The Japanese medieval interior affects modern sound. What makes this style so relevant?
The combination of rattan and bamboo brings us to nature and quenches the thirst for "ecological purity". Folded doors made of slats - another kind of folding partition. They combine the principle of shirma, but unlike it is static, as is the partition
Dresser with inlay depicting one of the traditional scenery for Japanese art
The combination of the screen and hangers with the concise decor in Japanese reproduces images of traditional shirm. However, fashion on the style of Japan caused new images to life, sometimes quite avant-garde
Strict geometrism forms and lines introduces to the decision of the Japanese interior of Intel-
Lecture, inherent in modern times, keeping traditional Japanese spatial and plastic values. Vehicle interior managed to tie into a single finished image space, volume and poetics of style
The influence of the Japanese tradition is felt in large calm planes of the chest
Images of the Japanese interior are embodied in graphically clear lines. Being strictly structured, this dwelling combines the Metaphors of the East and the West. Kimono on the wall serves decorative detail
The image of an interior stylized under Japanese has developed due to several parts table, accessories, flooring
This is 100% to the European room there is a Japanese sliding partition, made from slats with a light-stretched material stretched on them. On the half-square mat
"The desire to omnitally select the items togetherThere is an occupation of ignorant. It is much better if they are scattered.
This causes a sense of life durability.
Even in the construction of the Imperial Palace
One place was specifically left unfinished ... "
Kenko-Hoshi. "Notes from boredom"
Today it will be about the culture of Japan's exotic for us. Culture, strikingly combining centuries-old traditions and the most advanced industrial technologies. Even a quick acquaintance with the Japanese medieval interior amazes with modern sound. Private and front premises created in the XV-XVI centuries, sometimes sometimes come from the pages of interior news.
What makes the medieval Japanese interior so relevant today? The satched countries of the old and new light, in general, are the heirs of ancient culture, it is difficult to surprise the abundance of architectural jewelry. Avoid the absence of decorative excesses, special refinement, it is possible. The point is likely that Japan, due to its island isolation, personifies a special branch of human development. Not only language, but aesthetic preferences, a sound, the color palette of the Japanese very radically differed from European. The same can be safely attributed to the architecture-spatial doctrine of the Japanese house, it has completely "not our" nature.
Biography style
For Europeans who lived before the middle of the XVIIIV. It is quite self-sufficient, Japanese style as a source of interior images arose relatively recently. The name "Japanese style", of course, conditionally. At the end of the XV beginning of the XVIV. The first coming to Japan and, the main thing that returned homemade courses (ATO was portuguese missionaries) were brought from an unknown country, let's say, "souvenirs". This most often had silk kimono, fan, weapons, NEPEC statuettes, caskets and shirms. Is it not true, the list did not change too much for the last 500 years? Of course, no cultural expansion could be any speech. The Japanese, by the way, also in relation to the aliens behaved more than careful, and did not seek cultural exchange, the ambassadors and merchants were not sent. So the initiative of knowledge in this case belongs to us.The next rise in interest in the country of the Rising Sun (Japan is reasonable to be reasonably referred to as the end of the XIX-early XXVV, the period of rethinking cultural values and the search for new sources of inspiration. Japanese motives can be carefully visiting, found in the pictures of Modigliani, Van Gogh, Picasso. Probably, at this time, the elements of the Japanese interior are penetrated for the first time in European life, often in the form of images on shirms. The Japanese engraving and others are successfully successfully successful, the Japanese books are translated. Prior to direct citation and imitation, of course, was still far away. However, the founding fathers of modern architecture and design F.L. Ryt, Lekorbysier and Makintosh were familiar with the main principles of the organization of the interior of the Japanese and their eagerly used. We will make a reservation at once that mostly we are interested in the history of the development of Japanese style by the European interior.
It is surprising that already at the beginning of the XVIIV., During the heyday of the architecture of Japan, the main principles of building and design of the house have developed. The relative prosperity of the national economy made it possible to build fortified palaces, samurai residences and even multi-storey castles. Finally, the centralized imperial power has finally argued in architecture: B1606. Himedezi Castle was built, and in the 1626th-famous NIDA Castle in Kyoto. Of course, the Japanese architecture has known the periods and renaissance, and decades. However, we listen to the advice of the great poet of the medieval Japan Matsuo Bass: "Do not pull in the footsteps of the ancients, but seek what they were looking for."
Space as discipline
The harmonious, comfortable and invariably exquisite space was one of the components of the one that was looking for ancient. " The radical distinction of the traditional Japanese interior from the European, its special philosophy is the principal instability, variability. The interior of the Japanese housing is able to easily and quickly transform. The essence of the ideas of eternal and vehicles (Fueki Ryuku) in the union of incredible values with momentary moods. The swiniere is a reflection of this thought becomes a combination of a fixed frame structure of the building and a sliding partition, which allows almost instantly to transform official halls for solemn ceremonies into secluded intimate chambers. But the changeability is not an end in itself. The beauty of the spatial solutions of the medieval Japanese architect is just in their strict organizedness. Air volumes framed by a rigid wooden frame are carefully thought out and recovered according to the general composition of the building.
It is noteworthy another radical difference between the Japanese house from the European - the absence of a pronounced composite center in the interior. What allows the viewer to imagine himself, just as he imagines himself with the center of the Universe, being in a natural landscape. This feature of building residential space is appreciated by modern architects and willingly apply them.
There are also construction techniques, quite relevant today. The main and traditional building material there was always a tree, from which it was pretty quickly, without a single nail, a feudless-beam design was made. The overlap was not on the walls, but on the frame. Such a simple and rational tectonic system attached the structure of seismic resistance. Additional, unusual building materials for Europeans made paper. Note that dwellings from wood and paper were simultaneously easy and durable and kept pretty abundant snowfall and shower. Such construction opens up opportunities for standardization, for the manufacture of parts for assembling the house based on a single module. The idea of the construction of buildings from wood and paper did not find applications in Europe, and especially in Russia, but turned out to be extremely convenient in the inner space of modern houses.
Since the antiquity, the walls of the Japanese house are inherent natural dark colors. Embossed under the ceiling, a small window, as a rule overlooking northeast. Two rims reigns, because the outer walls covered with paper (Sedzi) moderately skip the light from the street. Inspection of the Japanese bright daylight distracts, prevents from understanding and evaluate the entire charm of the situation. For more than a time, the outer walls were closed by wooden gliding partitions- Amado. Moreover, the tree both inside and outside remained unpainted: bitch, cracks, fibrous texture created a natural decorative effect. Matties of tatami rimmed and the main, and residential, and economic premises. Having a size of 1.80.9m, they served as the interior plan module. The space of the Japanese house lives according to the laws of nature, organically continuing the surrounding landscape and sometimes merging with him. Therefore, so often on the walls are depicted trees, birds, small waterfalls, allowing to interpret the house as a small fragment of nature. The outer wall is shifting, the factory is already real hills, trees and, of course, Eternal Fuji become part of the room. If you think about the origin of glass walls and modern sliding doors in all varieties, then their genetic communications with Japanese Fusum are apparent. Fusum is a sliding inner partition, which is a wooden frame, tightened on both sides with dense paper. Such partitions are sent to special grooves existing in the floor and ceiling beams. The idea of sliding walls originated in a specific Japanese savings of space and was extremely relevant in fairly close spaces of modern European apartments.
Another just as relevant for us an element of the Japanese interior is the screen that can transform itself and affect the space around itself. The lubrication of the house shirma is an even more mobile than the partition. The soft twilight, reigning in the house, is ideally combined with painting Fusum and Shirm. Gilding gives them a slight flicker, reflecting the natural light. The color gamut of Japanese dwellings is created at the calculation of lighting without shadows and direct sunlight, which is possible due to translucent walls and the far roof.
Shirma consists of several sash (there may be two, three or more). Each sash is a bamboo or wooden frame, tightened on both sides by silk, papers or a pair. Sashes are arranged at an angle to each other. The giants have had shirms before 12 and the expanded form reached 8m. They painted their mascara, decorating landscape motifs, calligraphy, poetic inscriptions on the background of a pattern with birds and flowers. These housing decoration elements were a kind of painting and graphics collections. Shirma proportions are always associated with the proportions of the house, and its decorative paintings in almost empty space become very active. In general, the screen is infinitely multifunctional - it has Chinese origin, but later organically enters the Japanese interior. If the Fusum sliding partition in the European understanding is a very conditional wall, then the screen is even less a wall. Their role in the interior separation is quite approximate. The space remains one, and Shirma temporarily separates one or another part of its specific needs (for the holiday, reception, work, sleep).
As noted, unlike the European, the Japanese interior is created as fundamentally unstable. That is, depending on the situation, some items appear in the room, while others are cleaned. Japanese aesthetics argues: "All is unnecessary ugly." It is clear that the Japanese deprived of the land is accustomed to the minimum items. Only one vase, or one shirma, or a scroll with a calligraphically written one-sole hieroglyph. If a table is introduced into the room, then something else is taken out. Recall that the Japanese islands have always been susceptible to natural cataclysms: earthquakes, tsunami, typhoon. So why do you get a lot of things?
Built-in stable elements
So, Japanese interiors, unlike European, were deprived of a large number of volumetric items of the situation. The role of furniture was performed niches and floors of floor levels. In the currently empty and free space, any laconic design or built-in element (for example, niche) appear expressively. The dimensions of the objects are small. The entire room is perceived from the visual horizon located in 70cm from the floor. This reduces the total height of the house.We owe Japanese dwellings and another discovery, so included in our everyday life that we do not think about its origins. We are talking about heated floors. Rentally later guest residence NIDZ Castle researchers discovered an amazing chimney laid in the floor.
In the Japanese interior, we have so fashionable today, the idea of zoning was felt and expressed at all levels-propusive to the figurative. But the most important for the Japanese and today zoning is social. This concept includes a clear hierarchy of places in the house for each family member, there are more honorable places, less honorary, for the owner, for women, for servants. The most prestigious place is located next to the built-in composition of three nicheloconoma, TsUKE-Sin and Tigaydan. This is the most remote part of the space that has the highest floor level.
Niche his laconism emphasizes the beauty of the wall plane, ceiling or floor. She can give a diverse shape. Japanese niches can be performed in the form of simple horizontal or vertical rectangles. Often there is a spectacular composition of vertical and horizontal niches.
In the traditional composition of the Japanese house there were three main types of niches. Among the main embedded elements can be called special niches with a window and a window sill that served for reading and writing (tsuke-syn). Write niches (toconom) placed smokers, vases with flowers or scrolls of painting and calligraphy. The origin and the existence of this element of the interior goes back to the image of the altar in the Buddhist temple. The third ancient built-in element was asymmetrically located shelves for books (Tigaydan). These three elements are still found in all residential interiors and are endowed, among other things, a symbolic meaning. So, to this day, the niche for scrolls or smokers retains its sacred, sacred significance.
Workshop. Let's play with space
Today we, forgetting about color, light and decor, will deal with space. The task is not easy, because space does not exist in itself.
To begin with, let's try to do what theatrical artists are called a slurry. Sailing is a large-scale layout of a room made of paper or foam. It must be white, only so it will be possible to feel not the density of the material, not the shape of walls or floor, but the volume of air, these walls filling, or what is called by space. Since abstract space does not exist, take for our exercise any room that interests us and carry out the relevant measurements. After performing a plan on the scale, we transfer this plan to the cardboard so that one meter corresponds to about 3-5 cm. Around the perimeter erected a wall of paper. Then remove one of the walls and ... attention, the game began! It turned out a puppet house, inside which we determine the location of the newly erected partitions, niches, increasing and decreases of the floor level. We also carry out these elements from paper and, moving within the layout, we are looking for an optimal place for them both in the layout and subsequent real incarnation. We try to create different types of space: intimate, solemn, business. Our task is to find the space of your mood, your lifestyle, work space and leisure space.
But at the same time, the main thing is to maintain a single large space of the house. To divide it on the zones will be mobile partitions and floor levels drops. These principles of zoning are sufficiently mastered by our architects. Floor levels can be used by separating the hallway zone from the residential area, the kitchen area from the living room or bedroom. Most economical from the point of view of effort and tools - used for temporary zoning screen. They are comfortable and in the bedroom, and in the living room. You just change them, periodically updating the interior. Winterrier, reproducing the image of the Japanese dwelling, must be emphasized by the texture of the paper and wood. All wooden elements leave in kind. Exception is done for shirma. It can be silk, paper, wicker, sometimes dumped with carved wood.
Russian-Designer Phrasebook
TsUKE-Sin - In the Japanese interior of a niche with a window and a window sill, which plays the role of a reading and writing desk.
Toko or Toconoma - Niche, in which flowers, smokers, scrolls placed.
Tigaydana - Niche for books.
Tatami - mats made of igussa grass and having a layer of rice straw. From several tatami, the bed is made up to which the mattress of cotton futon is put on top. Thus, the futon is one of the most ancient natural orthopedic mattresses.
Tanza - Step cabinet.
Pit - Folding sofa with soft futon.
Fusuma - Sliding inner partition. It is made of dense, often rice paper or cardboard on a wooden frame. Covered with painting.
BBU - Shirma.
Jezie - Outdoor wall of the house made of thick paper without paintings or patterns.
San Suury ("Water Mountains") - a widespread type of idealized landscape. Often the expression is used simply to designate the landscape.