Amasistimu we-Water Consumer Membrane: Izimiso zokufaka, izici zokuklama, ukuthuthukiswa nezinhlobonhlobo zamadivayisi.
Imodeli yesihlungi "Pererok", lapho i-nano- futhi i-ultrafiltration ihlanganiswe ngempumelelo
Hlunga "ENEGO-0004-5M" ukuxubana namanzi asedlule ukuhlanza uMefbrane, amanzi ngemuva kokukhetha
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-membranes akhiqizwayo okukuvumela ukuthi udale amasethingi e-membrane nanofiltration aqinisekisa ukuhamba kwamanzi ahlanziwe nge-60l / h nokunye
Ezincebekweni zethu, ezicebile zombili izikhulumi zemvelo nezenziwe ngabantu zekhulu leminyaka ngakho-ke ufuna ukuqiniseka okungenani into eyodwa: noma ngabe kwenzekani, noma ngabe wabelwe ikakhulukazi ekhishini ) izohlala igeleza amanzi ahlanzekile futhi amnandi wokuphuza nokupheka. Ungakuthola kanjani ukuzethemba okunjalo?
Namuhla siyaqhubeka nesihloko sezihlungi zasekhaya ukuthola amanzi okuphuza, siqale esihlokweni esithi "Isihlungi se-caprice yamanzi noma isidingo" futhi siqhubeke esihlokweni "samaphampu e-Urban Water Pipeline". Kulokhu, ake sixoxe ngokufakwa kwe-membrane kokusetshenziswa kwasendlini, umsebenzi wawo ususelwa kwinto ye-osmosis ehlekisayo. Lesi sihloko sinzima impela, ngakho-ke sizoqala ingxoxo ne-Azov Ectionation, siyini i-osmosis reverses.
I-osmosis kanye ne-osmosis reverses
Into eyinhloko yokuhlunga kwezitshalo ezibhekwa ulwelwesi oluqaqa ama-molecule nama-ion asayizi othile kuphela, okukhawulelwe kububanzi bezinhlamvu zolwelwesi, kepha lusebenza njengesithiyo sezinto ezinkulu ze molecule. Ngokuyinhloko, lesi yisihlungo samangqamuzana. Ama-membranes anjalo abizwa ngokuthi avumelekile.
Izinhlelo zokwelashwa kwamanzi zisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ulwelwesi lwe-polymeric ngosayizi we-pore ohambelana nama-molecule wamanzi (kuze kufike ku-1 nm). Ngalezo zimbobo, ukungcola okuningi kuyangena nje akunakhono.
Manje mayelana nomongo wezinqubo ze-osmosis kanye ne-reverse osmosis. Ake sizame ukuchaza ukuthi yini i-OSMOS esesibonelo esithile. Cabanga ngesitsha esandisiwe sisebenzisa ulwelwesi olungavunyelwenga olungashiwongo lube izingxenye ezimbili kanye nezixazululo kasawoti zokugxila okuhlukile zathululelwa ezitsheni ngasinye. Uma zombili izingxenye zomkhumbi zingaphansi kwengcindezi efanayo yangaphandle, khona-ke uketshezi olukuzo luzolwela ukulinganisa ukugxila emathangini womabili. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-molecule amanzi azoqala ukudlula ngolwelwesi, lapho isixazululo singagxili kakhulu khona, lapho siminyene ngokwengeziwe, kubangela izinga le-fluid kule ngxenye yomkhumbi. Le nto ibizwa ngokuthi I-OSMOSS , futhi amandla aphoqa ama-molekyuli amanzi ukuthi ahambe, - ingcindezi ye-osmotic; Inani layo liphakeme, likhulu umehluko phakathi kokugxila kwezixazululo.
I-OSMOSS Phenomenon igcizelela i-metabolism yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo - izindonga zamaseli azo zingulwelwesi olungavunyelwe ngokwengxenye, oludlula ngokukhululekile ama-molecule amanzi, kepha hhayi ama-molecule wezinye izinto.
Manje ake ucabange ngenqubo ezokwenzeka emkhunjini ofanayo ohlukaniswe ngolwelwesi olungavunyelweyo, uma kuleso sigameko lapho kutholakala khona isixazululo esihlanganisiwe, kusetshenziswa iphampu ngepompo edlula i-osmotic. Ama-molecule wamanzi azoqala ukuhambisa ulwelwesi olungavunyelwe khona olungavunyelwe khona, okungukuthi kusuka kusisombululo esigxile kakhulu ngokugxila kakhulu. Le nqubo yile buyisela emuva i-osmosis . Kungumgomo onjalo wokuthi izihlahla zokwelashwa kwamanzi ngaphansi komsebenzi obhekwayo: Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ulwelwesi lusondliwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela emanzini omthombo, ngakolunye uhlangothi.
Ngasikhathi sinye, konke ukungcola kuhlala kusukela ohlangothini lukalwelwesi, olusebenza ngamanzi aqala. Kuyacaca ukuthi ukugcwala kwamaminerali nezinye izimbiwa kunganda. Okokuqala, ulwelwesi lungamane luvele (lushaye amaphuzu), okwesibili, ngokwenyuka kokungcola kokungcola, ubukhulu bengcindezi ye-osmotic buzokwanda, okuphikisana nokucindezela kwangaphandle okusetshenzisiwe. Kanye kwamanani abo alinganayo, inqubo yokuhlunga izomane ime. Lokhu kungenzeki, ukugeleza kwamanzi okuphoqelelwe kuhlelwe kanye nolwelwesi, kugeza njalo "i-brine" echibini.
Ukuze wonke amanzi angangeni ekuhambeni ngolwelwesi (akazange ahambe ngendlela yokumelana ne-hydraulic encane kunazo zonke), endaweni yawo yokufakwa, okubizwa ngokuthi yi-Limiter ebizwa ngokuthi yisethi. Inkinga yayo ukugcina ukugeleza kwamanzi akhishwe ezingeni elihambelana nokusebenza okuphezulu kolwelwesi lokuhlunga.
Izinhlelo Zokucubungula:
| Osmosa
Buyisela emuva i-osmosis
| 1 Isixazululo esinokuhlushwa okuphezulu kwesawoti; Ulwelwelwelwesi olungama-2-avumelekile; 3 - isixazululo esinosawoti ophansi; 4- Ukuqondisa ukunyakaza kwama-molecule amanzi; Ingcindezi yezothando; R - ingcindezi yangaphandle edlula |
"Yebo, kungani kufanele ngazi ngako yonke le physics?" - Ufundisi othandekayo unelungelo lokuthola. Avt kungani. Amanzi ageleza avuza ulwelwesi, futhi adlula kuwo (agezwe e-drainage), axhumanise ama-drainage), axhumanisa isilinganiso esingu-1: 3-1: 4 (ipharamitha isethwe ekwakhiweni kwezikhathi zokufaka naphakade). Okungukuthi, lapho uthola amanzi ahlanjululwe yi-10l e-drainage, 30-40l "Brine" azofakwa. Kuyadingeka ukubheka ivolumu yevolumu ohlelweni lwendle. Obahlali basemadolobheni, umbuzo, mhlawumbe, awuphumeleli kangako (okungenani, inqobo nje uma sikhokhela amanzi ekhawuntara), kodwa abanikazi bezindlu zezwe, uhlelo lwe-seaveler lwasenakho lwenzelwe inani elilinganiselwe Okwezidakamizwa, kungahle kuhlangane nenkinga ethile yikho konke okwengeziwe kwamanzi amanzi azophumelela endaweni ethile otshanini. Kodwa-ke, i- "Brine" ayidingekile nakancane ukujikijela (okuqukethwe okuwukungcola okukuwo kuphakeme kancane kunasemanzini asekuqaleni), kungasetshenziselwa izidingo zensimu, ngokwesibonelo ohlelweni lweDop Ukunisela iT.P.
Okuthinta inqubo
Isici esiyinhloko esithinta inqubo ye-reverse osmosis ukucindezela . Kungakho kuphasiphothi yazo zonke izilungiselelo eziphambukayo ezibuyisana zibonisa inani lokucindezela lapho inqubo yokuhlunga ihlinzekwa khona ngezimo ezijwayelekile. Imvamisa, le nkomba isukela ku-2.8 kuya ku-8,4thm, kepha kaningi imikhawulo yi-3.5-6 ATM. Kuyisilinganiso esinjalo sengcindezi yokuhlinzeka ngohlelo lwamapayipi lapho uxhuma khona ukufakwa okutholwe. Uma le pharamitha iphansi kakhulu kunalokho okunconyiwe, khona-ke ngokufakwa kuzodingeka uthenge iphampu yokuthuthukisa ingcindezi noma ikhithi engcono, lapho kufakwa khona ipompo, i-automation kanye nezixhumi (zonke izixhumi (zonke izixhumi (zonke ama- $ 45-180 ), futhi okungcono kakhulu, ukubuyisa isihlungi esisheshayo esiseduze kwephampu esele (kuzobiza cishe ama- $ 40-95 abiza kakhulu). Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukufakwa ngeke kusebenze ngako konke noma ukulinda kuze kube yilapho inani lamanzi lihlungiwe (noma ngabe i-pan eyodwa kuphela), kuzofanela ngihambe isikhathi eside!Ukuphakamisa ingcindezi ngenhla komkhawulo ochazwe kwiphasiphothi, futhi, ulwelwesi lwe-polymer lungamane luwa.
Isici sesibili esibaluleke kakhulu esithinta inqubo yile izinga lokushisa nokubanda . Ukwanda kokubonakala nobuningi besisombululo kuya ngokuya kukhula futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuvumela kukalwelwesi kuyathuthuka. Kepha lapha, konke kudideka, ngokunyuka kwamazinga okushisa, ukucindezela kwe-osmotic kuyakhula, okuvimbela ukugeleza kwenqubo yokubuyisela emuva kwe-osmosis. Kungakho amapharamitha wokushisa asebenzayo nawo achazwa kwiphasiphothi yokufaka (njengomthetho, libanga kusuka ku-10 kuye ku-40c) futhi kudingeka futhi libhekwe.
Ngaphezu kokushisa nokucindezela, ukusebenza kwento echithwe emanzini ahlanziwe kuthonywa yizici ezinjengokuthi ph, ukwakheka kanye nezinga lokungcoliswa kwamanzi omthombo, kanye nokuqukethwe okwenziwe ngalo ulwelwesi.
Yini ukubambezeleka kukalwelwenzi
Isibonelo, izinto ezi-monoganic zolwelwesi zibambezeleka kahle kakhulu. Kuya ngohlobo lwe-membrane esetshenzisiwe (i-acetate cellulose noma i-mncane-ifilimu composite), izinga lokuhlanzwa kwezinto eziningi ze-inorganic lingu-85-98%. Izinto eziphilayo ezinesisindo se-molecular ngaphezulu kwama-100 zisuswa ngokuphelele, kepha ngesisindo esincane zingangena nge-membrane, iqiniso ngamanani amancane. Ubukhulu obukhulu bamagciwane namagciwane asusa amathuba okungena kwabo emanzini ahlanjwe.
Izihlungi zeMembrane zinenzuzo kumamodeli wohlobo lwe-Sorption, ngoba enza omunye umgomo, asebenze njengesithiyo, awenzi lutho. Ukuqeda ukungcola okungafuneki namagciwane, isithiyo esinjalo, njengoba besho, bayokuma kuze kube yilapho. Noma ulwelwesi luwela, isitha ngeke sidlule. Lapha kulokhu, imfanelo yabo sayibiza ngokufakwa kuka-membrane esihlokweni sendatshana yethu ngokuhlunga kwazo zonke izikhathi.
Nokuqhubeka. Ukusebenza ngisho nolwelwesi lwanamuhla kakhulu kuncane kakhulu - 0.2-1.4l ngomzuzu. Ukuze umsebenzisi angalindelanga isikhathi eside aze agcwaliswe, ngokwesibonelo, i-kettle, amadivayisi wesimanje ama-osmotic ahlinzekwa ngethangi elihlanganisiwe le-membrane. Ivolumu yalo ingashintshana ngemikhawulo ebanzi - kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-25l, kodwa, njengomthetho, kungu-10-12l. Amanzi ahlanziwe aqoqwe esitsheni angena e-crane ehlukile efakwe echibini.
Lezi kwakuyizinzuzo ze-osmothematics ezibuyisela emuva. Kepha kukhona nezinto ezimbi. Owokuqala futhi obaluleke kakhulu: Ukuhlunga kuvimbela ngokuphelele zonke izinto ezifana neze elinobungozi emzimbeni futhi ziwusizo. Ngenxa yalokhu, amanzi ahlanjululwe ehlane (mayelana nokuthi angawathola kanjani amanzi, asagcwele izitho eziwusizo ngosawoti wamaminerali, sizotshela kamuva). Isisu sesibili ukuthi ulwelwesi ludlula kumagesi amanzi. Uma sikhuluma ngo-oxygen oqukethwe kukho, kuhle kakhulu, kepha lapho kushiwo i-hydrogen sulfide, kukhona okuncane okumnandi.
Ukuqaliswa kwemibono ekwakhiweni
Ake siqale ngedizayini esephenduke uhlobo lwe-classic. Ukuxaka kwayo kwezobuchwepheshe ngokuyinhloko kungenxa yokuthi owokuqala, ama-membranes okuqala agcwele ama-polymer asetshenziswa emiklamo yezihlungi zazimnene kakhulu. Babesaba ngodaka ngokoqobo, ukungcola, kepha ikakhulukazi i-chlorine. Ukuze le ngxenye ebiza kakhulu yedivayisi yokwelashwa kwamanzi isebenze isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka, kwakudingeka ukufaka uhlelo olunamandla lokuhlanza kwangaphambili. Isibonelo, uhlelo lwe-cartridge olunezinyathelo ezintathu, lapho:Ukuhlanzwa kwesinyathelo sokuqala kusuka ekumisweni, isihlabathi it.p. (Ama-polypropylene aphezulu we-polypropylene, ama-cartridges avering it.p.);
Isinyathelo sesibili sokonakala, okungukuthi, ukuhlanzwa kusuka ku-chlorine nama-chlorine-aqukethe amakhompiyutha (amalahle aculwe ngokwenza izinto);
Isigaba sesi-3 - Ukuhlanza kusuka kungcola okujwayelekile kwe-organic (izinto ezibonakalayo - ukhukhunathi usebenze amalahle we-granular).
Kungemva kwalezi zigaba ezintathu kuphela, amanzi anikezwa ulwelwesi (esiteji se-4), futhi ukusuka kuthangi lokugcina. Kodwa-ke, esendleleni eya eCrane, wayenemijikelezo emibili yokuhlanza:
Isigaba sesi-5 ukubulawa kwamanzi nge-radiation ye-ultraviolet (i-UV Lamp). Ibulala amagciwane angewona amachibi angaphulwa ethangini le-membrane, umcimbi, ngokwesibonelo, ukusuka emoyeni noma ngempompo enjengonovalo;
Isiteji se-6 yisihlungi esibizwa ngokuthi yi-post (i-carbon esetshenzisiwe esetshenzisiwe). Ibuyisela iphunga namagesi asele kuma-cartridges amalahle.
Zonke izinyathelo zokuhlanza zixhunyiwe ngamashubhu epulasitiki acashile usebenzisa umhlangano osheshayo wesimenywa uJohn.
Isikimu esichaziwe sakudala sahlongozwa cishe eminyakeni eyishumi edlule futhi sisasetshenziswa iningi lezinhlelo eziningi ezikhiqizwa ulwelwesi. Kepha ungacabangi ukuthi intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ayizange iphatheze le ndlela, kuwumqondo kuphela owasala. Konke okunye sekushintshile, futhi kupholile impela.
Okokuqala, Amadivayisi weMembrane manje akhiqiza abakhiqizi abahlukahlukene abanjalo wonke umuntu angenabo ngisho nangohlu. Ngenxa yalokhu, zombili lezi zinto nezihlungi ziwele ngentengo, futhi ngezikhathi ezi-3-4. Okwamanje, intengo yazo ingama- $ 150-300 ngokuya ngokukhiqiza futhi, akukho, akekho okhansele umkhiqizi womkhiqizo.
Okwesibili, Uhlelo lwe-ultraviolet disinfection luyekile ukubekwa kumthengi. Kunesifiso, faka ngaphezu kwalokho ($ 50-145).
Okwesithathu, Uhlelo lokulondolozwa phambi kwe-osmosis ehleliwe yaqala ukuqoqwa nganoma yikuphi ukucushwa okufunayo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kuyadingeka ukuhlaziya amanzi omthombo futhi usuvele ngesisekelo sawo, nquma ukuthi kungakanani futhi hlobo luni lwezinyathelo okufanele zibe khona? Kungase kwanele futhi kukodwa, imishini, futhi kungadinga uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwamanzi amaningi aneziteji eziningi - ngokuhlanza imishini, ukutholwa ekhoneni, othambisayo, ithambile le-IT.D.
Kepha lokhu, ngakho-ke ukukhuluma, kahle. Empeleni, umthengi, khetha ukufakwa okuqediwe kusuka enkampanini ekhiqizwe yinkampani. I-Avybut isuka kulokho! Izihlungi ze-Osmosis zokubuyisela emuva ngakunye zikhiqiza ukuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene kwezinhlelo ngasikhathi sinye, zihlala zizithuthukisa ngokuya ngesipiliyoni esinembile. Isibonelo, i-Atoll (Russia) isanda kuhlongozwa kabanzi ngamamodeli amabili (yize isibalo sabo esiphelele sesishiyagalolunye). Ngakho-ke, atoll a-560e anezinyathelo ezinhlanu, futhi uhlelo lwayo lokulondolozwa luthole ukucushwa okulandelayo: Ukuhlanza okwenziwe ngomshini (25 μm, i-carbon (5mkm ecushiwe (5mkm, i-polypropylene yezwe). I-Atoll A-460E yageza igxathu elithile lokuhlanza imishini okuncane, yakhelwe ukufaka emakhaya nasezindlini, imigwaqo yamanzi yayo ifakwe ohlelweni lwabo lokuhlanza okuqala (mesh, izihlungi zokufaka umoya).
Musa ukulahla ngenani lamamodeli kanye nabanye abakhiqizi baseRussia. Isibonelo, "Isihlungi SeMedian" sinikeza amamodeli ayi-16 ("i-contour-aqua" - ama-4 (Rs cries), "i-RO kanye ne-SF uchungechunge)," I-Membrane Technique neTekhnoloji "- Uchungechunge oluthi "Ukhiye"), "Ubuchwepheshe beBarmembrane" - Abayisishiyagalombili (uchungechunge oluthi "River").
Ukuthandwa okukhulayo kwezihlungi ze-Osmotype ezibuyisela emuvane zenze ukudedelwa kwazo ngisho nalezo zinkampani ezazikhethekile ngaphambilini ezinhlelweni ze-cartridge ezifakwe ku-crane, ku-Worktop nangaphansi kwesinki. Ngakho-ke i- "Aquphor" (iSt. Petersburg) inikeza "ukufakwa kokuncishiswa okujulile kwamanzi a-aquaphor-ro", "Metara-Technical" - "Isithiyo In-Line Ro4" It.D. I-Eshiyakt-Petersburg "Geyser" ayikhiphi nje umugqa wonke we-membrane izihlungi "geyser-6", kodwa futhi ne-geyser-master "kit, eyenzelwe ukuguqula i-" geyser-3 "kwi-Osmosis evuthiwe eyenziwe yinkampani. Ukwakheka kwesimanje kuqukethe ukwengeza enye ulwelwesi ezimbili nokuhlunga okuphoqelekile ezitebhisini ezivele zikhona, kanye nethangi eliqongelayo elinomthamo we-12l. Isihlungi esinezigaba ezintathu esidala kuleli cala siphenduka uhlelo lokuhlanza okuqala kulo lonke uhlelo. Kuvuselelwa, ikuvumela ukuthi uthole amalitha angafika ku-200 ngosuku. Ungasebenzisa ngempumelelo i-Novelty futhi ngezihlungi zabanye abakhiqizi abahlomele uhlelo lokwakha olusheshayo uJohn Guist. Ukufakwa kwesihlungi okukhona uma kuqhathaniswa nokutholwa kokufakwa okusha kokucushwa okufanayo konga cishe ama-68.
Okwesine Abakhiqizi bathuthukile futhi banciphise ama-membranes ahlongozwayo - amandla abo, ukumelana kwamakhemikhali kanye, ngokwemvelo, ukuthembeka kukhuphuke kakhulu. Intengo iwile kakhulu.
Kusuka kuma-Classics kuya kwanamuhla, minimalism kanye nokunyakaza
Umqondo wokunikeza isihlungi se-membrane nakho utholakele ezinhlangothini ezihlukile ngezinyathelo kanye namashubhu epulasitiki angaphansi komhlaba, ukubukeka okuningi kwe-ergonomic ekugcineni kwafakwa eqinisweni. Isibonelo, ukwakheka kwe-ergonomic kanye nokwakheka kwanamuhla kuyinto yemininingwane eqinile yaseMelika ethambile, imininingwane eyodwa yokuthola "yokuthola" yonke into iqinile futhi izwakalayo. Kuyafaneleka ukwengeza ikhwalithi ephezulu kanye nokwethenjwa: imishini ye-Rain Soft Brand inewaranti yomenzi yempilo yonke yenkonzo kumthengi wokuqala wokuthengisa.
Isinyathelo esilandelayo endaweni yokuklama singabhekwa njengomzamo wokufihla zonke izingxenye zesihlungi ecaleni lepulasitiki. Isibonelo sesibonelo singalethwa yi-A-575E CMB-R3 esanda kukhishwa ngu-Atoll. Isidumbu sika-420230360mm sifihlwe izinyathelo ezinhlanu zokuhlanza kanye nethangi eliqongelayo elinomthamo we-6l. Ukuze abolekele bagcwaliswe ngokushesha okukhulu, uhlelo lunekhono elinamandla kalwelwe kakhudlwana ka-280l / ngosuku. Ukulungiswa kwamadivayisi nakho akumeleli ubunzima obukhethekile. Zonke izinto eziguqukayo (okubizwa ngokuthi ama-linear cartridges) afakwe kuxhumano lokunqamula okusheshayo, ukuze kuthathwe indawo yokuhlunga ekhiqizwayo, akudingekile ukukhuthaza icala bese ususa i-cartridge "engcolile. Kwanele nje ukunqamula amashubhu amabili (uhlelo lwe-John Guints), susa into endala evela kumnikazi kanye nokwenza imisebenzi ngokuhlelekile, faka entsha. Ukuthola isidingo sokufaka insiza yakhona, i-membrane isebenzisa idivaysi ekhethekile eyakhelwe ngaphakathi amamitha we-TDS (i-solids ephelele ebilisiwe yokulinganisa inani eliphelele, ku-PPM, izinhlayiya ezikhokhisiwe zincibilike kumakhompiyutha amanzi). Intengo yesistimu- $ 500.
Kunemiklamo ephathekayo ethe xaxa, efana ne-Amii Filter (Poland) noma i-Aro-Sl kusuka BlueFilters (Canada). Ngaphakathi kwezindlu zabo ezincane, uhlelo lokuhlunga olufana nolwesine noma oluneziteji ezinhlanu lucashelwa ama-cartridge alayini: ukuhlanza imishini, ukuthambisa amalahle, ukubuyisela emuva kwe-osmosis membrane nodokotela wokugcina (ekhoneni). Ubukhulu bohlelo oluncishisiwe bukuvumela ukuba ulise ezindaweni ezikunzima ukufinyelela kuzo. Ngokwemvelo, ithangi eliqongelayo ecaleni elithi "minimalist" kangaka alifihli - kubiza ngokwahlukana.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo ze-membrane kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukubenza kube mobile. Isibonelo, i-aquapro (eTaiwan, imodeli ye-Travel Kit) ne-Amii (Model "Dachnik") Khiqiza izihlungi ezenzelwe abathandi ukuba bahambe ngemoto. Idivaysi enjalo enezinyathelo ezine zokuhlanza ifihliwe kwipotimende elincane (ubukhulu obulinganiselwe 453517cm, isisindo 10kg) kanye nokuhlome ngempompo, okuvumela ukuthi uthathe amanzi kusuka kunoma yimuphi umthombo. Ukudla - kusuka kunethiwekhi noma ngebhethri lemoto. Ukukhiqiza - 6-8l / h. Intengo, kusuka ku- $ 280.
Ukungcola okuphelele kohlelo oluhlangene kungumthombo oncishisiwe we-cartridges okhanyayo uma uqhathaniswa nokujwayelekile, kuzofanela zizishintshe kaningi.
| Isifanekiso | Umenzi | Umqandu: Izinto ezibonakalayo, usayizi we-pore, ama-microns | Uhlobo lweMembran | I-Postfilter: Izinto ezibonakalayo | Ukusebenza, l / h | Ivolumu yethangi eliqongelayo, l | Intengo, $ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isigaba 1 | Isigaba sesi-2 | Isigaba sesi-3 | |||||||
| Atoll a-560 e | Unveli | Vp, 25. | Gau, 20. | I-VP, 1. | -Hlangene | Awuse | Okuthenyalwayo | Okuqophele imali | 220. |
| "Akvafor-Ro" | "Akvafor" | Vp, 20. | Uhlobo lwenhlanzi ehhotela | Uhlobo lwenhlanzi ehhotela | I-Polyacetate | I-Agku | 15.6 | Okuqophele imali | 200. |
| "Geyser-6" | "I-geyser" | Vp, 5. | I-Agku | Pau, 10. | -Hlangene | I-Agku | 8-10. | Okuqophele imali | 250. |
| Inganekwane: I-Foypropylene; Amalahle acushiwe e-gau-acculated; Kusebenze i-powsaw coconut coal; Amandla asebenze ukhukhunathi amalahle; I-agku- acculated coconut coal |
Amasistimu wokugeleza
Lolu hlobo lwezinhlelo ze-Osmosis ezihlekisayo zinokwehluka okuthe xaxa. Awekho ithangi le-membrane ngale ndlela, futhi ukuze kwenziwe ngaphandle kwalo, umkhiqizo unyuswe kakhulu - hhayi ulwelwesi olulodwa olufakiwe ohlelweni, kodwa ezintathu. Umehluko wokuqala yithuluzi umane ligxishwe nge-elekthronikhi. Isibonelo, kwimodeli esanda kukhishwa ye-A3300er, izinzwa zokuhlola izingcindezi zamanzi e-Inlet nasezitolo, ukugeza okuzenzakalelayo kwe-membrane block, ngemuva kokuthi ithuluzi elingcolisiwe, i-5c) nangemva kokuvala i-crane yokuhlanzeka Ukusatshalaliswa kwamanzi (10c), kanye nokugcwala okuzenzakalelayo kohlelo lomqanduli kaningana ngosuku (ukuze amanzi angagcinwanga), inzwa eguqukayo yamamineralization IT.D. Ukufundwa kwawo wonke amadivaysi kuboniswa ku-LCD Display, ama-LED, futhi esimweni sokwephulwa kwemodi ejwayelekile yokusebenza, nawo ahambisana ne-beep. Konke lokhu kufihlwe emzimbeni omuhle, kufana nesimo (nokuqukethwe) okuvinjelwe kohlelo lwekhompyutha. I-potion imoto ehlakaniphile nayo yehluleka ukuba yi-computer- $ 1225.
Cishe kufana nemisebenzi yohlelo lokugijima lweMerilin kusuka kuma-Osmonics (e-USA) kuhluke ngokuphelele - ngesitayela sobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Abadali bayo abasezindaweni ezimhlophe ezimhlophe ezihlanjululwe "ezivundlile" ezikhundleni ezivundlile, zibavike kakhulu ezivela kuPlastiki elimnyama. Ukusebenza - kuze kufike ku-2790l / Day. Intengo - $ 455.
Sikhiqiza amasistimu we-membrane agelezayo nabanye abakhiqizi, ngokwesibonelo, "I-Bar-Broke Technology" inikeza "induduzo yezitshalo". Intengo - $ 350.
Ngokwesisekelo semodeli ethi "I-Geyser-6" yakhiqiza umugqa wokuhlunga, ifakwe amaphampu ngokwanda kwengcindezi, amaminerali kanye nolwelwesi oluphezulu lokusebenza
Isihlungi se-po4 sinesinyathelo esisodwa esincane, esinye sezinyathelo zokuhlanza imishini
Ama-cartridges e-lineart afakwe ukuxhumana okusheshayo;
ukulawula i-bolt;
Ukunikezwa kwamandla kagesi;
I-G-Node Ukuxhuma "Ezokuxhumana"
Ukuxhumana okungu-1-node kokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi;
2-ball valve;
3-Umphathi Wemishini (25 mkm);
4-soloption kwikhabhoni esetshenzisiwe esetshenzisiwe;
Isiqalisi esingumshini esingu-5 (1mkm);
I-6-Key yokuhlukaniswa kwe-disaskekhe yezinhlelo zokulondolozwa;
7-valve ukusika kwamanzi emanzini ngokungabikho kokuphaphama kwawo;
I-8-membrane block;
Isihlungi se-9-Post;
Ithangi elingu-10;
11 Thepha emanzini amsulwa;
12-Flow Limiter;
I-13-drainage clamp
Izihlungi ze-Osmosis ezibuyisela emuva zibekwe ngaphansi kwesinki. Amakhishi wokuklama abaphanga ngaphandle, kuphela i-crane ebonakalayo ngaphandle
Izinto ezichazwe esihlokweni esedlule ngezinhlelo zokuhlanza ama-osmotic zamanzi okuphuzwa zingakhawulelwa ku, uma bekungekho izinhlamvu eziningi zabafundi abanombuzo ofanayo. Isibonelo, sinikeza enye yalezi zinhlamvu.
Ukusuka ekutholeni isihlungi se-membrane, ngigcina ukungahambisani kolwazi.
Izimpikiswano ze- ". I-Velitere inkethe ukuthi indlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokuhlanza amanzi yi-osmosis ehlekisayo, okuvumela ukuhlunga, ukukhuluma kahle, konke okukhona kuphela emhlabeni. Ngemuva kwayo, ungaphuza ngaphandle kokubilisa, azikho amagciwane noma amagciwane.
Ukuphikisana ngokumelene ". Amanzi abuyiselwe (njengoba kuncishisiwe) kuyingozi kubantu, ngoba akunazo izidalwa ezisebenzayo nezifanele zezinto ezilandelwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi "Superchild" adonsela lezi zinto ezivela kumaseli omzimba. Kungaba, kunezinketho ezithile zamadivayisi we-membrane azohlanzwa ngamanzi, kepha ngasikhathi sinye alondoloze izinto eziwusizo kakhulu emzimbeni?
UVladimir Galkin, Volgograd
Njengoba sekushiwo, isihlungi se-membrane sikhiqiza amanzi acishe abe manzi (okuqukethe usawoti kwamanzi ahlanziwe - ebangeni le-15-20 mg / l). Ngokweqile kanye nezinzuzo zamanzi anjalo aphrintiwe iminyaka eyishumi kunezingxoxo ezingapheli. Siphazamisa le nqubo, mhlawumbe, ungabi, kepha kulabo abathanda ukusebenzisa izihlungi ze-membrane, kepha ngasikhathi sinye baphuza amanzi ngosawoti wamaminerali, sizotshela ukuthi ungakufeza kanjani lokhu.
Indlela kuqala - Setha i-Filter cartridge-minelizer. Lawa madivaysi acwebile enzelwe ukucebisa amanzi ahlanjululwe ngokuphelele ngosawoti wamaminerali owusizo kanye nama-microelements (ngokwesibonelo, i-geyser-vita minelizer ingeza iSA ne-MG). Ngokuhlelekile, uhlelo lokusebenza olunjalo luyindlu enezixhumi zezihambeli zikaJohn (esobala noma emhlophe), zigcwele ukwakheka okuningana okuningana kwezinto ezimbiwa ezilungiselelwe. Isisetshenziswa se-cartridge yi-4000-6000l, okungukuthi, kwanele cishe unyaka wonke. Intengo - $ 20-25.
Indlela yesibili - Dala uhlelo olunokuguquguquka (okwenziwe ngezifiso ngokususelwa kokuncamelayo) izinga lamaminerali. Ngale ndlela, kuhlongoza ukuhamba, ngokwesibonelo, inkampani ye-hydraulic yaseRussia. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kuyadingeka ukuthenga nokufaka i-Wall TDS-metres-metres, eklanyelwe ukulinganisa njalo usawoti oqukethe amanzi, kanye nokwenza lesi sisekelo esincane sohlelo ukuze kuhlaselwe khona amanzi adlule ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi, inani elithile lamanzi ngemuva komqambi. Uzolungisa isilinganiso sokuxuba, ukulawula ngokusho kobufakazi bemitha ye-TDS. Well, indlela elula yokuthola isihlungi "Energo-0004-5M" kusuka kule nkampani lapho uhlelo oluchaziwe seluvele lwakhiwe ngaphakathi ($ 249).
Indlela yesithathu - AKUFANELE kutholwe ngokutholwa ngokuqondile, kepha iyunithi ye-nanofiltration. Ngaphandle, lokhu kuyafana, kepha lapha ulwelwesi olunokwanda kwesilinganiso esiseduze kwama-pore-holes (kuze kufike ku-10 nm). Ukufakwa kwesimanjemanje isilinganiso samanzi ahlanziwe futhi okuqala kucishe kube ngu-1: 2-1: 3, okunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwawo okuphelele. Ulwelwelwesi lwanamuhla lweNanofiltration lukwenza lukwazi ukunciphisa okuqukethwe ama-moniosongent oon (Cl, F, NA) ngo-40-70%, futhi i-BIVAVENT (CA, MG, SO4) - ngo-70-90%. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-molekyuli nama-ions athi akhishwe ama-ion akhishwa ngokuphelele asuswe ngokuphelele ngosayizi kusuka ku-0.001 μm, izinto eziphilayo ngesisindo samangqamuzana ngaphezulu kwama-300 nawo wonke amagciwane. Ngakho-ke, okuqukethe usawoti kwamanzi ahlanjululwe ngokuqhathaniswa nokuncipha kwezikhathi ezi-2-3 kuphela, okungukuthi, lonke uhlobo lwesawoti oludingekayo kanye nama-microelensis agcinwe khona ngamanani anele.
Malini ilitha elilodwa lamanzi?
Uhlelo oluhle lwe-Osmosis oluhle ngeke lusahlengile u- $ 200-250. Lapho-ke cishe njalo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kuzodingeka ukuthi kuguqule ama-cartridges ohlelo lokulondolozwa kanye kanye nonyaka we-postfilter. Ukubuyiselwa esikhundleni kunconyelwa ukukhiqiza nge-Reservation emthonjeni wabantu abangaba ngu-50%; Intengo yesethi enjalo ayi- $ 20-30. Ulwelwesi ngokwalo kumele luguqulwe kanye njalo eminyakeni emibili, lubiza u- $ 40-50. Uma ubheka ukuthi umndeni ophakathi wokupheka uyadingeka ngosuku lwe-10-12 amalitha (yize uhlelo lwendlu luyakwazi ukunikeza ngo-170-250l ngosuku), khona-ke ngokuya nge-biennium 1l kuzobiza ama-ruble angama-0,5. Lokhu kukodwa nje kubiza kakhulu kunezindleko zamanzi we-1l, kuhlanjululwe ngohlelo lwe-cartridge, kepha kucishe kube yishumi kushibhile kunamanzi asemabhodleleni.
Isibonelo sesibonelo singalethwa ngochungechunge olusha lwezindawo zokukhiqiza ze-membrane zenkampani yasekhaya yenkampani yamanzi. Kuliqiniso, le mikhiqizo ayifani ngokuphelele. Iqiniso ngukuthi umenzi wasebenzisa amandla amasha aphezulu kanye nolwelwesi olungamelana namakhemikhali kuzo, okuvunyelwe ezinhlelweni ezihloselwe ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi ompompi eMoscow, ukuba bayekelele ngokuphelele abamangali. Umphumela umklamo usuphenduke i-compact kakhulu: Ithangi eliqongelayo kuphela, ohlangothini oluseceleni lapho ulwelwesi lwe-membrane lubekwe khona, futhi yilokho kuphela! Lapho usebenza ngamanzi ngaphandle kokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi eMoscow, ukwakheka ("HARD", "I-Iron", "nge-Iron", ngokuqukethwe okukhuphukile kweBacterium IT.P. Amadivayisi wokusebenza - 5l / h. Intengo - $ 180-230. Ulwelwelwesi kufanele lunikezwe umenzi wokwakheka kabusha ($ 10) bese ubuyisela umenzi esikhundleni sonyaka kanye kanye njalo eminyakeni emihlanu. Amayunithi we-NanofilTration asuselwa kuma-memperos amelana ne-chloros akhiqizwa amanye amafemu asekhaya nawangaphandle. Sizofonela kuphela "ubuchwepheshe be-barbecue" (uchungechunge oluthi "Rouhrel", "Osmosis" (ST. Petersburg) kanye nama-OSmonics (USA).
Umbono we-Specialist
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kube nezimo ezintsha kubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza bokuphuza amasu okulungiselela amanzi adinga ngisho nochwepheshe ekuvuseleleni imibono eminingi esungulwe kahle. Inani elikhulu le-Reverse Osmotic ne-NanofilTration membranes avele emakethe, okuvumela ukuthi ukhethe kahle ekukhetheni (ukuboshwa kwezinto ezitholwayo zezinto ezahlukahlukene) into yanoma yikuphi ukwakheka kwamanzi emthonjeni. Ukubamba i-iron ion, ama-fluorine noma ama-organic accound, ama-membranes anjalo akuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze osawoti owusizo owusizo lomzimba we-calcium, i-magnesium, ama-bicarbonate it.p.p.p.p.
Ngokwenziwa kwama-membranes, kusetshenziswa ama-polymers ahlukahlukene, kepha awasetshenziswa ngefomu elihlanzekile, futhi ngesimo sengqimba ye-polymer-cell-cen-cermer esetshenziselwa i-substrate ye-porous. Ukuhlukahluka kwezakhiwo zalolu handla, ungalawula ukukhetha kukalwelwesi ezindleleni eziningi. Indlela yokuqala ushintsho ekwakhiweni kwe-polymer. Ekuseni, ama-membranes asuselwa kuma-polyamides amnandi atholakale ukusakazeka okukhulu, futhi kancane kancane ayalahla asetshenziswa kabanzi ngaphambili, kodwa actetate engamelana kangako. Indlela yesibili iguqulwa ebusweni be-membranes ekhona ngokugcizelelwa kwezakhiwo ezintsha. Lokhu kusebenzisa bobabili ngokomzimba (izithombe-zamakhemikhali, imisebe, i-plasma, njll.) Nezindlela zamakhemikhali - "ukugoma" kwama-monomer amasha. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezimbili ezichazwe noma inhlanganisela yazo ikuvumela ukuthi udale ama-membranes, ukumelana ne-chlorine nezinto ezifanayo, futhi ngokweqiniso ukwenqaba noma yiluphi uhlobo lokungcola.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-membranes anjalo kukuvumela ukuthi wenze lula futhi unciphise kakhulu ukwakheka kokufakwa kwe-membrane, ukwenqaba uhlelo oluningi lokugcina. Imiphumela kwisihlungi esikhundleni sezinyathelo ezinhlanu - neziyisithupha ihlala ingulwelwesi olulodwa uqobo. Ukusekela ukufakwa okunjalo nakho kushibhile kakhulu.
Umqondisi ojwayelekile weWaterlab, udokotela wezesayensi yezobuchwepheshe, uSolwazi Alexey Germanovich kuqala
Kulokhu thina, mhlawumbe, siqede ingxoxo mayelana nezinhlelo zokuhlanza uMembrane, yize kukhona okunye ongakutshela. Isibonelo, ama-aquabars wesimanje angagcini nje ngokuhlanza amanzi ngosizo lokuhlunga kokuhlola okufihliwe okufihliwe ngaphakathi kwesihlungi se-osmosis reverse, kodwa futhi akwazi ukuhlinzeka umnikazi ngamanzi futhi aphoqekile noma afudumele ukubilisa yonke i-kettle yenkomishi eyodwa yetiye noma ikhofi). Ungase futhi ukhulume ngezinhlelo zokuhlanza amanzi zendlu yonke, okuyindlela enhle kakhulu yezinhlelo ezenzakalelayo ze-multi-stage. Kepha makube izindikimba zengxoxo ehlukile.
Abahleli babonga inkampani yama-waterlab, "Akvafor", "Iqembu le-Alt", "I-Comintecks Ecology", "I-Median Technique", "I-Membrane-aqua", "Technour-aqua", "Technolog-Technology", "I-geyser", "ubuchwepheshe obuphakeme be-NPC we-ecology nenduduzo", "ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiwe" bokusiza lapho kulungiswa khona izinto ezibonakalayo.