A Cailings don mafi amfani

Manyan nau'ikan da aka dakatar. Gyara fasali. Kayan kayan don yadudduka da halaye.

Dole ne mu fahimci cewa rufin yana buƙatar ƙarin kulawa fiye da ƙasa ko bango. Bayan haka, dole ne ya yi farin ciki ba kawai ba, har ma don nuna haske, dabi'a da ta wucin gadi. Kuma bisa ga dokokin yanayi da wannan haske, da ƙura, kuma da yawa na antipores kyakkyawa da sauri suna sanya jirgin sama na ƙuruciya da datti a kan kawunanmu. Don samun damar komawa ga kyakkyawa da tsarkakakkiyar ba tare da ƙoƙari sosai ba, mutane da aka kirkira ...

A yau za mu yi magana kawai game da mutum ɗaya na mutum da amfani da abin da ake yi na zanen gini - game da duwatsun da aka dakatar. Armstrong da Celotex, Ecophon na Yaren mutanen Hollas Dutch Douglawa, Spanish Doug, Otrian Siriyo, Estrian Serenover, Italiyanci, Lomevences OYA, Italawa ", Tigi-Knsuf da kuma wasu da yawa. Koyaya, duk da irin waɗannan masu samar da kayayyaki, babban bambancin samfuran samfuran ba a lura da shi ba.

Abvantbuwan amfãni na kayan masarufi

Mafi mashahuri dafaffen dakatar da kamfanin kamfanin Armstrong- hoto mai hoto ya ƙunshi firam mai ɗaukar kaya da kuma irin abubuwan da suke iri ɗaya da girma. A lokacin da shigar ko gyara, waɗannan abubuwa da aka haɗa (ana kuma kiransu Modules ko masu fa'ida sosai don mahimmancin kirkirar kalita. Azuzawar kamfanonin daban-daban sun bambanta da juna da ƙirar abu da farko suna fuskantar haɗin gwiwa da kuma wani lokacin a wata hanyar haɗin su da kuma girman kayan haɗin su da kuma girman hanyoyin haɗin su.

An kafa tsarin rufin da aka dakatarwa zuwa jirgin saman jirgin saman da ke ƙasa akan dakatarwar musamman. Daga tsayin su ya dogara da adadin bayanan kariya, wanda ke taimakawa wajen warware yawancin ayyukan fasaha masu yawa (ɓoye waƙoƙi, shirya ƙarin rufin zafi, da sauransu).

A kan nau'in kayayyaki, an dakatar da shige-harafi ya kasu kashi shida, Panel, Cassette, lattice da salula. Dangane da shaidar kamfanin "Torgovaya square", torgovaya square ", Flat Tile da kuma kayayyaki na kwamitin sun fi shahara ga masu sayen gida.

Za'a iya yin wasu kayayyaki na yanki, ƙarfe, filasik, bushewa, itace da filastik. Amma a nan akwai subleies. Don haka, don tayal da kuma rufin katako, ƙarfe baya amfani; Rush, kaset da lattice na lattice, akasin haka, ana samar da galibi daga ƙarfe, da salula - daga firam - filastik.

"Babban halaye na kayayyakin rufin"

Halayen mahimman kayan aikin rufin - launi mai launi da kayan rubutu. Amma wannan ba duka bane. Ya danganta da kaddarorin wuraren zama, wanda ake sa ran za a yi la'akari da dakatarwar dakatarwar, yana da mahimmanci don yin la'akari da aƙalla huɗu daga sigogin su: Resistance mai haske, rufin danshi da rufi.

An kiyasta tunani ta hanyar madaidaiciyar tunani (CPA), wanda ya yi daidai da rabo daga cikin hasken wutar haske. Kusa da zuwa kopecks zuwa 1, mafi cikakken amfani da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ɗakin duka wucin gadi. Muhimmin darajar da yaduwar yassun kwararar hasken saman na module yana da bambanci.

Tsabtace danshi a cikin kashi yana halartar ikon module don adana fam ɗin ba tare da nakasassu ba (sagging, deforment, lanƙwasa) a dakin da zazzabi. Mai nuna alama kusa da 100%, karancin haɗarin rufin lalacewa a cikin yanayin yanayi. Wannan fasalin yana da mahimmanci ga wuraren zama wanda yuwuwar asarar asarar (gidan wanka, dafa abinci). Anan bai kamata ka shigar da kayayyaki tare da danshi juriya kasa da 95%. Abinda zaka ce, babu kayayyaki ba sa son lambobin sadarwa kai tsaye da ruwa. Amma wasu, wanda aka yi da wasu yanki na ma'adinai kuma suna da danshi juriya na 100%, bayan shigar ruwa da bushewa na zahiri ba a lalata. A kan ƙarfe a cikin irin waɗannan yanayi, lalata ƙazanta bai kamata ya bayyana ba. Sautin sauti yana halayyar digiri na sauti mai kyau lokacin wucewa ta kayan abu. Ana amfani dashi don kimanta murfin sauti mai kyau, wanda aka bayyana a DB, da kuma mafi kyau, rufin sauti ya fi kyau. Gaskiya ne, akwai hanyoyi da yawa don yin lissafin wannan inganci, wanda ke nufin cewa bai kamata ya dogara da waɗannan takaddun tallace-tallace ba. Kuma duk da haka wasu ra'ayin ingancin kayan shine mai nuna sauti mai ban sha'awa.

Inshated thermal rufi yana nuna ikon rufin da zai riƙe a cikin ɗakin zafi a cikin sanyi lokacin sanyi da sanyi a cikin gasa. A mafi girma juriya na module canjin canjin yanayin zafi (r), mafi kyawun rufin zafi. Don tunani: a wani daidaitaccen taga tare da ɗaure da aka haɗa da ninki biyu, darajar r shine 0.4 M2 * C / W.

Baya ga halayen da aka jera, zaɓin kayayyaki kuma suna la'akari da juriya, amo na ciki, da ƙarfi (nauyi), ƙarfin tasiri da wasu.

Kadan game da fasali na amfani da wani abu.

Ana iya amfani da itacen duka a cikin tsararru kuma a cikin hanyar fiber filler tare da roba ko siminti.

Ana yin keɓaɓɓun ƙarfe na ƙarfe daga cikin aluminum ko tsiri tsiri tare da kauri na 0.5-1 mm. Halin baƙin ƙarfe mai sheki ne saboda aiki na musamman ko kuma ya zama ga launi mai dacewa a cikin yanayin masana'antar.

Yawancin firiker na ma'adinai yawanci ana samun su daga cakuda yashi, yakin gilashi da farillar. A Matsayin Matsayi na samarwa, yana kama da samfuran Woolen. Modules tare da iri-iri mai rubutu ana shafawa daga wannan kayan amfani da m ba tare da asbestos da formaldehyde ba.

Gypsum yana daya daga cikin kayan gini. An san shi ta hanyar ikon kula da tsabta muhalli a cikin dakin. Modes da aka yi daga gypsum galibi sautunan haske.

Filastik a yawancin lokuta ana wakilta ta hanyar tasirin polystyrene da polycarbonate. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da farkon don madubi da keɓewa kowane irin tabarau, kuma na biyu yana haɓaka shahara sosai don dakatar da gida.

Alamomi bakwai na aiki

Mai mallakar mai amfani yana neman haɗi mai kyau da kuma mafi dacewa a kowane kashi. Abubuwan zane na dakatar da aka dakatar suna da babban damar aiwatar da wannan ƙa'idar:

1. Ikon da sauƙin sauƙaƙe matakin jirgin saman rufe jirgin saman tare da firam na firam yayin hawa.

2. Zabi na textures da launuka na kayayyaki. Ba lallai ba ne kawai don ƙirƙirar zaɓuɓɓukan ku: ya isa ya cire kundin wani kamfanin don nemo ɗaya da ake so.

3. Haɗin Wayar a cikin sararin samaniyar sararin samaniya na iska na tsarin iska, wayoyin hanyoyin sadarwa da wayar tarho. Ba wai kawai sun zama marasa ganuwa ba, har ma da ƙarin tsoma baki a cikin kowane ɗayansu ba ya haifar da matsaloli na musamman.

4. Kyakkyawan kiyayewa na duka ƙira. Yana yiwuwa a maye gurbin module guda ɗaya zuwa wani tare da kayan ado daban-daban ba tare da rushe firam. Kuma duk wannan da sauri, kawai da sauri kuma tare da mafi kyawun rabo na "Farashi - inganci".

5. Sauƙi a saka fitilun dakatar da dakatar da grilles a cikin nesa da ake so dangi da jirgin saman rufin.

6. Inganta rufi na zafi, wanda yake da muhimmanci musamman ga gida da sauran tsarin mai zafi tare da benayen katako.

7. Inganta matakin amo da kuma rufin sauti.

Akwai abubuwa masu yawa tare da wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka jera, amma akwai kuma waɗanda ke kammala komai.

Azuzuwan da aka dakatar yana da mummunan rauni guda ɗaya kawai: lokacin da aka shigar dasu tare da saka Luminaires, aƙalla 15 cm na ɗakin tsayin ya ɓace. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa mafi yawan gidajen birane da aka tsara kuma an gina su a lokacin "narke" da haɓaka zamantakewa, irin waɗannan abubuwan ba su dace ba.

An dakatar da tsarin rufin

Haske mai ɗaukar haske, yawancin lokuta suna samun sifar lattice, an tattara daga bayanan bayanan da aka rubuta. Cilin na dakatarwar ƙarfe, wanda za'a iya yin shi a cikin hanyar sandar, waya mai kauri ko kuma bangarori. A ƙarshen dakatarwar yana ɗaure tare da rufin downel ko anga a cikin ginin rami ko kuma jagororin a kan firam. Tsawon dakatarwar za'a iya daidaita shi, wanda ya ba da damar samuwar kwance a kwance (ko kuma a cikin kusurwar da ake so zuwa sararin samaniya) jirgin sama. Yawan kayan gyararru an tabbatar da yankin da nauyin rufin kuma ana ɗaukar guda a cikin adadin 7-10 a kowace 10 m2.

A ƙarshen cikar rufi, hanyoyin na iya daidaitawa da juna kusa da juna (sannan abin da ba a bayyane yake ba, saboda haka ana kiransa ɓoye), ko dai an kira shi ta hanyar firam (abin da ake kira da shi). Duk wani module yana da sauƙin cirewa, misali, don maye gurbin. Ana yin wannan ko ba tare da ɓoye tsarin firam ba, ko kuma bayan wani yanki mai tsoratarwa (modolable module).

Square murabba'in na farfajiya shine mafi yawan lokuta ana kiransa fale-falen buraka, da kuma nisa yanki na akalla 300 mm daga kowane abu, sai dai karfe na, - panel. Don haka, Amf masana'anta Doka ta girma Falel - 600 x 625 mm, 600 x 1200 mm, 62 x 1250 mm, da kuma fannoni 2500 da kuma 400 mm sama da 2500 mm sama. Module kauri ya dogara da kayan: ma'adanai na ma'adinai - 13, 15, 19, 40 mm; Karfe - 0.5 mm; Gypsum - 12.5 mm; Katako-naib filler - 25, 35, 50 mm.

Misalin tsarin haske da aka sanya akan rufaffiyar da aka dakatar akan Ecophon. A gefuna na lodules, akwai matakai ko grooves don masu taimako zuwa bayanin martaba.

Akwai makirci da yawa don hawa rufin da aka dakatar dangane da fasali na kayan adon da kadarorin bayanin martaba. Mafi yawanci ana amfani da su biyu daga cikinsu: A ƙunshi firam ɗin da aka fi dacewa tare da cirewa ko kayan buɗewar da aka buɗe tare da kayan buɗewar da aka fi cirewa (ƙirar an aro daga Amf). Rufi ya haɗu bisa ga zane na farko, jirgin sama mai ƙarfi, ƙari da ma'adinai gargajiya da kuma ma'adinai a cikin shigarwa. Tare da tsarin majalisa na biyu, farfajiya shine kodayake an kasu kashi biyu ko murabba'i, amma mafi dacewa a cikin shigarwa da aiki, tunda mafi dacewa za'a iya maye gurbinsu da sauƙaƙe da aka sauƙaƙa minti biyu). Wasu shahararrun shirye-shiryen shigarwa sun kuma sani. Misali, don kunkuntar ƙafafun - tare da cirewa ko wani ɓangaren cirewa na cirewa, don gefunan abubuwa uku na sama, da sauransu.

Kwarewar shigiyar kamfanin "Real" yana ba da shawara cewa tsarin bude-buɗewar sun dace da girman da suka dace da kowane kamfani. Amma lokacin amfani da firam ɗin ɓoye, matsaloli na iya tasowa, don haka ya fi kyau a ɗauke shi da kayayyaki, bayan tattaunawa da ƙwararru.

Tile da kwamitin da aka dakatar

Amf Kombimetall Panel Rufbiletall Panel a cikin falo. Malami, wanda ya kunshi murabba'ai ko murabba'i, da yawa ne kamar yadda aka nuna shi da wani tsari na wayewa sama da kai. Kuma kada ku yi zaton cewa duk an dakatar da shigeduwa sun yi kama da juna. Ba kwata-kwata! Iri-iri na rubutu, zane da zane (monophonic ko Motley) koyaushe zai ba da damar samun mafita ta dace.

Bugu da kari, akwai kuma gaba daya kayayyaki ne a kasuwa. Misali, Siro Burg yana ba da polystyrene Mubs mai rufi mai rufi tare da fim na bakin ciki mai yawa tabarau (misali, azurfa, tagulla). An san su da juriya na sukari na 100% kuma ana iya amfani dasu har ma a cikin gidan wanka (duk da har yanzu ba a ba da shawarar ba da shawarar). Yanayin zafin jiki a cikin ɗakin tare da irin wannan rufin ya wuce 60C bai kamata ya wuce 60c ba, kuma zaɓi da kuma saukin fitilun ya kamata a yi musamman sosai, tunda polystyrene polystrene. Galaxie Galaxie bangarori na tsaka-tsaki suna sanye da hotunan Holographic akan asalin madubi. A saman wasu kayayyaki na fiber-fiber na jerin kamfanonin Amf kamfanonin, bisa ga alamomi daga Mal-C Llc, yana canza inuwa ta farko (ambaton launi (ambaliya) ya danganta da jagorancin ra'ayi.

Baya ga kayan lebur, da yawa na kamfanonin suna samar da curvilinear. Ana buƙatar su don ƙirƙirar masu sauƙin canzawa tsakanin matakan rufi da yawa. Don haka, Ecophon ya saki mai lankwasa, S-line, kayayyaki na link, abubuwa sassauƙa da bayanin martaba da bayanan. A sakamakon haka, an dakatar da sassan rufin rufin da aka haɗa da shi cikakke tare da ɗakin kwana, yana haifar da abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwa uku masu ban sha'awa. Armstrong na samar da zane na musamman F, Z da V-Bayanan martaba, waɗanda kuma sun dace da ɗakin ɗakin firam na firam.

Kaset kuma rush dakatar da shilings

Yin ɗumi mai ɗumi jira rufin a cikin dafa abinci. Ainihin, waɗannan kayan yanki guda ɗaya ne, amma daga ƙarfe ne. Saboda haka karancin ka kauri da kuma wasu bambance-bambance a cikin girman. Dukansu da sauran bangarori suna sanye da gefuna da gefuna: kaset-kewaye da kewaye, da kuma Rolls - tare masu dogon taroki. Wadannan gefuna na gefuna ana gyarawa a cikin firam. Farfajiya na iya zama mai santsi ko wanda aka yaudara. An tabbatar da juriya na lalata lalata a lalata lalata a ciki ta hanyar shafi mai amfani.

Cassette an dakatar da shi, Owa, gepel, Armstrong da Hunter Dougler an yi amfani da shi da kauri na 60-80 microns microns. Yana ba da farfajiya na silkiness mai daɗi. Modules na iya samun daidaitattun ma'auni (600) mm) da takamaiman (nisa daga 300 zuwa 625 mm tare da tsawon 300 zuwa 2500 mm).

Rack da aka dakatar da shige daga Hunter Douglas, Amf da gepel an yi su da kayan ado na aluminium. Ana amfani da kayan haɗin Latur-Latulu biyu zuwa farfajiya na hanyar zafi wanda ke yin aiki iri ɗaya wanda ya shafi murfin karfe. Tare da kauri daga 0.5 mm da tsayi 16 ko 29 mm, livalon nisa (mafarauta Douglas) na iya bambanta daga 30 zuwa 300 mm. Tsawon kayan aikin da ake samarwa yana zuwa 6 m, don yin odar kamfanin a shirye yake ya yi da ya fi tsayi. Railth of 300 mm mm ana kiranta kwamitin kuma an yi shi ne daga aluminum tare da kauri daga 0.7 mm ko kauri daga 0.6 mm.

Armstrong rufin. Casette Cerette Cameste yana kama da wani firam na tayal da panel. Abubuwan saukarwa da aka yi da aluminumed aluminum da aka yi amfani da su a cikin zane mai saurin shiga da sauri kuma cikakke daidaita saman farfajiya. Suna sanye da abubuwan da suka yi, wanda ya hada da lankwasa gefen dogo. Mataki na waɗannan maganganun yana ba ku damar hawa a cikin wani rufin ɗaya cikin faɗin layin dogo ko haɗiye su da bangarori, kuma a cikin biyu iri ɗaya (tare da chamfer) da rata. Zaku iya canza hanyoyin launuka daban-daban daga wani palette mai arziki wanda kowane kamfanin ya bayar. Gobs na Monochrome Rush a wasu lokuta suna cika bayanin musamman na wani launi (alal misali, bambanta da launi na bangarorin).

Wasu masana'antun suna amfani da haduwa da kayan daban daban. Misali, a cikin jerin Kombimetall, Amf, ban da mashin ƙarfe na waje, akwai kuma "cika" na fiber na ma'adinai, wanda ke yin sauti da kuma yana yin aiki da zafi.

Zinare da kuma ruwan da aka dakatar

Ganyen dakatar da Rufin Luicalon. Kamar yadda aka ambata da aka ambata, da lattice da kuma ɗakunan da aka dakatar. Ana saka lattice ko dai daga kunkuntar kai tsaye, sau da yawa ana yawan tattara lambobi, dogo, wanda aka rufe shi da igiyoyin lattice, ko daga riga ya tattara lattice. Kuma a cikin wannan yanayin, kogon a cikin grid - ta hanyar. Modules ana haɗe da firam ɗin kusan iri ɗaya kamar yadda a cikin Casette Ceilings.

Ranar salula na salula da aka yi da fiber na ma'adinai wani nau'in da aka harba da panel. Suna da a farfajiya na wucewa, rufe tare da gefen baya tare da sashin baya.

Mafi sau da yawa, budewa da tilastawa sune murabba'i, kodayake sauran siffofin, kamar yadda Hex, selval, da sauransu, ba a cire su ba. Sabili da haka, a gaban shigarwa ko fenti da ƙananan jirgin sama na overlap, ko sanya a ƙarƙashin tsarin ƙirar ƙayyadadden bayanan da ke rataye da launi na ciki.

Garanti na garantin masana'antu

Garantin rufin rufin da aka dakatar akan zazzabi da yanayin zafi na aikinta da kayan module. Armstrong yana ba da garanti na shekaru 10 akan babu wani kwamiti da 100% kuma, da kuma, da dangi zafi ba zai wuce halaka ba . Tare da garanti guda, Ecophon baya gabatar da iyakar zazzabi a kan bangarorin filastar. Kodayake wasu masana'antu kuma ayyana cewa lambobin sadarwa da ruwa ba su tsaftace irin wannan lodules (alal misali, lokacin da aka yanke daga saman bene), yana yiwuwa a bincika shi kawai gwaji kawai, tunda babu tabbacin hukuma. Ayeling tare da ƙananan juriya danshi ba a rarraba su ba.

"Shawarwari da yawa suna da amfani"

1. Ana iya tattara tsarin rufin kafin ƙarshen dakin ƙarshe. Amma kayayyaki tare da danshi juriya a kasa da kashi 95% ya kamata a saka kawai bayan kammala ayyukan filastar, kwanciya mai tsabta, ƙofofin glazing da windows.

2. Kafin shigar da dabarun tile da kwamiti, ɗakin yana buƙatar bushe sosai. A lokaci guda, amfani da tsarin dumama zai fi kyau samar da zazzabi a cikin kewayon 15-30c. Zaman zafi zafi a 22 zuwa3C kada wuce 90%.

3. Saukewa a cikin dakin a cikin dakin da ke ƙasa 11C yana haifar da haɗarin zaɓi na Condensate, wanda yake cutar da kayayyaki tare da danshi juriya a ƙasa 95%. Don daidaita ƙimar yawan zafin jiki da zafi a garesu na rufi, na wannan lokacin, yana da kyawawa don cire wani musayar iska ta inganta musayar iska a cikin sararin samaniya.

4. Don kawar da asarar ruwa lokacin da shigar da ƙarin rufin zafi, yana da kyawawa don samar da sararin samaniya sararin samaniya na kayan aiki ko iska mai kyau - har sai an tilasta shi.

5. A farfajiya na tayal da panel kayayyaki tare da danshi juriya na 70% kuma ana bada shawarar a ƙasa da a goge ko goge tare da damp zane, amma ba a wanke ba. Wannan zai ware haɗarin nakasa.

6. Matasa lalacewa zuwa saman kayayyaki - karce, dents, kananan fasa - za a iya saka shi da putty tare da launi mai zuwa ta amfani da fesa ko sprayer.

7. Lokacin da maye gurbin Luminaires, mafi ƙarfi (misali, 6000 600 600 yakan ƙara mayar da diamita na dasa shuki a cikin tsarin rufewa.

A kan dukkanin rufi da aka yi da ƙananan ƙarfe, ban da wanda aka sanya (ba shakka, lokacin da aka sanya shi a cikin wani firam aluminium), mafarauta mai farauta yana ba garanti 10. Amma tare da ajiyar wuri guda: dole ne a shigar da kayayyaki a kan Downtakes, musamman da aka yi niyya don kayan ado na waje na ginin. A cikin magunguna na wasu masana'antun, waɗanda aka yi wajabta wajibori ne bisa ga aljibai. Sabili da haka, kar ku manta don bayyana su lokacin yin sayan.

Fasali na amfani da fitilu

Dangane da kwarewar ɗayan fitattun fitattun fitilar cikin gida, Rasha ta Rasha LLC, a kan wani fitilar rufi, dole ne a shigar da su fiye da 3 kilogiram don cire tanadi na firam ko kayayyaki.

A cikin dakatarwar da aka dakatar, Bayyanar fitilun da ke da hasken wutar lantarki ko halogens tsara don wutar lantarki 12 ko 220 v tare da iko 20, 35 ko 50 w ba a samu nasarar tara kashi 20, 35 ko 50 w ba a samu nasarar tara 20, 35 ko 50 w ba a samu nasarar tara 20, 35 ko 50 w ba a tara su ba. Haske da RASSUSS fitila fitila sune daidaitattun haske ko nau'in fitilu tare da ƙananan fitilu masu kyalli. Za'a iya sanye da samfuran raster tare da ko dai gilashin na ado ko gilashin Moviic ko Grille mai nunawa. Ana sauke irin waɗannan fitilu sau da yawa ta hanyar samfuran keɓaɓɓun a cikin tsarin rufin da aka dakatar. A cikin waɗannan halayen, ana amfani da fitilar Haskir a matsayin daidaitaccen girma (18 ko 36 w) da kuma m (iko 13, 18 ko 18 w).

Kwanan nan, a cikin dakatarwar da aka dakatar ya fara kafa duk tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi wanda ke hada hanyoyin da yawa. Don saukar da fitilun mai haske a cikin tsarin curvilinear niche ko kuma tare da ganuwar bango, kamfanin Ecophon yana ba da bayanin martaba na aluminum na musamman. Ya sauƙaƙe ya shiga cikin rufin kowane irin rikitarwa, haɗaka tare da shi cikin guda. A wannan yanayin, tsarin hasken haske baya da shi ba shigarwa a cikin rufi na kowane fitilu.

Tsarin tsaro

Don kawar da haɗarin wuta wuta, kayan ɓangare dole ne ya koma zuwa aji marasa gida (G1) da wawaye (B1) kayan gini. Bayan haka, a cikin yanayin haɗarin wuta, konewa ba zai yada ta jirgin saman rufin ko sama ba. A lokacin da mai hawa rufaffar da aka dakatar dashi zuwa tsarin ginin da aka gina, ya kamata a dauki matakan cewa rage yiwuwar mayafin zanen karfe). Lura cewa a karkashin yanayin amincin wuta a cikin dakatarwar wuta bai kamata a bude bude ba, kuma sadarwa a ƙarƙashin kayan aiki da ba ya wadatar gini (snip 2.01.02-85 *), kamar bututun filastik ko hoss.