I-anatomy yezitebhisi, izixazululo zokuklama, izinto zokwakha, ukufakwa, ukunakekelwa. Amaphutha ajwayelekile ekuklameni nasekwakhiweni. Abakhiqizi kanye namanani.
I-Mashic Staircase yefomu le-curvilinear. Umnyango, ngokwezindinganiso, uya esitebhisini
Yilokhu uthango lwezitebhisi zaphansi olungaphezulu lubukeka. Kuzokusindisa ekuweni emayini
Isitebhisi, ifenisha kanye nakho konke ukululeka kwezangaphakathi kwe-Eddition of noble
Izinyathelo zokukhala zisiza ukonga isikhala
I-Mini Electra Staircase: I-Metallic KOSIR izombozwa ngokhuni
Izitebhisi ze-Screw zihle kakhulu, kepha azikhululekile kakhulu ukunyakaza.
Ukuxazulula izinkinga ze-shrinkage zesakhiwo kanye nezitebhisi eziningi kulula uma ukuphakama kokusekelwa kokusekelwa kuyashintshwa
IGarA yisitebhisi sokumaka sakudala. Izinyathelo zenziwa nge-beech, nothango - kusuka ku-Metal Yezinsimbi
Ngokumangazayo komkhiqizo okhanyayo futhi omuhle. Lesi isitebhisi sase-Araya kusuka ku-Rintal (France)
Izibani ezincane zeselula - Izicishamlilo ocingweni
Isihlahla nensimbi, izinto ezithandwa kakhulu ekwenziweni kwezitebhisi. Ukwakhiwa kwe-Aero kusuka ku-Alfa Scale
Ezakhiweni ngentuthuko enkulu, kunconywa ukusebenzisa izinto eziqinile, njengama-porcelain winiswares.
I-Massive Staircase - Sestans- Inketho Eakethelekile yezakhiwo ezinkulu zeTechno-STYLE
Uhlobo olungejwayelekile lwe-porcelain Staircase: Izinyathelo zihlelwe ku-koser yensimbi. IOla ceramiche.
Idizayini yeLadder ehlekisayo ingenye yezinkinga eziphambili zochwepheshe
Ezikhathini zasendulo, izinhlaka eziphakeme kakhulu, enye yezinto zokwakha zazo kwakuyizitebhisi, zabhekwa njengelungelo 'likankulunkulu kaNkulunkulu' - amakhosi, amaFaraoni noma abapristi. Namuhla izitebhisi zisiholele esibhakabhakeni kuphela, kodwa futhi nasezindaweni ezijwayelekile "zasemhlabeni", amakamelo okuhlala, amabhiliyade noma izingadi zasebusika. Lo mbhalo uzoxoxa ngemiklamo ethi "yazinza" ngaphakathi kwezwe izindlu nezindlu ezinamakamelo amabili.
Isitebhisi, okokuqala, siyasebenza: sisebenza njengesixhumanisi phakathi kwamakamelo ahlukene, ukunyakaza kufanele kuhanjiswe ngokushesha futhi kube lula kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iladi lihlobisa futhi libamba iqhaza ekwakhekeni kwesitayela sangaphakathi. Ukulungiselela ukuba ngumnikazi onakekelayo wefulethi lezitezi ezimbili noma indlu yezwe, nakanjani uzobhekana "nezinkinga zesitebhisi. Ukwakha nini izitebhisi? Imiphi imiklamo nezinto zokwakha ezikuthandayo? Yimaphi amafemu azalwa emakethe yaseRussia futhi banikela ngani? Ekugcineni, ungaxhashazwa kanjani izitebhisi ukuze zisebenze isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka? Mayelana nalokhu nezinye izinto ezazicashile zesitebhisi zizotshela i-athikili yethu.
Ukusongoza icebo
Abanikazi besikhathi esizayo bendlu yezwe noma efulethini lezindaba ezimbili basheshe babuze: nini ukuklama izitebhisi? Futhi, ngeshwa, kuvame ukwaneliswa kakhulu ngomdwebo we-schematic ngamagama ajwayelekile, kushiye ukuthuthukiswa okuningiliziwe komklamo wezitebhisi esigabeni sokugcina sokwakhiwa. Le ndlela ayisebenzi, ngoba iholela kusethi "yokwakha" amaphutha. Iphutha kuqala: isikhala esihlelwe ngokungalungile. Indlu icishe ilungele, yebo, kunenkinga eyodwa ukwakheka okuthandayo ayinakubhalwa ezingxenyeni ezikhona zokuvula. Uthuka uchwepheshe, futhi ngenkani uthi akunakwenzeka ukukhetha isilinganiso sokufunda kobubanzi bokunamathela nokuphakama kwesikhulisi. Le yinye yezindinganiso ezibaluleke kakhulu esitebhisini, kuya ngokuthi kuzokulungela kanjani ukufudukela phansi kwendawo yokuhlala.Iphutha Lesibili: Ukuhlela ukwakheka kwezitebhisi ngaphandle kokucabanga ngezimpawu zokuqukethwe kwezindonga lapho intando yenziwa khona. Izitebhisi zingalungiswa kuphela ukuze zikhule zihlala isikhathi eside, njengomthetho, ziphethe izindonga (ukuphakama, ibha elincanyana, izitini ezinobukhulu obungaphezu kwama-25 cm) nakunoma ikuphi - izindonga ze-asbestos, izindonga ze-asbestos ku-pundichi, kukhona " Ukuhlobisa "ukwahlukaniswa.
Iphutha lesithathu: Ukubekwa kwamadivayisi okushisa ngqo ngaphansi kwezitebhisi. Lokhu kuyingozi ikakhulukazi ezinhlakeni zokhuni. Kungenzeka ukunquma ibanga elifanele phakathi kwesihlahla namadivaysi okushisa ngendlela esebenzayo: hlola izindawo eziseduze nedivaysi ekuthinteni futhi uqiniseke ukuthi azishisi. Kusengaphambili, cabanga ngendawo ye-wiring kagesi, amapayipi, ukufudumeza kanye newindows okuhlobene nesitebhisi. Uma uwazisa isikhala, zama ukusebenzisa ekhoneni ngaphansi kwesitebhisi, wakhe ikhabethe noma amabhuku amabhuku lapha.
Ngokwesimo sezulu esinemvula (ngokwesibonelo, emgqeni ophakathi nendawo waseRussia ngempepho ekwindla ebonakalayo) Gwema indawo yezitebhisi ezisenyakatho nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yendlu, ngoba izindonga zimanzi kakhulu lapha. I-Ibeton, kanye nezitini, yize inqwaba yamanani, namanje amunca umswakama, ngaleyo ndlela unikele ekudalweni kwendawo ehlukile ye-microclimate ngisho nangaphakathi kokuhlala okukodwa. Uma uhlelo lwezakhiwo lungakugwemi ekhoneni elisenyakatho, zama "ukudiliza" i-Staircase design kusuka odongeni noma unikeze ukuhamba komoya owomile phakathi kwezitebhisi nodonga (ngokwesibonelo, faka umhlangano we-thermal). Khumbula ukuthi akuwona wonke ama-Arditect uchwepheshe ohlelweni oklamekile, kungenzeka ukuthi kuzofanela umeme enye inkosi.
Lapho sakha indlu yamapulangwe, kuyadingeka futhi ukukhumbula i-shrinkage yesakhiwo, esiqhubeka izinyanga ezimbalwa ngisho neminyaka, kanye nokunyakaza okungenzeka kwenhlabathi, njengobumba no-loam. Izinsika zezethenjwa ezitebhisini kufanele zibe nokwakhiwa kwesinxephezelo sohlobo "lwesibonakude", uma kunesidingo, ukuphakama kwesitebhisi esinjalo kuyashintshwa. Lokhu kungenye yezinketho kuphela, ochwepheshe ecaleni ngalinye elithile bazokunikeza isinqumo esifanele kunazo zonke. Akunconywa ukwakha ama-ladders ekufakweni kwesonto "okuphelele" ngokuphelele kwesonto, unyaka kumele udlule okungenani unyaka.
Abakhiqizayo
Ukukhiqizwa kwezitebhisi kuthatha isikhathi eside: kusukela ekuqaleni kokwakheka ngaphambi kokulethwa kwezingxenye eziqediwe kudlula kusuka ezinyangeni ezimbili kuya kwezintathu. Ukuguqukela okuqinile okuqinile kukhiphe, kuxazululwe kanye noMklami. Imakethe yaseRussia iveza inani elikhulu labakhiqizi, afuywayo nakwamanye amazwe.
Ukusuka kuma-Overseas amafemu ase-Italy athandwa kakhulu u-Albinifontanot, Alfa Scala, Martetti, Intercala, I-Intercala, i-Nelur, Rintal, Rintal, Rintal Trappen, usanda kuvela ama-French Ladyre. Bonke bakhiqiza izitebhisi zemiklamo ehlukahlukene (ukumasha, isikulufa) futhi bazenze zivela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto zokwakha, insimbi, insimbi, ingilazi, itshe. Izitebhisi zamafemu angaphandle ziyalelwa kubathengisi abahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokuklama, ukukhethwa kwemodeli ethile yezindaba, uku-oda, ukulethwa eRussia izinto ezenziwe ngomumo futhi, ekugcineni, ukufakwa. Ngakho-ke, baluhlobo "babakhiqizi" ("i-Academy of Interior", "eurostroshervis-k", "izitebhisi zokonge", ukhetha imodeli ye- "Eqediwe". , Design and design. Ubukhulu bunqunywa lapho uklama. Yonke le mininingwane ingena umenzi, futhi yenza izitebhisi ezisuselwa kumodeli oyikhethile nosayizi ngamunye. Ngakho-ke, izitebhisi ngasinye zihlukile.
Kusuka ezinkampanini zaseRussia, abakhiqizi abakhulu kunazo zonke bathi "DoP # 1", "isitayela se-caracks", "podroditsa", "i-podroditsa", "i-smkvadrat", i-temp "enolwazi". Kukhona nenani elikhulu lamafemu abhekelela ukuhanjiswa kwezitebhisi noma izingxenye zawo kusuka kokukodwa (Ngakho-ke, i- "Caucasian Forest" inikezela ngezinto zokhuni, "itshe elimhlophe" - izitebhisi ezivela kumamabula nawe-granite, kanye nenkampani " Isikhwama "sikhiqiza izinyathelo nokubiyela kusuka ku-multilayer ingilazi nensimbi engenasici).
Ukusongoza icebo
Kunokuhlukaniswa okuningana kwezitebhisi. Sizokulandela kule ndatshana ngendlela elula kakhulu yazo, ngokusho ukuthi izitebhisi zingahlukaniswa ngezinto ezinkulu nezikulufa.Izitebhisi ezimashe ziqukethe i-spans eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ezixhumene neziza eziphakathi nendawo. Inani lezinyathelo kwelinye i-span lisuka kumaseli ama-3 kuye kwangu-18 (ngokuya ngamazinga we-snip 2.08.01-89 * "Izakhiwo Zokuhlala"). Isitebhisi sokumasha sifana nomugqa oqondile (idizayini elula kunazo zonke izitebhisi eziqondile ezibandakanya isikhathi esisodwa) nokujika. Ngokweqiniso, ama-Marches angatholakala kunoma yisiphi isihlobo se-angle komunye nomunye futhi abe curvilinear, kepha ajwayele ukuklama ngokuphakama okungu-90 no-180. Ekuphakameni okufanayo kwezinyathelo ezingenayo isikhala esincane, yize kube lula Ukudluliselwa kwefenisha. Olunye uhlobo lokwakha luvulekile: Owokuqala noma ezimbili noma ezimbili ziholela esizeni, lapho olunye uMashi luhlanekezela ezinhlangothini eziphambene. Lesi yisitebhisi sabezindaba kunazo zonke, kwesinye isikhathi sihlotshiswe ngemifanekiso, futhi singasebenza noma into esemqoka yezangaphakathi. Ukunyakaza kwezitebhisi zokuswakama kuwumkhosi wonke.
Idizayini ye-Spiral Staircase ifaka induku yereferensi ebheke mpo futhi ihlelwe emivinjisweni ewuzungeze. Uhlobo lwamacala, Insika yezethenjwa inomklamo oyinkimbinkimbi oyinhlanganisela: Induku yangaphakathi kanye "nezibuko" ezishaywe kuyo, phakathi kwazo izinyathelo ezihlangana ngosizo lwemikhono ekhethekile namasongo. Amanye amafemu aseRussia anikela ngezinhlaka lapho izinyathelo zinamathiselwe kwi-pole yesethenjwa zisebenzisa amabakaki. Izitebhisi ezinjalo aziphatheki ngokusebenza: ziyokubopha lapho zihamba, izinyathelo kanye nensika yokusekelwa zichithiwe.
Ububanzi obuncane besitebhisi esitebhisini ngu-110cm, futhi elula kunazo - 150cm nokuningi. I-angle yokuphakamisa ingafinyelela kuma-55-60. Izitebhisi ze-Screw azikabi lula ukuhambisa abantu, zefenisha yezokuhamba (kwenzeke ukuthi abanikazi kufanele balethe ifenisha esitezi sesibili ngamafasitela noma bahlakaze yonke idizayini yezitebhisi nezothutho ngokuvulwa). Izakhiwo zesikulufa kwesinye isikhathi zingenayo insika yokusekela eyinhloko, abanye ochwepheshe ababanikele eqenjini elihlukile lezitebhisi eziyindilinga.
Imfashini ezitebhisini ihlukaniswa ngezinhlobonhlobo ezimangazayo. Ngokusho kochwepheshe babo bonke abasebenza kulo mkhakha wamafemu, izinhlaka ezaziwa kakhulu - amaholo ngokhuni nokumasha, ukuhlanganisa izinkuni nensimbi. Izitebhisi ezimashe zilula kakhulu ngezikulufo. Ukunyakaza kokugcina kunzima ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezincane, asebekhulile, abantu abakhubazekile. Ama-screw staircases avame ukufakwa ngokwesibili (ngokwesibonelo, njengokukhuphuka okuhlukile egumbini lokulala, isifundo noma egumbini lokugqoka) noma uma kwenzeka ezindaweni ezinkulu.
I-anatomy yezitebhisi
Noma yiziphi izitebhisi ziqukethe isisekelo (iKosur, isivumelwano, amabutho noma isigxobo sokusekelwa) nezinyathelo (ezivulekile noma ngesikhumulo). Izinto ezingeziwe zingamapulatifomu phakathi kwama-Masters, izitimela nezinto zokuhlobisa, isithombe esibaziweyo, kanye nokukhanya okwakhelwe ngaphakathi. Ikhasimende livame ukukhetha izitebhisi ezisuselwa ekubonakalweni kwalo nokuhambisana nesitayela sezakhiwo esiphelele sangaphakathi, futhi ngeke ziye ezinhlangeni zobuchwepheshe, zincike kochwepheshe. Yize, izinkomba zokunethezeka, ngokunokwenzeka, uzothola, nakancane imigomo ekhethekile nemininingwane yobungcweti.
Kosource - Lona ugongolo olushayekile, oluncike yizinyathelo zemashi yezitebhisi. Ngokuya nge-design, izitebhisi zingaba ne-kouryra eyodwa noma ezimbili.
Izulu - Futhi isakhiwo senethiwekhi esithambekele sezitebhisi, kepha izinyathelo 'ziyaphahlazeka' ezinhlangothini zangaphakathi zensimbi.
Bhofuza - Into yensimbi exhumanisa izinyathelo phakathi kwazo. Izitebhisi ezifuywayo, mhlawumbe "ukukhanya" okukhulu kakhulu kwakho konke ukubukeka kwayo. Izinyathelo zalo ngokuphela okukodwa zinamathiselwe odongeni.
Ipayipi lokusekelwa - Insika ephakathi nendawo, lapho kuqiniswa khona izitebhisi zesikulufa.
Phuma - ingxenye evundlile yesiteji.
KoHulumeni - Ingxenye ebheke phezulu yesiteji, esivala igebe phakathi kwesinxephezelo esiseduze kanye nezitebhisi zokumangalisa zokuqina okungeziwe. Azikho izakhiwo zokukhipha.
Izinyathelo Zokugijima - Okunjalo, lapho ububanzi obujwayelekile bubonwa kuphela kumugqa ophakathi wemashi. Umkhawulo wangaphakathi usuvele, kanye nababanzi bangaphandle.
I-Balustrade - Ukuthathwa kwezitebhisi noma i-balcony ngaphezulu kwezitebhisi. Njengomthetho, unesimo esiyindilinga.
Baletasins - Imininingwane yokuhlobisa uthango, phatha u-railing uqobo.
Impahla, ukufakwa, ukunakekelwa
Isisekelo sesitebhisi singaba ngokhonkolo, i-sensimbi noma ngokhuni noma ngokhuni. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, izitebhisi zizobizwa ngokuthi ukhonkolo, insimbi noma ngokhuni (ngaphandle kwezakhiwo zamatshe nezingilazi, zithola igama lazo ngokuya ngezinto ezibonakalayo). Imiklamo ehlanganisiwe - "I-Metal-Tree", "i-Metal-Glass", ama-porcelain stammprints ane-kososur ekhonkolo eqinisiwe, njll. Kuzo zonke izinto zokwakha, umuthi ubhekwa njengento efudumele kunazo zonke, emnandi futhi engabizi. Izitebhisi ezenziwe ngengilazi noma insimbi emsulwa zisavukile futhi zihlukile.Ngokuya ngokwakhiwa kwaleli bhilidi, ama-slabs aqinisiwe ekhonkolo e-screngap angamelana nomthwalo we-500-1000 kg / m2. Lokhu kuvame ngokwanele ukufaka izitebhisi ezisindayo kusuka etsheni noma ingilazi (kunesisindo esifinyelela ku-500 kg). Iningi lezakhiwo zamapulangwe nezensimbi zinokuningi okungu-150 kuya ku-350kg. NgamaSekela House (Lapha phansi kufanele kubekezelele umthwalo okungenani ama-250kg / m2) endaweni yezitebhisi zeladi ziqiniswa ngemishayo eyengeziwe. Esigabeni sokuhlela, isimo sokuqubuka ezindaweni zokulungisa izitebhisi kufanele sibhekwe: kungenzeka ukuthi abakhi kuzofanela bakha isakhiwo esingezekayo esekelayo esizosabalalisa umthwalo endaweni enkulu. Ukukhethwa kwamaphoyinti wereferensi wezitebhisi kuncike ekucushweni kwemodeli ethile. Ngakho-ke, isakhiwo esiqondile sokumasha sivame ukunamathela ekuqothulweni futhi kuphumule phansi. Isitebhisi esimasha ngokujika okukodwa sizodinga ukufakwa odongeni odongeni, ngokujikeleza okubili kokunamathiselwe phansi kuya phansi, ku-Overlap, odongeni nasekusekelweni ensikeni ebheke phezulu. Izakhiwo zemidiya ezinenombolo enkulu yenguquko nazo zisetshenziswa ngokusheshisa okuphelele kwe-cososov, onogada noma izinyathelo eziya odongeni. Ama-Metal Boosters anamathele ezintweni ezibambisekweni ezisebenzisa ama-anchor bolts, kanye nama-soke-spokers ama-bolts-screws. Ebusweni bangaphandle kwendawo yezikhonkwane kanye nama-bolts kufakwe imaski ngama-plugs wokuhlobisa.
I-Screw Staircases yakhiwa umthwalo omkhulu kunayo yonke: indawo yokuxhumana kwabo phansi kanye nokugqagqana kuncane. Ukuze ugweme izinkinga ngokugcwele ezindlini zokhuni, ochwepheshe bazama ukubeka insika yokusekelwa ye-screw Staircase ngaphezulu kogongolo noma eduze kwalo.
Ngokuya nge-Design ekhethiwe, ukufakwa kuzokwenziwa ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene zokwakha. Ngakho-ke, kuqiniswe i-koseuris ekhonkolo eqinisiwe kuphonswa esigabeni somsebenzi wokwakha omkhulu. Ama-wetal kanye nama-booms wensimbi kanye nezinto zokubolekwa kwezitebhisi zifakwa esigabeni sokugcina sokwakhiwa, ngaphambi kokuqala imisebenzi yokuqeda. Izinto ezisele (izinyathelo, ama-balasins, njll.) Zifakwe kuphela ngemuva kokomiswa okugcwele ngopende. Kuliqiniso, amanye amafemu ancamela ukufaka izitebhisi ngemuva kokuqeda imisebenzi. Inzuzo yalesi sixazululo ukuvikela izitebhisi ezivela emiphumeleni yoMswaniso oseleyo kanye nokuvikelwa kwamaphesenti ayikhulu okuvikelwa okubizayo kusuka ku-inki noma koqweqwe lwawo. Ubulukhuni yilezi zinto ezenzelwe imali ezibolekweni kuzodingeka zifakwe ukunemba okuphezulu, ukuze kungalimazi ukuhlobisa izindonga, ophahleni nobulili kanye nobulili.
Ngayinye yezinto zokwakha ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa ngendlela yayo engenasisekelo futhi kudinga ukunakekelwa komuntu ngamunye.
Ihlashana - Izinto ezivame kakhulu zokwakha izitebhisi zanoma yikuphi ukwakhiwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezahlukahlukene zisetshenziswa njengethambile (i-pine, i-spruce, i-cedar, fir) ne-semi-solid (birch, maple), futhi iqinile (oki, i-beech, umlotha). Ikakhulu kunabo bonke namuhla yiphayini (njengezinto ezingabizi kakhulu), i-beech ne-oki. I-exotic yezakhiwo zezitebhisi ithathwa njenge-cherry, nati, i-cypress, iroko, umkhaza, uMogano nezinye izinhlobo ze-mahogany. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi unesihlahla esikhethiwe somuthi, zonke izinto (izinyathelo, intambo, izimbambo, ama-risers) kumele zithathwe, ngoba izinkuni zeMonolithic kufanele ziqhekeke ngokushesha futhi zikhubazekile. Ukuqukethwe komswakama okuvumelekile kokhuni omisiwe lwezitebhisi kungu-8-12% - ukukala kuzosiza kuzosiza imitha yomswakama yedivayisi ekhethekile. Zonke izinto zinconyelwe ukuthenga endaweni eyodwa, lapho zikhethwe khona ngezakhiwo zokuhlobisa (ithoni, umdwebo) futhi zidlule ukucubungula okufanayo. Izakhiwo ezingenayo azinconywa ukuhlanganisa amadwala ane-coefficient ehlukile yokunwetshwa kwefayibha, ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile izitebhisi "ziyavuvukala" noma "ukubhukuda".
Izitebhisi zokhuni ziphathwa ngokulila kanye ne-varnish. Kungaba bobabili ama-varnish angenamibala e-varnish kanye nama-varning anemibala anemibala, izilonda kanye nopende. Inqubo yokufaka imibala yenziwa ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo. Gcina noma cha umbala wemvelo wesihlahla uncike ekunambithekeni kwakho. Abaningi bancamela ukufaka izinkuni, bazuze ukufana kwayo okuphezulu kweminyango, i-parquet noma amafreyimu wewindows. Abathandi bokufana kufanele bakhunjulwe ukuthi i-varnish isusiwe. Buyisela ukubukeka kokuqala kwe-varnish yombala ngeke kube lula - lapho kuwusebenzisa kabusha kuncibilikisa izingqimba ezedlule, futhi ngeke uzuze umdwebo ofanayo ngaphandle kokuphazamisanisa nababukeli. Uma isihlahla ekuqaleni sambozwa nge-varnish engenamibala, inkinga yokuphinda ixazululwe ngumnikazi uqobo ekhaya.
Ngisho nomuthi wokunamathela uthambekele ekuqhekekeni, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokwehluka kokushisa. Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi baqinisekisa insizakalo yezitebhisi ezijwayelekile zokhuni kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokusebenza kwayo. Isaziso kufanele sigcinwe ngokushisa komoya 20-22C kanye nomswakama ohlobene ka-60-70%. Isimo sezulu esomile esiphansi sinconyelwe ukusebenzisa ama-addifia. Kubandakanya ama-humishifiers, hhayi kuphela amadivaysi akhethekile angasetshenziswa, kepha futhi nezitshalo ezahlukahlukene zokukhipha (ngokwesibonelo, "ekhala ngokuthi" uLianas), kanye nemithombo efakwe ngqo ngaphansi kwesitebhisi. Izitebhisi kumele zivikelwe ebusheni obuqondile, zibe ebanga okwanele kusuka kumadivayisi wokushisa. Kuyadingeka futhi ukungafaki amathuba okufaka izingxenye zomklamo wamanzi uma kwenzeka wehluleka uhlelo lokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi. Lezi zidingo, ngeshwa, azenzile cishe ku-80% yokuxhashazwa kwezitebhisi zokhuni. Okokuqala, sikhuluma ngezitebhisi ezibizwa nge- "Low-Budget" ezitholakala ezindlini zasehlobo ezingafuduki ebusika. Kepha umphumela uwukufanele: ama-staircase creaks, ahlanze, izikhala ziyavela kuyo.
I-minus yesibili yesitebhisi sokhuni iyingozi yayo ephezulu yomlilo. Ngakho-ke, ezindlini ezinokuphakama kwezitezi ezingaphezu kwamabili, okuwukuphela kwezitebhisi ezisendlini kufanele kube ne-kosur yensimbi kanye nezinyathelo zensimbi ezimbozwe ngopende ongavikeli umlilo (ngokwesibonelo, i-uniperm).
Izitebhisi zokhuni, njengezindlu zokhuni, zinesikhathi sokuncipha kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, mhlawumbe, ngemuva kwalokho kuzodingeka uguqule izikulufa ezisheshayo. Ukuqedela izingxenye zezitebhisi zokhuni ezinikezela amafekthri aseRussia "I-Arbol", "Ihlathi laseCanasian", "CENADADIAN CEDAR", "Prakthiya".
Itshe lemvelo. Lapho usebenza nayo, kuyadingeka nje ngomqondo omuhle wokulinganisa, ngoba i-bulky terte Staircase isongela ukuguqula ikhaya lakho libe esiteshini sesitimela noma indawo yefilimu ngama-Russian amasha. Akudingekile ukwakha itshe kusuka etsheni, kwanele ukunciphisa izinyathelo nezinto ezihlobisa zokuhlobisa. Uhlaka lwezinhlaka luvame ukwenziwa kakhulu kusuka kunsimbi, ukhonkolo noma ukhonkolo oluqinisiwe, ukujaha kuvame ukungcola.
Kunconywa ukusebenzisa itshe elikhishwe kwi-ryry ngokumba, hhayi indlela eqhumayo (imifantu yangaphakathi eyenzeka kulokhu kuqhuma kungenzeka ukuthi zizibonakalise ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa). Kuzo zonke izinhlobo, i-granite nemabula zithole ukusatshalaliswa okukhulu kakhulu, futhi eyokugcina ayinangqondo. Imabula iklwebelwa kalula, ithola ama-acid ahlukahlukene (achithe inkomishi yekhofi noma itiye lifaka imiphumela emihle kakhulu). Akudingekile ukusebenzisa isisombululo esijwayelekile sosekhukhwini noma ukunamathela ku-Ceramic tile ukukala imabula - ngemuva kwesikhashana ebusweni bamatshe, kuzovela izindawo ezingabiliwe. Imakethe yaseRussia inikezela izingoma ezikhethekile zokunamathela kanye nama-plasters ase-Akemi (Germany), Bellinzoni (Italy), Lithofin (Germany). Amafemu afanayo akhiqiza i-mastic ehlukahlukene yokunakekelwa kwamatshe - zombili zemabula ne-granite.
Ngokuhlelwa kwezitebhisi, okuthandayo kungcono ukunikeza indawo eponjisiwe, ngoba ngamatshe abunjiwe kulula kakhulu ukuwanyabala. Ukuze uthole ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe kumaconsi, ingxenye esemaphakathi yezinyathelo imbozwe ngama-rugs angu-anti-slip akhethekile (ngokwesibonelo, isinyathelo se-sur). Zingenziwa ezintweni ezahlukahlukene: Isiphathimandla, uvolo wemvelo, i-polypropylene, i-polyamide noma irabha. Amakana anjalo ohlangothini olulodwa avame ukuzithela, ngenxa yokuthi ahlelwe ngayo ezitebhisini, futhi uma kunesidingo, athathelwa indawo kalula. Inketho yesibili, evumela ukuvikela izitebhisi zamatshe futhi ngasikhathi sinye ukungafihli bonke ubuhle bezinto zemvelo - ama-anti-slip band anqunywe noma afafazwe emaphethelweni angaphandle esiteji. Ukuthinta, lo mkhawulo uba yimbamba kancane.
Emakethe yaseRussia, izinyathelo zamatshe njengomkhiqizo ozimele (amapuleti wobukhulu obuhlukahlukene) anikeze abakhiqizi abanjenge- "Aliparistk", "amatshe amhlophe", "ama-pellets", ama-sardis association. Kepha amafemu amaningi abhekelela izitebhisi zamatshe ezibekiwe.
Ceramics. Enye yezixazululo ezingaba khona kulabo abafuna ukuhlela phansi izitezi nezitebhisi ngesitayela esisodwa, ukungcola kwabo ngamapuleti abo okuzala noma ama-wini e-porcelain. I-Votchchychi kusuka etsheni lemvelo, izinto ezihlala isikhathi eside zimelana nokuvezwa kwamakhemikhali kanye ne-abrasion.
Iningi labakhiqizi bamathayili aphansi bobabili bangamaRussia nakwamanye amazwe, abanikezwa yimikhiqizo ngosayizi 3030, 2020 no-1530cm. Izici ezinjalo zilula, kufaka phakathi ukwakheka kwezinyathelo zezitebhisi. Kungcono ukukhetha ama-anti-slip tile. Abathandi abafudumele banethuba lokuhlinzeka ngezitebhisi ezifudumele "zobumba".
Ukusebenziseka lula kwesitebhisi kunqunywa kusethi yezici eziningana: i-angle yokuphakamisa / ukuvela; Ububanzi bendima; ukuba khona kwezindawo ezijikelezayo, amasayithi aphakathi; ukuba khona kwesikhala samahhala phezu kwekhanda lomuntu okhuphukayo; Uthango lwe-Safe Ladeder; ukukhanyisa okuhle.
Kuyacaca ukuthi izitebhisi ezinemnene zilula kakhulu kune-steep, inketho efanelekile yokutsheka izitebhisi ezimashe ngu-30- 40. Uma ukwakhiwa kuhloselwe ukuhambisa asebekhulile noma kukhubazekile, kunconywa ukukwenza kuvame kakhulu. Ukuhlalwa kabusha kokuphakanyiswa kuhlotshaniswa nesilinganiso sesinyathelo esinezici ezimbili (Riser) nobubanzi besinyathelo (ukunamathela). Emuva ku-XVIIIVIOTK, I-French Architect Jean-Francois Blondez ibale ifomula yesinyathelo "sezakhiwo": g + 2h = 59 64 cm, lapho i-g-64 cm yesigaba, kanye ne-5964 cm isinyathelo esimaphakathi somuntu. Kepha qhathanisa nalezo zikhathi ezikude namuhla, hhayi kuphela ukuphakama komuntu okuphakathi, kodwa futhi nobungako bemilenze yakhe (kanjalo, kwi-XVIIIV, ngokwesilinganiso, usayizi wendoda endala kwakungu-37-38). Ngakho-ke, izitebhisi ezintofontofo kakhulu nge-riser 14-17 cm nobubanzi bokucipha okungu-34-37 cm. Lowo, lapho kunezingane ezincane, kunconywa kakhulu.
I-compact kakhulu isitebhisi esinezinyathelo eziguquguqukayo ("Goose") isinyathelo. Izinyathelo zalo zinefomu elingelona elijwayelekile lazo "izinyawo" zomlenze owodwa kuphela zingalingana.
Ukuze uthole indinyana elula ezitebhisini zomuntu oyedwa, ububanzi bawo kufanele kube ngu-70-80 cm, ama-70-50cm. Ibanga phakathi kwanoma isiphi isinyathelo seMashi nophahla kumele okungenani babe ngamamitha amabili. Leli banga likhuphuka uma ukukhula komsingathi kungaphezu kwama-180cm. Ujantshi ojwayelekile kanye namabhasins banokuphakama kwama-90-100 cm. Ukuhamba okulula kwezitebhisi asebekhulile, ukwakheka kuhambisana ne-Wall Handrail 80-85 cm. Ibanga eliphakathi kwama-baluster lisuka ku-12 lize libe ngu-25 cm.
Iminyaka emithathu yokugcina emakethe yaseRussia kunemikhiqizo emisha - izinyathelo ze-monolithic kusuka ku-terhoneware ye-porcelain. Banikezwa yiFactories yase-Italy iMola Ceramica, i-PANARIA, iMirage Ceramica ne-Russian Tramier "Itshe Elimhlophe". Izinyathelo zeMonolithic zobuhle (umthungo aziphanga ukubukeka kwazo) futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, azivinjelwe ngesihlabathi nodaka. Zingalungiswa ngaphandle kokulingana kwangaphambilini kwesisekelo sikakhonkolo. Ukubeka indawo kunconyelwa ukusebenzisa ukunamathela okukhethekile kwe-clakomgraphic (ngokwesibonelo, i-atlas plus yinkampani yasePoland Atlas noma iKeraflex Italian inkampani iMapei, okokugcina ebiza kakhulu). Izindleko zePlate elilodwa le-AltAir Porrite Plate (Umkhiqizi- Imola Ceramica) usuka ku- $ 34. I-ITO yintengo ephansi kakhulu yamapuleti e-monolithic, etholakala ngenxa yokugeleza kwezinyathelo zokukhiqiza ezingama-330125022mm kanye nokuncipha kwabo okulandelayo ngaphansi kobukhulu bezitebhisi. Izindleko zezinyathelo zamanye amafemu zihlanya izikhathi ezingama-2-3. Amapuleti azodinga ngqo izinyathelo eziningi izitebhisi zakho. Abakhiqizi bahlinzeka ngezakhi ezisizayo - ama-risers, ama-plinths, izinyathelo ze-angular, ama-eaves. Izinyathelo ze-Ceramic ezishelelayo, njengetshe, - izincomo zokwakha izimo zokusebenza okuphephile okufanayo.
Insimbi yanama ini - Izinto ezihlala isikhathi eside kakhulu ezitebhisini. Izinyathelo ezivezwe ekusebenzeni okusheshayo zenziwa ngensimbi (ukufundwa okufakiwe) futhi kusakaze i-iron (ukuphonsa okwakhiwe). Izingcingo zensimbi zivame ukusetshenziswa njengento yesitebhisi sesitebhisi, itshe, ubumbahela noma ingilazi. Izinketho eziphambili zocingo zingukuvuselwa kwensimbi enobunzima, iphrofayili ebekiwe ebekiwe noma ipayipi elenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali noma yethusi. Ukuhlukahluka okuningana okuqabulayo nokubizayo kwezinsimbi ezingezona ezingezinhle, kanye nezinhlanganisela ze- "Metal Glass", "Metal-Ceramics". Ukubiyela okushibhile kungukuqiniswa, induku, igridi. Ama-Metal Artistic arstistic Firms, iningi lawo linikela ngezitebhisi ("Paravoz", "Welgart", "ifektri yobuciko baseJalimane yazakhela", "UCrystals").
Ingilazi. Lokhu kuyinto engeyona eyejwayelekile, e-avant-garde yokuklanywa kwezitebhisi. Ngokwenziwa kwezitebhisi, ingilazi, okwenziwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obunama-bulling bulling ("Triplex"), kuyasetshenziswa. Izendlalelo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zengilazi zihlanganiswa ne-polymer ezibonakalayo (lokhu kungaba yi-polymer ewuketshezi, kulandelwe ifilimu le-ultraviolet noma i-polymer, elibekwe phakathi kwezendlalelo, kulandelwe ukufudumeza emathangeni akhethekile). Ungqimba oluphakathi lwe-polymer yinto eqinisiwe futhi unikeza ukwakheka amandla akhethekile, futhi futhi akuvumeli izingcezwana ezingigisini ukuba zibunjiswe ekushayweni. Ngokukhiqizwa kwengilazi engafani ne-Ferrous ku-polymer ye-liquid, kwethulwa izithasiselo ezingokoqobo. Isisindo sesinyathelo esisodwa yi-15kg nokuningi (ngosayizi we-100035028mm). Ngokuphepha kokunyakaza ngezinyathelo zengilazi, kunconywa ukubeka amakhaphethi okulwa, i-Mountal Infast kusuka enjoloba noma kwezinye izinto ezingezona ezisele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-rugs avikelayo azosuswa ingilazi ekuqhekekeni. Izindleko zesitebhisi ziphakeme kakhulu futhi empeleni azixhomekeki ekwakhiweni okukhethwe nguwe- luyabiza kakhulu ukuthi izinyathelo zengilazi ngokwazo (zisuka ku- $ 500 ngengxenye ngayinye). Amafemu aseRussia athi "ISan Master" kanye "nesikhwama" senziwa ekukhiqizweni kwezinyathelo zengilazi.
Uhlobo
Idizayini, izinto ezibonakalayo, umbala - konke lokhu kuyindlela yesitayela sezitebhisi, okuyinto efanele kufanele ifane ne-stylirn yezangaphakathi noma ibuse indlu. Azikho ukwahlukaniswa kwezinhlaka ezinzima ngezitayela ezahlukahlukene, kodwa nakanjani kunezinto eziza kuqala. Ngakho-ke, ingaphakathi lakudala lihlotshaniswa nezitebhisi zokhuni ezinkulu. Bahlotshiswe ngokhuni ngokucushwa ngamabhali, izinguquko, ukufakwa kweziqoshwe. Umthwali wentambo unokuhlelwa okuyinkimbinkimbi. Ngasikhathi sinye, izitebhisi kufanele zibe zinhle futhi kungakapheli nakancane akunanjongo. Igumbi lesitayela se-classic lingahlotshiswa nge-stucco futhi lihlotshiswe ngamaphaneli lokhuni anezinto ezifanayo zokuhlobisa njengezitebhisi. Isitayela sezwe esifudumele futhi sithokomele. Yamukelekile lapha ngamatshe adaywe ngamatshe, izinyathelo ze-ceramic ezinomphumela, indawo emnyama yezinkuni enemifantu emincane noma izingodo ezinzima. Ezinhlangothini zezitebhisi Hang yethusi amabhakede, ama-bouquets wemibala eyomile noma u-anyanisi. Ama-stylistics wensimbi ebekwenziwe, kanye nensimbi ngokuhlanganiswa nengilazi isondele kwangaphakathi kwe- "techno" ne-high tech. Uthango lwensimbi olukhohlisiwe luyinto yendabuko yezitayela zesimanje neze-gothic.
Amanani
Izindleko zesitebhisi zifaka izindleko zephrojekthi yokuqamba, izinto zokwakha, ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye, kucatshangelwa ubunzima bomklamo okhethiwe (amabhele enziwe ngezandla abiza kakhulu kune-serial), ukulethwa kanye nokufakwa. Isitebhisi esilula sehora elilodwa lapho ibanga phakathi kwezitezi, amamitha amathathu azobiza ikhasimende cishe ama- $ 2000, kusuka ku-beech - $ 4,000, kusuka ku-ash noma i-oki - ku- $ 6,000. Kuyamukelwa futhi ukubala izindleko zemitha eyodwa yokuphakamisa mpo. Kwezakhiwo zokhuni, zilinganiselwa ku- $ 1500-2000 imitha ngayinye, ukugqoka insimbi- $ 1000-1 , -5000, yengilazi- $ 7000. Umkhawulo ongenhla wamanani awukho. Imiklamo eminingi ethengiswa emakethe ibekwe esikhathini sama- $ 5-6 izinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-12-15.Izitebhisi ze-attic
Izitebhisi eziqondile nezama-mansard zivezwa ngezidingo ezithile. Le miklamo isetshenziswa akuvamile, kufanele ibe ubuqotho obungabonakali nobucwebekile bokugcina indawo yokuhlala. Ukuhlobisa ekhabetheni elincane futhi kuthobeke kalula lapho udinga. Le yimikhiqizo epholile "epholile" (i-angle yokuthambekela ifinyelela ku-63-74). Emakethe yaseRussia kuvezwa yi-Alfa Scale (Italy), i-Century (USA), iHekale (e-Germany), i-Oman (e-Italy), i-Roto (i-Golmany).
Kuya ngokwakheka, izitebhisi ze-attic ziyi-telescopic (sliding) kanye nokugoqa (ukugoqa njenge-harmonica), futhi ngokwendlela yokuqinisa, eyakhelwe ngaphakathi futhi okunamathiselwe (okususwayo). Ukuze ufinyelele ophahleni, izitebhisi ze-attic zenziwa ngedivayisi evinjiwe evikela ikhaya lakho ekufinyeleleni okungagunyaziwe. Izitebhisi zefekthri zinokuphakama kwama-250-350 cm, unga-oda ukwakheka kwamanye amasayizi. Izitebhisi ezishibhile ezivela esihlahleni zizobiza u- $ 100-200, iningi lamamodeli anikezwa emakethe abiza ama- $ 300-400.
| -The ngqi | Izwe | Isifanekiso | Ukusongoza icebo | Izinto | Izinto zokwakha | Ukuqinisa ngamandla | Intengo Yomkhiqizo *, $ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-albani fontanot. | Uhlobo lwenhlanzi | Sciek Sport | Kulufa | I-Running Post, Izinyathelo Zokugijima, Uhlobo Lobisi "Pouthene" | I-beech (ehlanganisiwe), i-aluminium | Phansi nokugqagqana | - |
| U-Alfa Scala. | Uhlobo lwenhlanzi | UVania. | Kulufa | Ukusekelwa, izinyathelo, uthango ngendlela yamatende abunjwe ngombala | Isihlahla Esibomvu | Phansi nokugqagqana | I-15000. |
| Cast. | Uhlobo lwenhlanzi | I-Mini Electra. | Ukumasha, Curvilinear | UKosur, Izinyathelo, Izitimela, Amabhasi | Uhlaka, Perilan, Metal, Isihlahla | Phansi nokugqagqana | 7500. |
| Ugesiwane | I-france | PRIMA. | Marsh, m-shake | Amatende amabili, izinyathelo (13-14), ama-RESErs, isidina, abaBali | Tarari (i-oki yaseBrazil) | Phansi nokugqagqana | 2500. |
| UNelur | Uhlobo lwenhlanzi | Nautilus. | Ukumasha, Curvilinear | Abahloli ababili, ama-grooves, uhlobo uthango "pouthene" | Atta, "Potine" -Metal -Metal, Izinyathelo, Raylen | Phansi nokugqagqana | - |
| -Qobo komphakathi | Uhlobo lwenhlanzi | Gara. | IMarsh bese ujikela ngo-180 | Amatende amabili (axhumene odongeni), izinyathelo, ama-risers, isidina, izinsika zezinkomba, abaBali | I-Beech, yenziwe ngensimbi (uthango) | Phansi, izindonga nokugqagqana | 6000. |
| "Bona isikwele" | IsiRussia | Inhlobonhlobo | IMarsh bese ujikela ngo-180 | Amatende amabili, izinyathelo, izibhamu, izinsika zezethenjwa, abaBali | Pine / oki | Phansi, izindonga kanye nokugqagqana | 1600/4700. |
* - Umkhiqizo uyisitebhisi esinemibandela enobubanzi be-1m, ukuphakama okungu-3m.
Ibhodi lokuhlela libonga inkampani "i-Academy of the Interior", "Eurostroyservis-K", "Street Mont", "Stvirel", "Bheka Isitebhisi", "bheka isikwele" ukuze uthole usizo.