitrum-Glasi) -Ukuyihlonipha okanye ukwenziwa kweglasi enemibala okanye ezinye izinto ezisasazayo Imfihlo yokwenziwa kweeglasi ezinemibala yaziwa kwiRoma yamandulo. I-Byzantines yongenisa ubugcisa beglasi yeglasi yaseRoma Mosaic ebizwa ngokuba yi-Fliker. Ifezekisiwe nge-fiel ye-foil yegolide egqithileyo. IiCudes zikaMosaic zazikwi-engile kumphezulu, ovumela inqwelomoya nganye ukuba ifake kwaye ibonise imitha yelanga. Ngokutsho kolunye ulwazi, usetyenziso lweglasi yeglasi epeyintiweyo yi-enamels yemibala yayisaziwa eByzantium. Iziqwenga zeglasi zeglasi ziye zagcinwa kwi-Kariery Jami Revistantinople. Ikhulu eliphezulu lenkulungwane elikhokelayo rhoqo, elifaka iiglasi ezibonakalayo nenemibala, yayiyinxalenye yokuhonjiswa kwezindlu ezityebileyo. Ezi frems zinqunyanyisiwe kwiFramugt (ilitye okanye intsimbi) okanye ziqhotyoshelwe kwi-hinges kwibhokisi yewindows. Ngaphandle kokuba abanini basuswe, kwaye iifestile zavalwa zizitshixo. Iingcamathi zokhuni ngokwazo ngamanye amaxesha zipeyintiwe ngaphandle nangaphakathi okanye ezihonjiswe ngemifanekiso entsokothileyo.