Roofs and rafters: classification, structural features, principles of choosing one or another type of roofs for the cottage. The roof of the pitched roofs.
We continue the cycle of articles dedicated to the construction of a private country house. Used numbers of our magazine it was about choosing a project, foundations, walls and overlaps. Now let's talk about the roofs.
Finally, the walls of the house were erected, the overlaps are laid, it is time to hurry and build a roof. It is necessary to protect the house from precipitation, melt water, from sharp fluctuations in temperature, wind, excessive sunlight and overheating awriter, from heat loss in winter. Constructions, enclosing buildings from above, are mostly two types:
- scanty or Incotional;
flat or Bescane in which the roof and the attic overlap are combined (the so-called combined coatings). The latter consist of a carrier structure (for example, beams or reinforced concrete slabs that simultaneously perform the function of the ceiling) and the water insulation carpet.
To ensure that atmospheric precipitation, the roofs always make a slope. Depending on the need for the design of the coating includes another vapor insulation and heat shielding layer. Flat Bescaneous coatings are widely used in the construction of multi-storey residential and public buildings, in the buildings of industrial and agricultural purposes. Loomes of cottage type in domestic practice they are extremely rare. Of course, there are aircraft roofs and curvilinear, arched shape, for example in pools, gym and exhibition pavilions.
For cottage houses, as a rule, apply Incotional or Scope roofs . They consist of the upper part (shell), called the roof, base (crates or solid flooring), which directly supports the roof, and the carrier structural construction, which usually rely on the outer and inner walls.
The roof should be made from materials capable of withstanding periodic and long-term moisturizing, resist the sharp drops of temperatures, aggressive substances contained in an atmosphere that are not subject to corrosion. The roofs are more than the other elements of the house are subjected to atmospheric influences, and the costs of their maintenance and repair are significantly reflected in the cost of the operation of the whole house. Therefore, the designs of the roofs should have durability and durability, corresponding to the building class. The main types and types of pitched roofs, their parts, names and location are shown in the drawings.
To reduce the construction costs of the roof and the reduction of construction periods, a number of operations for its production seek to transfer to the plants, wider use enlarged prefabricated elements. In addition to the constant load from its own weight, the design of the roof must withstand temporary loads: snow cover (regulatory load in the middle band of Russia ranges from 70 to 200kg / m2 horizontal coating projection); Wind pressure from the windward side and pouring, with a leeward side. Attacking the roof should withstand loads arising from operation (repair, snow cleaning and others).
An attic (scanty) roofs usually consist of inclined flat planes, coated roofs. The magnitude of the slopes depends on the plan, the width of the spans and the architectural composition of the building, from the roof material, from the climatic conditions of the construction area.
It should be noted that the diverse, original outlines of the roof, dome, tents and others were a characteristic element of Russian architecture. It is enough to remember the termes, churches, monastic meadowers, as well as train stations, for example, Leningrad in Moscow.
The roof reveals the silhouette of the cottage house, as if crown it, gives the finished look and expressiveness to its architectural solution. She, as an elegant hat, completing and often defining the image of a fashionable man.
I would like to hope that in modern low-rise housing construction, when the revival of private architecture has begun, in new projects and buildings of the original expressiveness of the roofs will be paid more attention.
When developing a cottage form of the roof form, considerable attention should be paid, including its external attractiveness.
At the same time, it should not be allowed and excessively complex outlines of the roofs, which, without adding beauty to the house, complicate a constructive solution, are more expensive to build, operation and repair. It may also lead to the formation of large snow bags on the roofs and as a result of leaks.
The bias of the roofs indicate degrees with respect to the horizontal surface, for example, 27, 45 or percentage. Bescaneous coatings with a bias of roofing up to 3-5% are called flat. They are sometimes constructed over all, including a multi-storey, home or above its separate part. Such roofs can be used under terraces, sports, playgrounds, gardens, and so on. An example of such operation can be the flat roof of the famous residential building built in Marseille on the project of architect Le Corbusier (the so-called "radiant house"). On its roof there are beautiful species and playgrounds, a pool "Floor" and even a chapel.
When choosing a roof shape, you should pay special attention to the possibility of fast and complete flowing of rain and melt water. To reduce snow loads (in addition, the normative snow load is more than 100kg / m2) by rosas with rich snowfalls should design roofs with steep slides having a bias of more than 30. As practice has shown, the largest amount of snow accumulates on the covered rods of the roofs having a bias 30, since With a wind-out skate, the snow is blown away by the wind, is transferred through the horse and deposit on the taped scath. However, familiarization with the projects of cottage houses shows that in many cases, the roofs, unfortunately, have a bias of 30 (perhaps so easier to draw in the coal). On the roofs, the slopes of which are much greater than or less than 30, the amount of snow will be less, since with a steep slope, for example 45, the snow easily slides from the roof, and when the wind is mild. It should also be borne in mind that if high trees protect it from the wind grow close to the cottage, significant snow sediments are formed on the roof.
The snow lying on the roof is taking under the influence of heat, including penetrating from the bottom through the roof, and gradually slides over the surface, moistened with melt water. Water, staining along the warm roof, freezes on the cold sink of the roof and forms a nondes and icicles. To reduce the falling of snow and the formation of icicles, as well as condensate in the attic, it is necessary to organize a good insulation of the attic overlap and gasket under it a reliable vapor insulation layer (rubberoid, clay lubricant, etc.) in combination with intensive tightness. Carrying (natural ventilation) provide special holes under the cornice and in the ridge of the roof, as well as hearing windows on the rods, frontones and nippers of the roofs. The windows are closed with shutters, glazed or with lattices like "blinds", which are well passed air and make it difficult to enter the attic of rainwater.
In most cases, the roof shape of the main volume of the cottage Double . Its end can end with a vertical brick wall of the triangular outlines with a cornice along the upper edge and belt at the bottom, that is, to solve in the form of a front. Of course, not classic, such as, above the columns of the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow or the temple of Parfenon in Athens, but very expressive, with good proportions, possibly with a window and decorative details. Such completion of the end wall allows you to give good natural lighting and ventilating indoors placed in the attic, and also makes the constructions of rafted uniformly, although it turns out some increase in the volume of brickwork.
Another version of the roof formation at the end wall Valm solution , that is, with inclined triangular skates. The bartal roof, completed with hips on both ends, is called Walmova. It slightly reduces the volume of brick masonry attic, but the construction of the rafter is complicated, diagonal rafting legs appear. Sometimes, for example, by the plan of the architect, the end slope is cut off by the entire ends of the row roof, but only the upper or lower part of it. In this case, the incomplete end skat is called the half-haired, and the roof is semi-haul.
The height of the attic is determined by the width of the house, the slope, the construction of the roof and the need to provide a free fireproof passage with a height of at least 1.6 m along the entire room. It is important to trace to ensure that the height of the attic in the lowest places, in the outer walls, was at least 0.4 m from the top of the hinting of the attic overlap to Mauerlat. This is a necessary requirement for a periodic inspection and repair of the lower parts of the rafter, the most subjected to purging, freezing, moisturizing, as well as for fire safety. Note that high roofs bes further than the snow delaying, allow you to use the attic space more efficiently.
The supporting structure of the attic roofs with roofs from piece materials (tile, slate, wavy asbetic sheets and more) are rafters or a rafter system.
This system is called "revolving rafters" and consists in most cottage houses from wooden elements that should be antiseptrate and soaked with flame retardant. Stropyl legs, etc., that is, the bars (added with a thickness of 50, 100 and height 120, 150, 180, 200mm) are mounted at an angle equal to the angle of inclination of the roofing of the roof of the roof, and they are based on the lower end on the Mauerlae, and the upper-on-up timber or the upper Runs. Mauerlats are supporting horizontal bars (100100, 150150mm), stacked onto the bell gasket (for the insulation of the tree from stone) in the ledges of the outer walls on the side of the attic, and distributing the load from Stropilin evenly along the entire wall. Intermediates (50100, 50150mm) are stacked on the racks (100100, 150150mm), in the soot or on small triangular shape, inclined ram-faders. Constructive schemes rafters, cuts and plans you can see in the pictures. To increase the rigidity and stability, the rafted between the drains and runs in the longitudinal direction are set by other scrolls. The angle between the rack and the pitch should be no more than 45.
Racks are installed on the inner walls every 3-4m, while under the racks, lining from boards (lit) and only. The rafting legs are installed every 0.8-2.0 m, depending on their cross section, the roof material and other conditions. The lower ends of the rafter footsteen through one should be mounted on the wall with twisted wires to protect the roof from a possible breakdown with strong wind. The twist is fixed by the crutch or the ERS, scored in the seam of masonry by 250-300mm below Maurolat.
For the device of the soles, roofing and eaves, in order to save a large bar, the lower end of the rafting leg is increasing with short boards (40120, 50100mm), which are also easier to skip over brickwork. For the formation of the Valm of wide houses, diagonal rafting legs are arranged, and along the throat rafyled (nurseries). The pairing of elements in wooden rafters is made by brackets, nails or bolts.
On the rafter feet, nails sew the crate, consisting of usually from cranial bars (5050mm), reaching every 330-600mm, depending on the roof material, and a solid sheaving from the board (50120, 50200mm) in dangerous places, pinches, cutting pipes, skate. The roofing material is placed on the crate (vehicle of the compound panels) and the trim.
In addition to wooden sprinkling rafters, there are similar constructions from reinforced concrete. Prefabricated worst wooden and reinforced concrete rafters are manufactured at factories from individual enlarged elements that are collected in place in a single design, which significantly reduces the complexity of construction. In cases where the rafters are based on only two outer walls (if there are no intermediate supports), they are called hanging and are the simplest type of rafter farms, which are suspended (if any) is an attic overlap.
In the hanging rafters, with flights more than 6m between the upper ends of the rafter, the suspension grandmother (vertical timber) is pressed. In order to avoid the design of the construction to the lower end of the grandmother, the horizontal tightening and a run for supporting the beams of the attic overlap is suspended using a strip clamp. Up to 12m in the design, the rafter is introduced by a pump that reduces the calculated length of the rafter feet.
High attic can be used for the device in it of residential premises of the so-called attic type. Mansard-room, named by the French architect XVIIV. Francois Manzar, who began to adapt under housing High attics of steep roofs of previously built gothic houses. Unfortunately, the attic of the attic was widespread all over the world.
The attic roof is a kind of duplex roofs. For better use, the attic space is often made with a breakfast in cross section. That part of the roof, which forms the inclined part of the walls of the attic room, is necessary, unlike conventional cold roofs, insulation. The roof break separates the upper coolest part of the rods and rafters from the coolest bottom. Together, the breakdowns put runs on which the painting of an attic roof with a construct of a simple shape with a tightening is relieved. Increased structural solution of the attic roof similarly considered above.
Roofs of pitched roofs
Different roofing materials apply for roofs taking into account the architectural solution of the building, its durability and efficiency. So, for garages and sheds, it is logical to apply roofs with a small bias from the frontierdoor.
The table indicates the estimated slopes of the roofs at various roofs depending on the number of layers, seal joints, fastening to the crate, base and rafyles.
Tiled roof is one of the most ancient. It is durable, safe in fire, does not require frequent repairs and painting. The cottage with a tiled roof, clay burned or cement-sand, looks more attractive and richer, and the service life of such a roof without overhaul exceeds 100 years. Note that the cement-sand tile began to be used in modern high-rise residential buildings, for example, in the Moscow district of Mitino.
The main types of tiled tiles (simple in form, cheap) and a groove.
Ribbon flat tile - These are the dimensions of 365155mm, or 400220mm, having a bottom of the spike for pairing with the crate. To prevent leaks, they must be laid in two layers for complete overlap of the seams. This leads to increased consumption of material, which, along with a large weight in 60-80kg / m2, is a significant disadvantage of such a roof. Similar to the above design of roofs from fine-sized asbestos-cement tiles and eateritis and slate.
Saddle tile It has the grooves along the longitudinal edges of the groove, there is also an eyelet (tide with a wire hole) and a super-jacking comb, providing non-contracted conjugation. Therefore, the groove tile is placed in one layer. Through a row (weight of about 40kg / m2), in order to avoid dropping by the wind, it is tied with a stove to nails scored in the bars of the crate. After 2-3 months after styling the roof, when it is mounted, with the inside of the slot, the groove is groin-adjacent solution. The horse and ribs of the skates are overlapped with special shaped tiles. Inscess of the device of raging, protective aprons of pipes, auditory windows, wall drainage gutters are paved with roofing sheets.
Roofing of wavy asbetic sheets , widely used in low-rise construction, consists of ordinary profile sheets and enhanced. The sheets of an ordinary profile size of 12008005.5mm weighing about 9kg are stacked on the crate of boards and bars (5050mm), and each row of sheets must lie at least three obsesstines. The roof of the larger sheets of the reinforced profile (1750 and 200010006-8mm) is laid on the bars of reinforced concrete crates, reaching about 800 mm, or on wooden, reinforced section. Enlarged sheets accelerate the production of roofing works, form less junctions, more reliable in operation.
The wavy sheets lay the top row of sheets overlaps the lower on 120-200mm. The steeper the slope, the smaller the overlapping. The dense adjoining of sheets on the sides is ensured by their displacement by one wave (150mm).
Kind of roofs, ribs and slips are performed using roofing iron. Sheets should be attached to the grade galvanized screws or nails with wide hats and washers.
Roofs from rolled materials There are bituminous (rubberoid) and resten (only and its derivatives). They should be used mainly for economic buildings, such as garages, with a relatively small slope of the roofs, since bitumen, resin substances, as well as gluing layers (mastic) under the influence of heat gradually flow. Rolled roofs have a minor mechanical strength, but they have low thermal conductivity, they have low weight, comfortable in construction, can be colored due to mineral crumbs, clicked into the bituminous layer. Rolled roofing on a hard and smooth cement, concrete or wooden (of two layers of boards turned to each other by 30-45) base. It should be borne in mind that with a small difference in the value of the fat roof requires the same labor on its device, as well as rubberoid, but the last three times more durable, but even with proper care and it serves no more than 30 years.
During the day before the start of the work, the runneroid or tool should be rolled, cut into pieces along the length of the skate, adding 250mm to the bend through the horse and the cornice. Next, a spatula, a solid brush, or with kerosene, clean the bottom side, is graspted by a talc, and from the outside for the coating of the tailoring of the adjacent sheet (solid) to clear the edge of 100mm width.
Metal roofs Make a predominantly of roofing galvanized steel (more durable) and non-zinc (black) weighing 3.5-6.5kg / m2, as well as from stamped metal tiles, steel, duralum wavy sheets (profile flooring), out of small copper and even gold-plated sheets (For example, on the recoverable temple of Christ the Savior in Moscow). Metal roofs are the most expensive, require special tools and qualified labor. Therefore, in modern practice, galvanized sheets are recommended to be used only to cover complex roofs, for the device of cornice sinks, rash, protective aprons of flue and ventilation pipes, drainage pipes, windows, and so on. Sheets have a zinc coating on both sides, the width of the sheets - 710, length, 1420, thickness from0.45 to 1 mm. Sheets are placed on a wooden crate (5050mm), navigable to the rafalines. On the edge of the roof, it is naked with a solid flooring from the boards to a width of 700mm, and on the skate and ribs of the roof - two boards. Roofing sheets connect with each other so-called folds, which are horizontal, lying, across the skate (so that water flows easier) and standing along the skate. The collapse of the sheets are fixed by curvators from the galvanized steel strips close to standing folding after 500-700mm. Outlet Sve is maintained by metal T-shaped crutches attached by nails to the crate.
When a metal roof device is better to make a solid crate of boards with a gasket from pergamine. Such a precautionary measure is a bit more expensive, but protects the lower side of metal sheets from corrosion and increases their service life by 2-3 times.
The roof of steel non-scattered sheets paint oil paint every 3. The roof of galvanized sheets can be painted in 8-10 years after its laying.
In recent years, many new roofing materials have appeared, both domestic and foreign ones. For example, metal tile with polymer or plastized coating, a roof of corrugated galvanized tin with a multi-layer fiberglass coating, a roof of profile aluminum and steel sheets and others. Firms supply a complete set of roofs with all the necessary elements in a wide range of colors. In case of cases, such roofs, imitating natural tile, are durable, hygienic, fire-resistant and have a very small weight of about 5-10kg / m2 with a thickness of about 1 mm.
So, we built a house, or rather, the construction box. Now you need to consider its separate elements, such as a staircase, porch, canopies, doors and windows. It is necessary to take care of the beauty of facades and interiors. Let's deal with this at our following meetings.
| Types of Roofing | The angle formed by the skate and horizontal plane in degrees |
|---|---|
| From rolled materials (rubberoid, roofy, etc.) with the number of layers of at least 2, placed on mastic | 3- 8. |
| The same, but four-, five-layer with a protective layer of gravel, shoved in hot mastic | 0-22 and more only in separate areas of the roofs |
| From galvanized steel sheet with single fold | 16 or more |
| Same with double fold | 12 or more |
| Asbocated from the wavy sheets of an ordinary profile | 18-30 |
| Same reinforced | 14-45 |
| Tiled (depending on type) | 27-45 and more |