Ukunikezwa kwamandla kwendlu yangasese. Ochwepheshe bamandla banikeza izimpendulo zemibuzo "eshisayo" kakhulu.
Ungawathola kanjani amandla kagesi adingekayo ekotishi lesimanje? Yiziphi izimo okufanele sinxuse ngazo ukukhipha yonke imibhalo edingekayo? Yini engenziwa futhi okufanele yenziwe ukuze inani elidingekayo likagesi lalingenele endlini? Sinikeza izimpendulo kulezi zingqinamba ezinzima ngosizo ochwepheshe bamandla.
Abantu abafuna ukwakha indlu bavame ukuqala kanjani? Kusuka ekukhetheni indawo yokuhlala okuzayo. Kuyacaca, ngifuna ukuphumula, nomfula, nensimu. Abaningi bathenga ukuthengwa kwesakhiwo sezwe, kuqondiswe imizwa. Futhi kuphela lapho ebhekene nenkinga yezokuxhumana. Kuvela ukuthi umphakeli kagesi wendawo uyakwazi ukwaba amandla avunyelwe, anele ngaphandle kokukhanya kwendlu yezwe, kodwa hhayi indawo yokuhlala yesimanje yezwe. Kuvela izinkinga ngenxa yokuthi abathuthukisi besikhathi esizayo ababoni umthetho, izindinganiso, amazinga wokwakha nemithetho futhi bavame ukucabanga "ngokwemiqondo": "Ugesi akayena umshushisi." Ukudumazeka Kwabanikazi bamaphutha aphezulu kuleli kheli bazibophezele, ngoba ngamunye wabo uphenduka abe yizindleko ezibalulekile.
Gordiyev knot amandla okunikezwa amandla
Lo mbuzo oyinkimbinkimbi unikezwa impendulo elula uma ukunakekele futhi wakha indawo yokuhlala ekhehla ngokusekelwa kobunjiniyela obudingekayo. Ngaphezu kwezindawo zokuhlala zanamuhla, ukufakwa kwama-transformers afanayo noma amabili aphezulu wamandla, ngokwesibonelo, ku-630 KVA, kusethwa abaphathi noma abathuthukisi, ukuguqula i-630 kva, ukuguqula i-6-10kv Voltage ibe ngu-220-380v. Isixazululo esinjalo sobuchwepheshe sivumela ukuhlinzeka ngezikati ezifika kuma-50 kuye kwangama-400m2 kuya ku-30-50kW Power.
Iningi le-BUYS noma "Ensimini" noma emiphakathini ehleliwe, amadolobhana, ukubambisana kwengadi, njll. Ngokuhamba kancane noma kwisethenjwa esiphakathi (ngokwesibonelo, iMosenenerge), ungabuza amandla akho embusweni kabani. Lokho okusebenzayo kwenethiwekhi kamasipala noma yesifunda kusebenza esifundeni sakho. Umphathi (Umqondisi) noma unjiniyela oyinhloko wale nhlangano ungumnikazi walolu lwazi ngokugcwele, ngakho-ke kufanele uxhumane nabo (ngezinsuku zokwamukela amahora) bese uthola ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kuxhumeke kwigridi yamandla futhi kuhlolwe izindleko zezezimali. Ngokufanelekile, ochwepheshe emnyangweni wezobuchwepheshe kanye nezobuchwepheshe (PTO) zezindawo ezifuywayo noma zomasipala bazokwazi ukukuxhasa. Yibo abalungiselela ngqo imibhalo emsulwa yezimo zobuchwepheshe.
Kunezimo eziningana zikagesi eCottage:
- I-Network "etholakala kahle" (imibandela) (imibandela) nge-voltage ibe ngu-0.4kw isesimweni esihle futhi ikuvumela ukuthi uyixhume kuyo kuze kube yilapho kungama-30 kW.
- Igridi yamandla ephakathi, kepha amandla okufaka aphelile, futhi asebenza emkhawulweni wethuba. Izinga likagesi lingamandla kagesi aphansi ezinsukwini nangamahora aphezulu alifinyeleli ngo-220v, futhi ikhaya lakho lingahle lime kuqala kusukela ekubuyiselweni. Ngaphezu kwe-3KW yokukhanyisa nokusebenza i-TV ngeke kwabelwe, futhi uma benikeza, kuzodingeka ukuthi ushintshe izintambo kwabanye, ngesigaba esikhulu sesiphambano.
- Umakhelwane ongandile usanda kwakha indawo lapho kukhona i-transformer ye-250 KVA, futhi uzokujabulela ukuxhumana nenjabulo.
- Okubi kakhulu ekufakweni okuseduze kungaphezu kwekhilomitha, futhi umugqa wamandla aphansi we-voltage kusuka kuso akusona kahle "ekugcineni" kuzoba namandla anganele. Njengomthetho, okuwukuphela kwendlela ephuma esimweni samanje ukwakhiwa okubizayo kokufakwa kwayo.
Ngokombono wethu, kungcono uma impahla isezandleni zoMasipala noma amanethiwekhi okusabalalisa (okugcina akuvamile ngenxa yobunzima bemiklamo yezomthetho). Bangaphetha ngenkontileka nawe ngqo, ngaphandle kwendlu yomakhelwane. "Amanethiwekhi" aphathe ukulungiswa kokuvimbela, ukulungiswa, futhi akekho noyedwa ngaphandle kwawo azoba nelungelo lokusondela ku-Transformer Booth, noma ngabe kungomunye umuntu (ngokwesibonelo, igama lakho).
Ugesi kulo lonke izwe kukhiqiza futhi kunikeze i-Monopolist Rao Ues. Izifunda ezikhuthazekile zezintshisakalo zakhe zimele izinkampani ezihlanganyelwe ezingezinhlangothi ezinjengeMosenerpo, OJSC LENENGO nabanye abaningi. Bazibandakanya esizukulwaneni nasekulethweni kokushisa nogesi kubathengi. Amagatsha kagesi wamagatsha ahlanganyelwe, izindlu kanye nezinsizakalo zomphakathi zibhekele ukunikezwa kwamandla kanye nomsebenzi oqondile nomthengi noma amabhizinisi womasipala noma ukufaka i-Odintsovo towerling, JSC "Royal Electricity"). Amanethiwekhi kaMasipala ahlinzeka ngokuhlinzekwa kwamandla ezikhungweni zezifunda, emadolobheni amaningi ngisho nezindawo zokuhlala zabantu kusuka kubantu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi kuya kwabayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amaningana. Amabhizinisi we-Electroplal Electroplating awakhonjelwa izinkampani ezihlangene ze-Rao Ues. Bahola amakhanda ezifunda, ukuphathwa kwezindawo, kanye noMnyango Wezezindlu Nezinsizakalo Zomphakathi (kwiKhodi Yangasese ye-MO) nababusi bezifunda.
Cabanga ngokwakheka komhlinzeki kagesi omkhulu esifundeni sakho esibonelweni saseMosenerpo. I-OJSC igcina ugesi ngokusebenzisa ama-grids angu-14, lapho amagridi e-45 wesifunda sabelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma amanethiwekhi kamasipala uqobo akhokhisa imali ekhokhwayo yemali, uMosenerpo wenza lokhu ngesigaba sawo sokuthengisa amandla, okuthi, enakho inethiwekhi yawo (angenzi-gesi) amadolobha namagatsha ezifunda.
Amagatsha egridi kagesi: ikhebula leMoscow (ISS), Eseningizimu, Esentshonalanga kanye namanye amanethiwekhi abhekele ukunikezwa kwamandla kweMoscow kwi-10KV (isk- ku-10kv, futhi) kanye nesifunda kuwo wonke amazinga Kusuka ku-0.4 (380 / 220V) -10kv kuya ku-35-20kv. IMosenergo ikhiqiza cishe wonke ugesi odliwe yiMoscow kanye nesifunda saseMoscow. Kungokwezikhungo zokudla (i-PC) - Ukufakwa kwe-35-110kV / 6-10kv kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwe-LPP 35-110KV / 6-10KV. Izincwadi zixhunyiwe kuwo womabili amanethiwekhi eMosenerpo Distribution Networks nezinhlangano zikamasipala.
Namuhla, ngenxa yamanani aphezulu okwakhiwa kwezinyama kanye nezimboni, kube nokushoda kwamandla kagesi esifundeni sonke, okugcwele ngokweqile noma ukomisa kwe-PC kwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, i-OAO kufanele ithathe izinyathelo zokunciphisa umkhawulo wokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhono amasha, ngokuya ngamakhono ezezimali anqunywe amanani kagesi.
Kithina, abathengi abalula, kungenxa yesidingo sokuthola imvume kumandla aceliwe kumnikazi wayo uMosenergo ngokusebenzisa igatsha. Noma ngabe inethiwekhi yendawo isebenza inhlangano kaMasipala, ayilahli amandla kagesi, futhi inikeza kuphela imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe yokuxhuma ikhaya lakho ukuhambisa amanethiwekhi wakho wokuhambisa.
Indlela Enzima Yomnikazi
Ukuba (ukuba) umnikazi ogcwele wesakhiwo kanye nezezakhiwo ezithengiswayo, ungaqhubeka nenqubo esemthethweni yokuthola ukunikezwa kwamandla okukhona noma okuzayo ekhaya. Izindlela ezingekho emthethweni, okungukuthi ukwebiwa kukagesi noma izivumelwano zomlomo noma omakhelwane, asicabangi.
Indlela evela ekuhlelweni kwephakethe lemibhalo ekufakweni kokufakwa kukagesi kwendlu ihlukaniswe (ihlanganisiwe) ibe yizigaba eziningana:
- Ukwabiwa kwamandla kanye nokukhishwa kobubanzi bakagesi bokucaciswa kobuchwepheshe bokuxhuma;
- Design ukufakwa kukagesi kwendlu ngelayisense yenhlangano yokwakha;
- ukuxhumanisa iphrojekthi nabanikazi bomhlaba (indawo yokuhlala), ezokuxhumana, ukuhlinzeka ngamandla enhlanganweni naku-Stenenerbonzor;
- Ukuqaliswa kokusebenza kuphrojekthi nguwe yisikhungo sikagesi namalayisense afanele kanye nesipiliyoni somsebenzi. Kungabuzwa ngakho enhlanganweni yokuhlinzekwa kwamandla;
- Ukuhlola nokukhipha "isenzo sokwamukelwa" ngumhloli woMnyango Wezokuxhaswa Kwamandla Ezwe;
- Ukuvalwa kwamamitha kagesi, ukusayina inkontileka yokuhlinzekwa kwamandla ngokuthengisa kwamandla kanye nokunikezwa kwamandla kwendlu.
Ngokuya ngemibhalo 539-540. Inkontileka yokuhlinzekwa kwamandla. Ngaphansi kwenkontileka yokuhlinzekwa kwamandla, inhlangano ye-Energy Supply (I-Energy Sales) ethengisa ukuhambisa kunethiwekhi efakiwe (wena) ngenethiwekhi enamathiselwe kagesi, futhi inkokhelo yabathengi yamandla amukelwe, ihambisane nombuso wokusetshenziswa okunikezwe yinkontileka futhi uqinisekise Ukuphepha kokusebenza kwamanethiwekhi kagesi, ukugcinwa kwemishini. Ngakho-ke, eMthethweni, isibopho sakho sokufakwa kukagesi kwendlu, inethiwekhi yomuntu siqu kanye nokufakwa kwabe sekubekiwe. Isivumelwano Somuntu Womphakathi (Ukusetshenziswa Kwasekhaya) Kuqala ukusebenza kwako kusukela kufakwa kwangempela kobhalisile.
Ngaphansi kwe-Article 541. Inani lamandla. Inhlangano yokuhlinzeka ngamandla iphoqelekile ukuthi ifayela amandla ngenethiwekhi kwinani elinikezwe yinkontileka yokuhlinzekwa kwamandla, futhi ngokuhambisana nombuso wokugeleza okuvunyelwene ngamaqembu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthengi "wasendlini" unelungelo lokusebenzisa la mandla ngenani olidingayo. Lokho wukuthi, kungasika wonke ugesi endlini ukuze ungangeqi amandla acacisiwe, futhi angahlala ebumnyameni. Uma ukunikezwa kwamandla kunganele ngaphansi kwenkontileka, unelungelo lokwenza isimangalo kugridi yamandla, okokuqala ngesikhalazo, bese enkantolo.
Isigaba 542. Ikhwalithi Yamandla. Ngokuya ngezinto zale ndatshana, ikhwalithi kagesi ohlinzekiwe, okungenani amavolumu kanye nemvamisa yamanje, kufanele ihambisane nezidingo ezisungulwe ngamazinga wombuso, imithetho noma inkontileka yokuhlinzekwa kwamandla okushiwo.
Uma kwenzeka ukwephulwa kwekhwalithi yekhwalithi yenhlangano yokuhlinzeka ngogesi, unelungelo lokwenqaba ukukhokha amandla anjalo. Kwanele ukumane wenze izilinganiso phambi kofakazi, kanye ne-notaries engcono, bese ukulungisa iqiniso lamandla kagesi aphansi. Kodwa-ke, ke awunalungelo lokusebenzisa amandla akhishwe ngokwephula izimo zekhwalithi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, inhlangano ye-Power Supply ingadinga ukubuyiselwa kwemali ebhalisile ngokungenakuqhathaniswa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwayo (isigaba 2, i-Article 1105 ye-Civil Code of the Russian Federation), okukhona, kusafanele ukhokhele ugesi, kodwa Ngaphansi.
Kepha futhi unelungelo lokwephula inhlangano enikezela amandla yemibandela mayelana nekhwalithi yamandla ukukhuthaza isibopho sayo ngaphansi kwe-Article 547 yeKhodi ye-Civil, ngakho-ke ukugcwaliseka okungafanele kwezibopho ngaphansi kwenkontileka , iqembu elaphule inkontileka liphoqelekile ukubuyisa imali yangempela ebangelwa yilokhu (i-Article 15, isigaba 2). Uma amandla ngenxa yokulawula izindlela zokusetshenziswa kwavumela ikhefu ngamandla ukuze ababhalisile, banesibopho salokhu phambi kwecala. Lokho wukuthi, ukuvalwa ngesikhathi sezinhlekelele zemvelo, izivunguvungu, ngeke ukhokhele igatsha eliwile. Kuyavela ukuthi i-athikili ye-liability inezinhlangothi ezimbili. Okokuqala kwesandla sakho: Inhlangano yokonga amandla izokhokhela iqiniso elifakazelwe lomonakalo kwi-TV yakho eshiswe impahla noma esiqandisini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuphoqelekile ukuqinisekisa isimo esifanele sezobuchwepheshe segridi yamandla okuhlinzeka kanye namamitha kagesi. Uhlangothi lwesibili lubhekisela kumthengi ophule inkontileka, ngoba i-athikili 543 ilawula izibopho zomthengi ngokulungiswa kanye nokusebenza kwamanethiwekhi, amadivayisi nemishini. Imisebenzi ye-Vwashi ifaka phakathi:
Ukuqinisekisa isimo sobuchwepheshe sokufakwa kukagesi kwe-cottage, inethiwekhi yaso noma indawo yokuhlala;
Ukuhambisana nemodi esunguliwe yokusetshenziswa kwamandla;
Isaziso esisheshayo senhlangano yokuhlinzekwa kwamandla mayelana nezingozi, imililo, ukungasebenzi kahle kwamadivayisi wamandla ama-metering kanye nezinye izehlakalo.
Ukusuka kulokhu kulandela ukuthi unesibopho ngqo sokushintsha ukufakwa kukagesi kwendlu, ukuxhuma amadivaysi amasha (anamandla amakhulu) angacaciswanga kuphrojekthi, ukungasebenzi kahle kwemishini, okuholela ekuchitheni kukagesi - ukususwa Amandla amakhulu avela kunethiwekhi ephethwe yinhlangano yokuhlinzekwa kwamandla, okwakukhonjisiwe kwinkontileka. Ukulayisha ngokweqile kanye nokuphanga i-Transformer, kubangele abalinganiswayo, ama-voltage aphansi kunethiwekhi (izikhalazo zomakhelwane kulesi simo), ukufika komakhelwane ukuze kususwe amaphutha - zonke izinketho zomonakalo wangempela kuzodingeka ukuthi zikukhokhele uma zifakazela enkantolo. Empeleni, i-athikili engu-543 ikuvumela ukuthi ulwe ne- "Hooligans" eyenza iphrojekthi yokufaka kagesi kagesi ngo-400m2, futhi "ukuncela" wonke ama-15 kW, yingakho bahlupheka kubo omakhelwane abasezingeni eliphakeme. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umhloli we-Energnadzor unga-oda inhlangano yokuhlinzekwa kwamandla ukuthi icimezele izinguquko ekufakweni kukagesi, okuholela emsebenzini ongagculisi wenethiwekhi yonke yedolobhana.
Ekugcineni, i-Article 545 ithi obhalisile unelungelo lokudlulisa amandla, amukelwe yi-Electrical Synchtering Organisation, komunye umuntu kuphela ngemvume yawo. Ngamanye amagama, uma isimo samanethiwekhi sivumela noma wakhele owakho ukubambelela, ungenza igatsha endaweni enesinqumo segridi yamandla. Kodwa-ke, ukuxhumana "okuthule" kumakhelwane akuvunyelwe.
Ukwabiwa kwamandla
Ngaphambi kokuklama, udinga ukuthola umsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe wokuxhuma ukufakwa kukagesi kwendlu kwinethiwekhi. Umthengi wesikhathi esizayo, ungumthuthukisi, kufanele acabange ngokusobala ukuthi yiziphi izinto zikagesi (boiler, izitebhisi ezifudumele, amadivaysi okushisa amanzi, amadivayisi asendlini) azodla amandla emalini, kufanele kube amandla kagesi ukufakwa kokusekelwa okujwayelekile. Ntambama, kuzokukhulula esidlweni sokwenza izinguquko kuphrojekthi noma kwakhiwa kabusha ukufakwa kukagesi.
Incwadi nemibhalo. Umsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe udilizwa ngohlobo lwencwadi ebhekiswe kunjiniyela ophambili wale nhlangano yamandla kagesi (noma isikhulu esimele amanethiwekhi kamasipala, njengenketho yoMqondisi) ngesicelo sokuxhumanisa amandla athile nge inkomba yesigaba sokuhlinzeka ngendlu.
Incwadi kumele ihambisane nemihlahlandlela. Lolu uhlelo lokugcina indawo yesayithi lakho nezindlu emhlabathini, isitifiketi selungelo lokuba nalolu sakhiwo salo mhlaba ngemvume yokwakhiwa kwendlu, ehlanganiswa nezinhlangano eziningi. Amasiginesha abamele iGorgaja, i-Rosterlecom, i-vodokanal kanye negridi lamandla ngokwawo, okukhombisa ukuthi ngabe noma ukungabikho noma ukungabikho kwendawo yakho yezokuxhumana kwalezi zinkampani. Igama levidiyo lezi zithombe kufanele zibe nawe ngemuva komklamo wezezakhiwo kanye nephrojekthi yokwakha, evunyelwe eMklami Omkhulu. Kepha ngenxa yokuthi kukhona okuhlangenwe nakho okuxakayo lapho ukuphathwa kwezindawo zasemakhaya kuveziwe (manje sekususiwe kulo) umhlaba, naphezu kokubizwa ngokuthi yilesi siza, kuma-grids athile kagesi, akubheke njengokudingekayo ukucacisa lokhu khipha. Ngaphandle kwalokho, esigabeni sokusayina le phrojekthi, ukukhulekelwa komsebenzi (ngokwesibonelo, ekubekeni ikhebula), kuvela ukuthi usebenza eduzane nemigwaqo emikhulu kagesi, futhi ngokwezindinganiso kufanele kube kude nabo. Umkhuba onzima kakhulu usesakhiweni sedolobha. Lapha, ngaphansi komhlaba, inani eliphakeme lezokuxhumana lezinhloso ezihluke kakhulu liyabekwa. Ama-aernergirls kuphela lapho-ke anganikeza imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe yokuxhuma amandla kagesi lapho amadokhumenti ehlotshisiwe njengoba kufanele.
Esifundweni, incwadi ibhekwa eMnyangweni Wezobuchwepheshe kanye noMnyango Wezobuchwepheshe (PTO) wesiFunda noma inethiwekhi kamasipala. Isikhathi esincane kavamisiwe, ngoba ukugeleza kukhulu kakhulu. Isibonelo: Ngonyaka owedlule, esifundeni saseMoscow kuphela esixhumeke esihlotsheni sababhalisile abangu-500, hhayi ukubala okunamathiselwe kwamandla aphansi aphansi. Cishe ukubambezeleka kungabangelwa ukubalwa okude, ukucaciswa kwezindleko zensizakalo yokuxhuma kwesinamathiseli samandla aceliwe, ngoba yonke indawo eMoscow kanye ne-Company Comnyelwe.
Uzonikela noma cha? Esiteji somsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe, iGridi yamandla inelungelo elithi ngokusemthethweni (ngaphambi kokuthi kuphela izingxoxo) noma zabele indawo yokuxhuma, noma zinikeze izincomo ezithile ngendlela edingakalayo okufanele yenziwe ukuxazulula inkinga. Amacala amanzi e-voltage ikhebula umugqa (0.4kv) ufinyelela endaweni eseduze (noma ikholamu), amandla asatshalaliswa phakathi kwabasebenzisi abaxhunyiwe kukho. Ngokulinganiselwa, kungenzeka ukuxazulula inkinga ngokusabalalisa kabusha amandla ngokusetshenziswa kwezinye izinto, lapho kungasebenzi ngokuphelele (ngokwesibonelo, amabutho aqabukela ezindlini eziseduze). "Ngokusho kweSayensi", ochwepheshe bamandla banomqondo onjalo njengabaseFelity bafuna imali elungile. Ngaphandle kokuthola imininingwane, ake sithi ukuthi lesi sici sibonisa ukuthi kusetshenziswa amandla amangaki. Isibonelo, idolobhana yezwe lakhiwa ezindlini eziyi-100, ku-20 okuyohlala kumuntu. Kusobala ukuthi ngeke badinge amandla adingekayo ezindlini eziyi-100, ngakho-ke, i-transformer enesizotha ifakiwe ku-250 KVA, futhi kwesinye isikhathi i-160 kva.
Kwenzeka ukuthi kwizincazelo kudingekile ukufaka izintambo ezikhona kuzintambo ngesigaba esikhulu sesiphambano (ugesi owengeziwe uzokwazi ukuletha kuwe). Kepha uma kungewona amandla okusekelayo endaweni yokufaka, okuwukuphela kokukhipha: shintsha i-transformer ibe namandla amakhulu. Ikhokhwa ngubhalisile osanda kuxhunywa. Okunamathiselwe: Izindleko ze-transformer ephansi yasekhaya enomthamo wama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-160 kVA-60-80. Ukufaka, Ukuthumela kanye Nokwethula Umsebenzi, njengomthetho, thatha ama-mains, lapho bese uxhaphaza amasu amasha.
Ngamanye amagama, akekho noyedwa ozokwaba ugesi odingekayo kusengaphambili, kungenzeka ukuthi kungenzeka kungabi njalo. Kuyinto ejwayelekile emabambisane nasezindaweni zokuhlala ezindala, lapho amakhono akhona engakwazi ukumboza izidingo zanamuhla. I-Westerns Peak, lapho bonke omakhelwane bebonakala benza ama-confer, amaphampu, ama-kettele kagesi, ama-tile kanye namadivayisi wokushisa amaningi, amavolushi azokwehla okuvela ku-220V kuya ku-180V.
Kuyavela ukuthi ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwendlela akunakwenzeka. Vumelana nabalingani be-comraden e-misfortune kanye ne- "ntambo" ukuthenga i-transformer eyengeziwe yokwehlisa kanye nokwelulwa kwezintambo ezintsha zesigaba esisha esingenangqondo. Ngakho-ke, umthwalo wezezimali uwela emahlombe okusanda kwakhiwa kwamalungu e-Cooperative (Ubambiswano lwengadi), ababhalisile benethiwekhi esisha esisanda kuxhunyiwe. Omunye wabasebenzi bokuhlela abasebenzi utshele indaba ethinta inhliziyo yokuthi inhlangano yokuhlinzekwa kwamandla anikezwe ngayo imvume ebhaliwe yokuxhuma kwinethiwekhi ngesimo sokuthi i-7 000 yohlobo oluthile lwe- $ 1,000. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuchaza ngamazwi ekhanda lesikhathi sendawo yamandla endawo (i-Urban Type Village), le ngocingo kwakufanele inikeze amanye amandla edolobhaneni lonke, kubandakanya nendlu yesisebenzi sethu. Kuvela ukuthi akekho oqinisekisa ukunikezwa kukagesi osezingeni eliphakeme, yize ngokuvamile isimo senziwa ngezindleko zaso.
Amazwana Ochwepheshe . Izindaba ezinjalo zingatshela abaningi abatholwe "ukunqunyelwa" kwamagridi anamandla okuzama ukuxazulula izinkinga zokubuyiselwa kanye nokuthengwa kwemishini esemqoka, ngenkathi ukwehla kufakiwe kumanani kagesi. Sacela isimo ukuthi siphawule Mosenerpo geonnady vladimirovich kuznetova.
"Okokuqala, amakhilomitha ayisikhombisa e-wire, ekuqaleni nje, izidingo ezeqile, ngoba welula izintambo, zenzelwe ukulula ama-0.4KV aze abe ngamamitha ayi-700-800 ukusuka endaweni engenanjongo, noma ngabe yena Usushintshile yonke inethiwekhi izintambo ezine, kungaba amakhilomitha ayi-2,5.
Okwesibili, uma izidingo zegatsha legridi kagesi ye-JSC zizobonakala zikhulu, kufanele zisetshenziswe ku-General Directorate of Mosenerpo. Ukukhuluma ngesimiso, kuhlale kukuthinta njalo inhlangano ephakeme futhi ukhulume ngenkinga yakho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungacelwa ukuthi kuvume ngobuchwepheshe izidingo noma zikhokhele inhlangano yephrojekthi yeqembu lesithathu, ezizokwenza ukubalwa, zizokwenza izilinganiso zamaphoyinti futhi zikhombise ukuthi ochwepheshe bezemikhakha yamandla abalungile noma okuphambene nalokho.
Okwesithathu, ukunqunyelwa kokubizela le ndlela akufanele. Ngaleyo ndlela, empeleni sizohlangana nomthengi. Kuyiqiniso, ngokombono wakhe, kungaba yimbi ngokwengeziwe uma sakha amandla noma sakhiwe kabusha amandla kuye uqobo, kwathi esikhathini eside bathatha amanani ethu ngokuchitha imali ekhokhwayo. Ngakho-ke, sizothuthukisa inethiwekhi, inani labathengi lalizokwanda, ukuncishiswa kwavuka futhi wonke umuntu uzokwaneliswa. Kepha ukwakhiwa noma ukwakhiwa kabusha kudinga imali engathathwa namuhla kuphela kusuka kumanani entela. Kodwa-ke, kukhona uhlelo oluphambili. Ingxenye yezimali iya ekwakhiweni kweziteshi, ingxenye yokufakwa kukagesi kwezindawo ezingenakufinyeleleka nokulungiswa okuphuthumayo, futhi kuphela i-tolaka encane- yokwakha kabusha kuphela. Vele, kunecebo esikukhipha esikhundleni samakhilomitha angama-600-700 amanethiwekhi minyaka yonke, kepha kungu-1% wobude bamagridi sethu amandla. Amagridi wamandla akhe ahlelwe kabusha nalo nyaka kule ndima yomsebenzi ukuze ungene ohlelweni lokwakha ngo-2102. Ukufakwa kwedolobhana kungabamba umsebenzi ohleliwe ekwandeni kwamandla okugcina njengeminyaka emi-2 (futhi abafuni ukulinda kakhulu) nangemva kweminyaka engama-50.
Ngeshwa, esifundeni, esilawulwa yiMosenerpo, ngokungafani nezinye izindawo zeRussia Federation, alikho ithuba lokusikhokhela ukugqanyiswa kwamandla, okungukuthi, ukuthuthukiswa kabusha. Ngakho-ke, izindlela zokukhiqiza amandla ukufaka esikhundleni semishini ekhiqizayo: noma ukuthenga ucingo noma i-transformer, noma ukwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi yalo ebekiwe, kusekela izintambo. Okokuqala kwecala "inkontileka yokushintshana" nekhasimende. Isibonelo, umphathi wakudala u-160 KVA New 250 KVA. Abanye bazidonsela ngokwabo ucingo oluhlukile ekusekelweni kwabo, ngoba abafuni ukuhlanganyela nanoma ngubani. Kubiza kathathu kunokufakwa kabusha kocingo "lomphakathi". Futhi kufanele bakhonze "igatsha" ngokwabo ngaphansi kwenkontileka enenhlangano ekhethekile akulungile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akekho ovikelwe umshuwalense ngokumelene nezinhlekelele zemvelo, ukuwa kwamagatsha kanye "nesiwula", okuphazamisa ikhebula noma ngocingo, ukulungiswa kwalo kwenziwa ngezindleko zalo. Kungakho kuba lula ukufaka imishini ekhona - i-transformer, izintambo (ngokwesivumelwano, okudala ngasikhathi sinye kuzokunika, noma umsebenzi uzosebenzisa mahhala), noma ukudlulisa kusekela izintambo ngobunikazi wegridi yamandla. Ngemuva kwalokho bayoba nesibopho sokuphepha.
Imvume yokufaka amandla enhlangano yokuhlinzekwa kwamandla.
Izimo zobuchwepheshe zokuxhuma ukufakwa kukagesi.
Ukusiza ekusebenzeni kwezimo zobuchwepheshe zenhlangano yokuhlinzekwa kwamandla.
Yenza ekunciphiseni kwebhalansi kanye nesibopho sokusebenza kwamaqembu.
Iphrojekthi yokuhlinzekwa kwamandla, okuvunyelwene ngayo eMosblleseGonezor, ukuthengiswa kwamandla kweMosenerpo, amanethiwekhi kagesi wesifunda.
Ikhophi yelayisense yenhlangano yephrojekthi.
Ikhophi lelayisense lenhlangano kagesi.
Isenzo sokulethwa / ukwamukelwa komsebenzi wokufaka kagesi.
Yenza umsebenzi ofihlekile ekusebenzeni kwe-wiring.
Thatha umsebenzi wokuqaliswa kwe-contour ebeka phansi, i-FOCI yokuvikelwa kombani, amadivaysi angaba khona alinganayo ezindlini zokugezela, njll.
Amakhophi ezitifiketi zokuvumelana kwemishini kagesi efakiwe kanye nezinto zogesi (ngokuya ngokucaciswa kwalolu hlelo).
Amaphrothokholi wokuhlola nokulinganisa imishini kagesi eyenziwe, ngokuya ngesidingo se-gost, i-meterical metering laworatory laworatory evunyelwe ezilinganisweni zombuso waseRussia.
Ukufakwa kwakhe
Okokugcina, cabanga ngesimo lapho ukuphela kwendlela yokuthola amandla ama-35kW ngemvume yemvume yenhlangano yokuhlinzeka kwamandla ukuxhuma kwinethiwekhi ye-10KV ngokusebenzisa i-Transformer ephansi yomuntu ngamunye. Kuze kube muva nje, imithetho yedivaysi yokufakwa kukagesi kwalolu hlobo lokuxhumana ayihlosiwe. Namuhla, amagridi anamandla anelungelo lokukunikeza iphuzu lokuxhuma (mahhala eMosenerpo noma imali kwezinye izifunda) ekwakhiweni kokufakwa esikhundleni, kepha kusenezinkinga eziningi lapha.Inkinga ukubekwa kokufakwa kwe-transformer kanye nemishini efakiwe kwikhithi yayo. Njengomthetho, izinto eziguqukayo emaphandleni zinendlela ye-kiosk efakwe ezinsikeni lapho izitebhisi ziholela khona. Ukufakwa kwezinto ezinjalo kudinga ukulingana okukhethekile komhlaba. Ukufakwa kwamandla wamandla ama-transformers kuma-masters akhethekile nakwizakhiwo ezihlukile nakho kuyazenziwa. Uma kwakhiwa amakhaya amasha endaweni yomuzi, futhi ukususwa komhlaba ngaphansi kokufakwayo akunikezwa, ikhasimende lizobhekana nesidingo sokuxazulula le nkinga ngokubamba iqhaza kwezakhiwo zasendaweni. Akusilo iqiniso lokuthi uzongena esikhundleni sonjiniyela wendlu ... futhi kufanele unikeze lo mhlaba wangempela.
Emnyakeni wezwe, ezimweni ezinjalo, ama-compact post transformers (ama-mini asetshenziswayo) asetshenziswa, amandla akuvumela ukuthi uxhume kumanethiwekhi amakhulu kusuka kwelinye kuya kwamane. Lawa ma-transformers afakwa kukhonkolo ojwayelekile (wokhuni noma oqinisiwe) osekelayo, ukubukeka okuhle. Bathi "Hardy": vumela ukulayisha ngokweqile ku-40% emthwalweni we-peak; Ifakwe nge-automation eyakhelwe ngaphakathi futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ayidingi ukulungiswa. Izinkampani eziphambili ze-Electrotechnical ezifana ne-ABB, ama-Nokia akhiqiza abaguqukayo abanjalo. Ngokusho komqondisi we-JSC "Royal Electric Grid" N. P. Nikitsky, emadolobhaneni azungeze iKorolev, iminyaka emithathu, abaguqukayo balolu hlobo lwe-American Company asetshenziswa kwi-oda lokuhlola. Izindleko zabaguquli abakhiqizayo baseMelika ziyizinkulungwane ezingama-3.5-4. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isinqumo semboni yamandla ezwe, ukusebenza kwawo eRussia kugunyaziwe ngokusemthethweni futhi yonke indawo.
Okufanayo ngesilinganiso sezinsika ze-transformers of the Belarusian, isi-Ukraine, ukukhiqizwa kwaseRussia kushibhile kabili. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezifaniselo ezikhiqizwe eRussia kanye ne-CIS, ukuthi zidinga ukulungiswa kwaphakade, umsebenzi owumele ovame ukuwulawula, osebenza ngogesi ofanelekayo kufanele futhi babe nobabili eGridi yamandla endawo. Ngakho-ke, akuzona zonke izinhlangano ezihlinzeka ngamandla avuma ukuphetha ngezivumelwano zokulungiswa kwabanye baseRussia, baseBelarusian kanye nabaguquli base-Ukraine nabaninikhaya. Ngokungeziwe ekukhokheni kwezinsizakalo ngaphansi kwenkontileka, ikhasimende kufanele likhokhele ukufakwa kwalo ukuxhaswa okukhethekile, ukufakwa kokuzenzakalelayo, umsebenzi wokuthumela. I-akhawunti embi, izindleko eziphelele zingadlula lezo eziphethe umnikazi we-transformer yokungenisa yohlobo olungagcinwanga.
Inqubo yokwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi iyisigaba esifanayo nesifakwe kukagesi seNdlu: Isicelo, design, ukuxhumanisa ngombiko wamandla, ukusayina ngokuthengisa kwamandla, ukuxhumana. Ngemuva kokwakhiwa kanye nemishini yokufakwa esikhundleni, lo mthetho ekunciphiseni ubunikazi ngamagridi wamandla "isici esibomvu" phakathi kwempahla yomuntu siqu kanye nokunikezwa kwamandla. I-ATO Moment uphatha ukugcwala okugcwele komthwalo wemfanelo futhi usebenzise ukugcinwa kwe-Transformer Booth kanye nenethiwekhi. Uma omakhelwane bafuna ukuxhuma kuwe, ilungelo lakho lokukwenqaba noma ukuvuma, sesivele sikutshelile ngakho. Kulula ukudlulisa impahla kumanethiwekhi, kepha-ke asikho isiqinisekiso sokuthi akekho ozovumelana nabo, ngeke "alwebhule" kuwo futhi ngeke asuse ubunjalo obukhulu bokuthi awunawo owanele.
Ukufakwa kukagesi ekhaya
Iphrojekthi. Idizayini yomugqa wamandla, ukufakwa kukagesi kwangaphandle kanye neyangaphakathi kwendlu kufanele kubekwe ezinhlanganweni ezinelayisense yokwenza lolu hlobo lomsebenzi okhishwe ngumkhakha wamandla ezwe noma i-Gostroke yeRussia Federation. Awekho amathuba okuvunywa kwamaphrojekthi "wesobunxele" ezimweni ezisemthethweni. Kungcono ukuthi unjiniyela wakho wenza usonkontileka ojwayelekile futhi akwenzele iphrojekthi ngawe noma ngabathengisi abangaphansi. Kepha ngokuvamile ukuklama, ukwakhiwa nokufakwa kwemishini kwenziwa izinhlangano ezahlukahlukene. Ngemuva kwalokho kunengqondo ukuxhumana negridi yamandla endawo futhi akucele ukuthi uncome inkampani ukuthi idale iphrojekthi (lokhu kungenziwa ocingweni lwefoni). Le nkampani kamuva izosebenza njengombuzo wokuhlanganiswa kwemibhalo eqediwe yephrojekthi kugridi yamandla endawo naku-Stenenerbonzor. Kulesi sigaba, njengomthetho, azikho ubunzima obukhulu, ngaphandle kwezicelo zakho. Izindleko ezimaphakathi zephrojekthi yokunikeza amandla ye-cottage enekhono lokufaka kagesi ka-5-30kw esifundeni saseMoscow yizinkulungwane ezingama-640. ama-ruble. Kodwa-ke, bese uchungechunge olude lokuthola amasiginesha ezimweni ezahlukene luzolandelwa futhi, ekugcineni, ukuxhumanisa egatsheni elihlelwe kakhulu le-State Energy Administration, lapho kwenziwa khona izinqumo ngokuqinile ngemibhalo yokulawula nezobuchwepheshe. Ngamanye amagama, amaphutha kuzofanela alungiswe kaningi.
Esimweni ngasinye, izinhlangano ezahlukahlukene ziyi-visa kulo msebenzi, kufaka phakathi:
- Inhlangano Yokuhlinzeka Ngamandla, zonke izinsizakalo zikamasipala kamasipala wedolobha, izindawo zokuhlala noma amadolobhana (uma ikhona, kusuka eGorghaz ngaphambi kokuthola indawo);
- Ecaleni eliphikisayo, amafemu anentshisekelo nabantu abangakwazi ukuveza ukungavumelani neqiniso lokuthi uzofakwa kunethiwekhi ekhona (ngokwesibonelo, umakhelwane ngaphambili wafaka isicelo futhi kuzofanela ukuvumelana nayo yena);
- Ekupheleni kwephrojekthi kusayina umhloli we-Energnadzor.
Ukufakwa nokuhlolwa kokufakwa kukagesi. Ukushayela "ama-Cleells" avela eningizimu, njengomthetho, akhiqize umsebenzi kagesi ngokuphulwa kobuchwepheshe, ngemuva kwalokho ochwepheshe kufanele bazihlehlise. Ukuqaliswa kokufakwa nokuthunyelwa kwephrojekthi kufanele kufezeke izinhlangano zokwakha nokufaka ezinelayisense. Kuyadingeka ukuphetha isivumelwano sokwenza inkokhelo yenkampani kanye nabaphathi bentela ngokusemthethweni. Lokhu kuzokwenza lula ukwenziwa kwelungelo lempahla ngemuva kokuphothulwa kokwakhiwa (kokufaka esikhundleni, i-cottage). Ukuhlolwa kanye nokulungiswa kwemishini enomklamo olandelayo wemibhalo etholayo unelungelo lokufeza amaqembu afanayo noma wesithathu, uma inkampani isebenza umsebenzi ku-Project akuyona i-Projects ekhishwe yi-State Energy Facts.
Ngemuva kokufaka ukufakwa kukagesi endlini, izakhiwo zezomnotho nakusendaweni yefa kuyadingeka ukuhambisa kumaphasiphothi wobuchwepheshe emishini kagesi esunguliwe, egunyazwe ngaphansi kwe-Engnadzor ngaphansi kwe-Engnadzor. Ngokusekelwe kula madokhumenti nemiphumela yokuhlola, umnikazi wendlu ukhipha isitifiketi sokuhambisana nokufakwa kukagesi okwenze kudingeke izidingo zakhe nemvume yokusebenzisa amadivaysi akhona ama-electrother (ama-boilers kagesi, ama-radiator, izitofu zikagesi, phansi ezifudumele, njll.). Kungaba nezinkinga. Njengomthetho, abantu abathenga izintambo, imikhiqizo ye-wiring, izinto, noma bakhohlwe ukuzofuna izitifiketi kanye namaphasiphothi wemikhiqizo evela kubathengisi, noma bathola (emakethe) abangahambelani nemithethonqubo. Lesi sitifiketi sizodingeka ukubhalisa umshwalense kwizinkampani zomshuwalense.
Ukuhlolwa. Ngemuva kwalokho ubiza umhloli weNergnadzor endlini, futhi, ngesisekelo sesitifiketi sokuvumelana, kufanele ukhiphe isenzo sokwamukelwa kokufakwa kukagesi ekufakweni kunethiwekhi. Izinkinga zeSkim lapha zingahlangatshezwa? Isibonelo, ngokusho kwe-PUE, i-socket enezigqoko zokuvikela kufanele ifakwe endlini (ukuze inganamathiseli izipikili), futhi ilula, njll. Imvamisa esiteji sokufaka seMbusi Shintsha noma indawo kwalawo noma ezinye izisekelo nezishintshani, yize iqiniso lokuthi kukhonjiswe ngendlela ehlukile. Njll. Ngokokuvuma ama-Firms abawacela ukuthi bangacacili, ukuqedwa kokunganembile noma ukwephulwa kungabiza "isinxephezelo" kumhloli. Kwesinye isikhathi ifinyelela kusuka ku- $ 100-200 izisekelo nge- $ 1000 ukuze kube lula ukwenza sengathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umhloli uyimatasa futhi anganweba umcimbi, yingakho kufanele anikeze ukushesha. " Lapha futhi usize ukuxhumana okuqongelelwe abaklami bendawo kanye nezixhumanisi. Silandisa "ngochwepheshe" nzima ngokwengeziwe.
Inkontileka yokuhlinzekwa kwamandla. Lapho-ke igridi yamandla nomnikazi wendlu ubophekile ukuphetha isivumelwano ekusebenziseni ugesi. Kulesi sigaba, omele ukuthengiswa kwamandla kuwe kanye nesenzo sokwamukelwa kwamadivayisi we-accounting sidonswa futhi sibenze bacace. Njengoba umsebenzi wakhe usendaweni futhi ungalala kuphela ukwakheka kwesihlangu kanye nokuxhumana komthamo ofakiwe, "izinsizakalo" zayo akubizi kakhulu, uma kungenjalo ngokuvamile. Kufaka phakathi insizakalo yomoya noma imigqa yekhebula yenza amandla asendlini. I-ATO Moment Igridi yamandla endawo, okunomnikazi wendlu (ikhasimende) inenkontileka, ikhiqiza imisebenzi yokuvimbela, ukugcinwa kwensizakalo komugqa wamandla ngaphambi kokungena izintambo zokuphakelayo (ikhebula) endlini. Futhi ungakujabulela ukukhanya nemfudumalo endlini.
Intengo?
Umbuzo uyaziswa ukuthi yiliphi inani elizobiza ikhasimende elizimele. Ukubeka noma ukugcona komugqa wamandla kwiNdlu yalo. Izindleko zezinsizakalo zokwakha nezinhlangano zokufaka kuya ngobulukhuni bephrojekthi, kulokho okufakwa yimishini, futhi ... ngenani lezinhlangano ezibandakanyekile kwinqubo yokuxhumana kwemibhalo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona i-stenenergonadzor, i-Gorgaz, i-rostelecom, njll. Imishini ebizayo, ikhuphuka amanani alinganisiwe. Akuyona imfihlo yokuthi ukwenziwa komsebenzi wephrojekthi kushibhile kunokutholwa kwamasiginesha ezimvume, futhi kungenzeka kungabi mhlanu hhayi ishumi. Ukufakwa komugqa wamandla we-turnkey nakho konke ukuxhumanisa esifundeni saseMoscow kuzobiza umnikazi wendlu ngayinye kusuka kwezinkulungwane eziyi-7 kuya kweziyi-200. Ama-ruble - stricic omkhulu! Isixazululo esishibhile ukufakwa komoya endlini kusuka kulayini wamandla kusekelwa i-voltage ku-0.4KV. Okufanayo, kepha ngokuxhuma kulayini wamandla aphezulu kanye nokusebenzisa indawo yokuguqula, imali ebalulekile.
Abahleli babonga i-Mosenerpo kanye ne-Directorate of the Royal Electrose JSC ukusiza ukulungiselela lokho okuqukethwe.