Lub tswb hluav taws kub niaj hnub no yog qhov pom ntawm hluav taws ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm nws qhov tshwm sim.
Laser Haus luam yeeb linear ntes nrog tau txais thiab transmitter - nyob rau hauv ib kis- thiab reflector
Taw tes rau haus luam yeeb "Kev txawj ntse" Ntes Series "profi"
Combiro-da dej "haus luam yeeb-cua sov" ntes - chaw nyob
tus txawj ntse
Bezadrescent
Thermal Ntau Tshaj Plaws Besadress Ntes ntawm Eco Series
Chaw Nyob-Analog Ntawm Txhais Tes Ntes ntawm Eco Series
Chaw nyob thiab Analog ntes - chaw haus luam yeeb;
Qhov siab tshaj plaws
Laser teser rau cov chaw taws teeb pov thawj ntawm kev noj qab haus huv ntawm "cov neeg siv hluav taws xob ntse"
Hauv qhov teeb meem dhau los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm, peb tau tham txog thawj tua hluav taws. Tab sis nws yuav tsum muab tso rau hauv kev txiav txim, tsuas yog nrhiav tau hluav taws. Achant yuav tshwm sim yog tias hluav taws pib tsis qhia tawm hauv lub sijhawm? Yog lawm, loj thiab tsis muaj teeb meem yuav tshwm sim. Yog li no, niaj hnub no peb yuav tham txog niaj hnub no nrhiav tau cov nplaim hluav taws xob tsis zoo no ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntxov ntawm cov hluav taws kub.
Leej twg yuav tsum ntes hluav taws?
Ntxiv 150 xyoo dhau los, txhais tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev pom ntawm hluav taws yog hluav taws kub calabed - lub tsev siab tshaj plaws hauv nroog. Nrog cov kev ceeb toom, nws yooj yim heev los khiav mus rau hauv txoj kev thiab qw nrov nrov: "Hluav taws!" Txhua tus uas yuav hnov tau yuav tsum khiav ntawm nws tua, uas yog nrog tus kab, uas nrog lub thoob. "Lawm, cov nyiaj no tseem nyob deb yav dhau los. Txhawm rau txhawm rau kho cov hluav taws ntawm qhov ntxov tshaj plaws, thaum nws hu ua hluav taws, tam sim no nrhiav lub tshuab thiab cov hluav taws kub niaj hnub siv (ATP). Lawv tsim los rau puag ncig-moos tswj ntawm cov khoom tiv thaiv thiab kev ceeb toom tswv ntawm thawj lub cim ntawm hluav taws lossis haus luam yeeb. Txhawm rau tsim cov tshuab zoo li no, siv: cov khoom siv hluav taws (ntau qhov tseeb hu ua lawv cov khoom siv hluav taws (tau txais thiab tswj cov cuab yeej (ceeb toom cov cuab yeej (ceeb toom cov cuab yeej (ceeb toom cov cuab yeej (ceeb toom cov cuab yeej (ceeb toom cov cuab yeej (ceeb toom cov cuab yeej (ceeb toom cov cuab yeej (ceeb toom cov cuab yeej (ceeb toom cov cuab yeej (ceeb toom cov cuab yeej (ceeb toom cov cuab yeej (ceeb toom cov cuab yeej (ceeb toom cov cuab yeej (ceeb toom cov cuab yeej Lawv tsim cov tuam txhab ua cov npe (Austria), Texecom thiab Pyronix (Esmi (Xov Xwm), Nappo (Tebchaws Asmeskas), raws li zoo li domestic "Rubezh" (Saratov), IVS-Talp "Bolid" thiab "irersburg" (s.-Petersburg), Siberian arsenal (Novosibirsk), " Radii "(Casli), thiab lwm yam.
Cov Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob
Nws yog lawv yog lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm hluav taws tsom nrhiav cov tshuab. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub system ua haujlwm yog nyob ntawm lawv cov rhiab thiab nrov nrov tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv. Cov neeg nyob, haus luam yeeb, thermal detectors thiab qhib nplaim taws nrhiav cov khoom siv hluav taws xob feem ntau yog siv. Raws li txoj cai, lawv yog txhua tus "pib", nws yog qhov cuam tshuam thaum muaj nuj nqis tshaj lub ntsuas ntsuas.
Detectors pa taws. Cov pa luam yeeb yog cov cim tshaj plaws ntawm hluav taws ntawm nws theem ntxov tshaj plaws. Kev ntsuas cov pa pa taws pa hauv huab cua, lub sensor thiab "xaus lus" txog lub xub ntiag ntawm lub ignition. Cov Detectors pa taws tau muab faib ua ke thiab linear.
Lub ntsiab Tsim kev ntsuas hauv qhov chaw uas tau nruab uas tau nruab. Kev ua kom muaj kev sib tsoo los ntawm taw tes ntes siv tsuas yog photoelectric. Sab hauv xws li lub cuab yeej, chamber ntsuas nrog lub teeb ci thiab lub photodetector yog zais. Cov pa luam yeeb nkag mus rau hauv chav huv hloov lub teeb huab cua thiab tshem tawm cov dej ntws. Cov kev hloov pauv no thiab catches lub photodetector. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov qauv tsim sib txawv ntawm cov kev sib txawv. Nws sau tag nrho tsis muaj zog ntawm lub teeb flux (yog tias nws yog nyob nruj me ntsis sib xws ntawm lub teeb ci). Raws cov xov tawg (cov photodetector yog nyob ntawm ib txoj cai lub kaum sab xis rau lub teeb ci). Cov cuab yeej piav qhia ua ntej tau piav qhia ntau dua, tab sis tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev cuam tshuam (piv txwv li, kom plua plav) thiab xav tau kev saib xyuas nquag nquag. Qhov thib ob yog me ntsis tsawg dua rhiab, tab sis ntau nrov nrov. Lawv yog feem ntau thiab siv thaum tsim cov tsev nyob hauv tsev ntiag tug. Nws feem ntau txuas rau hauv qab qab nthab, raws li cov pa roj kub thiab cov pa luam yeeb nce. Square tswj los ntawm ib lub pa taws tuaj yeem tuaj yeem txog 80m2. Txawm hais tias qhov chaw tau muab ntsia uas lub ntsuas hluav taws xob tau teeb tsa yog qhov kev ntseeg tau ntau, kom nce qhov kev ntseeg tau, nws yuav tsum tau nruab rau hauv nws tsawg kawg ob lub dectection. Thaum siv cov khoom noj qab zib me me thiab cov gaskets rau lawv, lub zog hlau hluav taws yuav tsum tiv thaiv qhov chaw hauv qab uas muaj cov pa hluav taws sib cais.
Cia peb tham txog cov lus nug no ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm taw tes chimney detectors. Cov rhiab ntawm cov sensors tuaj yeem yog qhov siab, nruab nrab thiab tsawg, tab sis 0.2 db / m (nws yog kev sib tw los ntsuas qhov rhiab, tus qauv Cov pa luam yeeb yuav tsum ua haujlwm yog tias cov pa luam yeeb ntawm lub vev xaib ntawm nws cov teeb meem ua rau muaj qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm 1 m ib 1.1-4.5%). Kev rho tawm cov dettracting detectors muaj lub peev xwm los kho cov rhiab heev, uas yog ua los ntawm kev hloov tshwj xeeb hloov ntawm lub nraub qaum. Nws tuaj yeem yog ob txoj haujlwm thib ob (hloov pauv ntawm qhov chaw qis dua rau qhov qis dua ntawm qhov nruab nrab, piv txwv li hauv "series thiab Leonardo los ntawm System Sensor ). Nws yog qhov zoo dua los xaiv cov ntes nrog peb-txoj haujlwm tswj hwm. Vim li cas? Mekas rau cov kev txwv siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev nkag siab, cov cuab yeej reacts rau cov pa luam yeeb tsawg kawg nkaus hauv cov pa, tab sis kuj yog thaum haus luam yeeb lossis kev haus luam yeeb hauv chav ua noj (yuav luag no tib "lus teb tsis tseeb"). Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus rhiab yuav tsis txaus. Nws zoo li rau nws tias lub sensor yuav tsum ua haujlwm, thiab nws yog stubbornly "ntsiag to." Feem ntau cov yuav, koj yuav npaj qib nruab nrab ntawm rhiab. Tus adator nrog ob-txoj haujlwm tswj hwm yog nws thiab tsis txaus ntseeg. Sensors ntawm ib qho hom twg xav tau kev saib xyuas, ntau yam meej, txij nkawm. Vim li cas nws thiaj li tsim nyog? Nws yog tseeb tias evaporation thiab hmoov av yuav raug rhuav tshem ntawm cov khoom siv hauv qab qab nthab. Ntxiv mus, peb txiav txim siab cov "no tsis yog nyob rau ntawm cov tsev, tsis muaj lub teeb ci uas tau teeb tsa, thiab ua rau muaj cov lus teb tsis tseeb. Ntawm cov tsis-axes (tua hluav taws xob hauv huab cua hauv lub koob yees duab) plua plav hauv lub sensor reacts nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev raws li cov pa luam yeeb. "Kev tshwm sim tsis muaj tseeb" - qhov tshwm sim rau cov tswv yog tsis zoo nkauj tsis zoo: thiab tsis muaj dab tsi hlawv, thiab lub sensor pheej ua rau: "Hluav taws!" Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tswv yog tshee thiab tawg lub taub hau: "Thiab yog dab tsi yog tias muaj dab tsi hlawv hauv tsev, thiab peb yuav tsim nyog los kuaj dua!" Txhawm rau kom tiv thaiv cov hmoov av los ntawm kev ntsuas nqus cov pa hluav taws, cov tuam ntxhab tiv thaiv nws cov geometry ntawm rooj plaub, yog li txo qhov zoo ntawm "cuav". Kev sib deev hmoov av, ib txwm muaj, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau rho tawm. Tab sis yog tias koj yuav tsis txhawj, nws tsis yooj yim tshem dab tsi los ntawm lub tsev, ces nws yog qhov nyuaj rau tshem nws nrog lub labyrinth ntsuas ntsuas. Agriced optics thiab suppressing, nws muaj peev xwm ua kom tawg cov txheej txheem (optics nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no siv me me)Feem ntau, nws yog qhov zoo dua los them cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb uas yuav nquag tuaj hauv tsev.
Tawm Detectors. Muaj ob lub ntsiab, cov sab nraud nco txog ntawm cov koob yees duab vis dis aus, - emitter thiab txais-converter. Lawv tau ntsia ib leeg nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa rov qab ntawm chav ("IPDL" los ntawm polyeservis, tus nqi yog $ 95; tus nqi $ 230; "6424" los ntawm cov txheej txheem sensor, tus nqi yog $ 540). Nyob rau lub sijhawm thaum ntxov, qauv tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv uas ob lub ntsiab yog sib xyaw ua ke nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke - nyob rau hauv qhov no, nyob rau hauv qhov sib piv ntawm lub emitter, muaj lub reedror ("6200" thiab "6500" los ntawm system sensor). Lub emitter tuaj yeem yog infrared los yog laser, ua haujlwm hauv qhov pom ntawm lub teeb liab. Cov tsos ntawm cov pa luam yeeb hauv qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub transmitter thiab tus tau txais (lossis nruab nrab ntawm transceiver thiab tus reflector) ua rau muaj qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm cov zaub mov flux. Qhov ntau ntawm qhov no tsis muaj zog thiab kho qhov tau txais kev hloov pauv. Thiab thaum muaj ntau tshaj qhov kev teeb tsa qhov chaw teeb tsa, "hluav taws" teeb liab tsim tawm.
Cov sensuals muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov chav loj, vim tias lawv pom nyob hauv thaj chaw hauv cheeb tsam txij li 10 txog 18 m (lawv muab kev tswj hwm thaj chaw ntawm 90 txog 1000m2). Feem ntau, ib txoj kab setruct yog muaj peev xwm hloov tau ib qho kev hloov pauv, uas yuav tau txais kev lag luam tsuas yog kev lag luam tsuas yog kev lag luam tsuas yog kev saib ntawm cov qauv ntawm chav. Tab sis muaj kev tsis zoo. Lub sijhawm teb ntawm cov khoom siv nyob ntawm lub ntim thiab txawm tias qhov teeb tsa ntawm chav tsev. "Lus Txhais" tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ncaj qha thiab cuam tshuam cov teeb pom kev zoo, nrog rau kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov sib nrig sib.
Thaum tshav kub kub ntes ntes. Rhiab cov ntsiab ntawm cov ntawv detectors thermal tuaj yeem yog: Bimetallic daim hlau (piv txwv li, hauv "Kombstroyservis"); "tus mob sib dhos"), cov kws kho cua nab "), semiconductor tus ntsuas kub, thiab lwm yam.
Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm, thermal detectors tau muab faib ua passive (sib cuag) thiab nquag (hluav taws xob). Passive tsis haus hluav taws xob thiab ua haujlwm raws li hauv qab no: thaum chav nyob rau hauv chav tsev mus txog qhov teeb meem thermoelectric), lossis tawg / kaw cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob , yog li pub mis. Nquag siv hluav taws xob, tab sis muab cov ntaub ntawv tsis yog kom ua tiav qhov chaw tiv thaiv, tab sis qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov ntsuas kub. Lawv hu ua cov detectors. Sab hauv lawv lub tsev muaj ib qho tsis yog ib qho kev nkag siab, tab sis ob yog kev sib cuag ncaj qha nrog ib puag ncig sab nraud, lwm tus tau muab zais rau hauv vaj tse. Yog tias qhov ntsuas kub thaum hluav taws tau nrawm heev, cov cuab yeej kho qhov sib txawv ntawm cov PCP rau PCP "los ntawm tus lej NPP (Moscow, tus nqi yog 215 rombles;" IP 115 -1 "Los ntawm" Magneto-kev sib cuag ", Ryazan, Nqe- 3155151E" los ntawm System Sensor). Yog tias qhov kub loj hlob qeeb dua (tom qab ntsuas kub ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv tib yam), cov cuab yeej kho tus nqi tshaj thiab tseem xa lub tswb.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, yog tias lub ntsuas cua sov sim tsuas yog rau kev kuaj hluav taws kub uas twb tau hlawv), thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev kub hnyiab tau, thaum tsis muaj nplaim taws , Thiab ntsuas kub tsuas yog pib pib loj hlob, tab sis nrog "tsis tsim nyog" ceev. Qhov no piav qhia txog qhov tseeb tias nyuam qhuav siv tau nyob rau hauv lub tswb nrov hauv tsawg dua (thiab qhov no yog txawm tias lawv tus nqi qis - 15-20 rubles - 15-20 rubles - 15-20 rubles - 15-20 rubles - 15-20 rubles - 15-20 rubles - 15-20 rubles - 15-20 rubles - 15-20 rubles). Cov neeg siv khoom xav tau cov sensors txawm tias kim dua, tab sis ua rau thaum ntxov ntawm cov hluav taws kub hluav taws-sib txawv. Lawv feem ntau yog siv qhov chaw ntawm cov hluav taws kub uas yog lub tswb ntsuas cuav, piv txwv hauv chav ua noj, hauv chav haus luam yeeb, thiab lwm yam. Rau thaj chaw xws li boilers, qhov kev nce nrawm yog qhov muaj kev ntsuas ntawm qhov kub ntawm 70C- detectors ntawm 70-ultrasial detectors ntawm no yuav muab lub tswb cuav.
Optical qhib cov nplaim taws detectors. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias ib qho kev hlawv yog lub hauv paus ntawm hluav taws kub hluav taws xob hauv qhov ntau ntawm infraviolet. Nrhiav tau ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siv lub xov tooj photiation muaj lub siab pom kev zoo nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm ultraviolet lossis yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm Optical qhib cov nplaim taws ntes.
Ntawm kev muag khoom koj tuaj yeem pom feem ntau infrrared kho qhov muag siv kho qhov muag (piv txwv li, tus nqi - los ntawm 1360 rau "ngo spectron"). Lub sensor nyob rau hauv lawv tuaj yeem yog ob qho tib si mounted rau tus tau txais kev hloov pauv thiab chaw taws teeb. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kawg, lub sensor yog teeb tsa ncaj qha hauv thaj chaw tswj hwm thiab txuas nrog tus txais kev hloov sab nraud nws, muaj cov nyiaj siv tau tawm ntawm 20 m).
Kho qhov muag kho qhov muag yog cov khoom siv kho tau, nrog lub sijhawm hluav taws me me. Khawb lub kaum sab xis - 90-120, ntau yam - los ntawm 13 mus rau 32 m. Lawv tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas ob qho tib si glowing foci thiab qhib nplaim taws. Lawv qhov tsis zoo yog tias yog qhov pheej sib cav yog saib xyuas los ntawm kev ua tsev lossis rooj tog zaum, lub tshuab ntes yuav tsis kho nws. Cov ntawv thov yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws xob ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws xob tsis muaj pa luam yeeb (garages, khw muag khoom, chav nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob). Piv txwv li, hauv garages qhov twg uas tau muaj peev xwm ua tau hluav taws roj thiab muaj lwm cov khoom siv roj av, kom lub tsheb hauv qhov chaw tsis ntes cov nplaim taws.
Neej Coj Detectors Muaj cov cuab yeej sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob lub sensors hauv ib-tsev tswj xyuas los ntawm ib tus microcircuit. Piv txwv li, cov ntes "IP212 / 101-2" series "los ntawm cov pa hluav taws xob (tus nqi yog 320 rombles feem ntau sib txawv, vim nws ua haujlwm nrog ib qho hluav taws ( Raws li ib tug co-ntshai, yog li thiab kev haus luam yeeb, tab sis nrog qhov kub nce ntxiv). Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias kev ntsuas sib xyaw ua ke ntawm hom no tsis ntev los no, txij li kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom ob hom (xws li qhov kev xav tau tshwm sim ntau, piv txwv li, hauv garages). Nws yog tsim nyog xws li ib lub cuab yeej, ib txwm muaj, ntau dua li haus luam yeeb lossis cua sov (pa taws ") ntawm 1101-23" - los ntawm 217 rubles).
Ntawm ib sab tes, lub tshuab sib xyaw ua tau zoo, vim nws tso cai rau koj kom pom cov hluav taws ntawm ntau yam, ob qho tib si smairder thiab qhib nplaim taws, tab sis tsis kam. Thiab feem ntau, cov me dua cov khoom siv tau ntsia, qhov tsawg dua lawv yuav tsum tau txais kev pabcuam. Cov sab, raws li koj paub, kev ntseeg tau ntawm txhua cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke yog qis dua monofunctional. Yog li yog tias koj tau txais lub sensor sib xyaw ua ke, ces txhim khu kev qha thiab los ntawm cov tuam txhab paub zoo.
Kev Tuav Detectors - Cov no yog "cov khawm puab" uas pab pub cov teeb liab kev tua hluav taws "(piv txwv li, yog tias nws raug kuaj pom ua ntej" ua rau lub tswb ntsuas ". Lawv raug ntsia rau txoj kev khiav tawm ntawm txoj kev khiav tawm (hauv txoj hauv kev, ntawm stairs, thiab lwm yam ntawm ib qho kev tawm tsam) tsawg kawg ib ntawm txoj kev, thiab yog tias tsim nyog, hauv chav sib cais. Mounted vaj tse txhais tes detectors yuav tsum yog ntawm txhua tus ntaiv ntawm txhua chav tsev (NPB 88-2001 *). Qhov chaw ntawm lawv cov kev teeb tsa yuav tsum muaj cov teeb pom kev zoo.
Detectous detectors. Nws yog qhov ua tau los tsim lub tswb hluav taws xob qib qis los ntawm kev txhim kho cov npe hluav taws xob hauv qab, ib qho los ntawm txhua chav (yog tias me me). Aconomous cov khoom siv no tau hu vim tias nyob rau hauv txhua ntawm lawv muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm cov roj teeb (cov nyom hom roj teeb, " Tab sis lub system yog ywj siab ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm cov khoom siv voltage hauv lub network (nws tsuas tsis xav tau nws). Ntxiv nrog rau lub roj teeb, lub tshuab rhiab (cov pa taws scafile) yog zais rau sab hauv lub vaj thiab tsis muaj dab tsi (tsib)), suab nrog ib lub suab ntawm 85-120 dB. Ib qho tseem yog tom qab lub ntsuas pom yog ua rau yuav "screaming" kom txog rau thaum koj muaj roj teeb lossis lub roj teeb yuav tsis zaum. Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias kev pom me me yog qhov kim dua li qhov txawv ("Tsoos"), nyob rau hauv uas tsis muaj nqi tsawg, vim nws tsis muaj xov hlau, tau txais thiab tswj cov cuab yeej thiab tsim nyog rau lawv. Ua haujlwm ntawm lub zog thaub qab. Tsuas yog hom kev saib xyuas uas cov yeej pom muaj tswv yim xav tau yog lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm hmoov av. Qhov tsis zoo yog tias txhua lub sensor ua haujlwm hauv nws tus kheej thiab, ua nyob deb kawg ntawm lub tsev, koj tsis tuaj yeem hnov lub tswb.
Txog thaum nyuam qhuav muaj detomons ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas txawv teb chaws nkaus xwb muaj: D fricon, BRK - $ 20-25, xws li muaj ntau tus qauv Suav, kwv yees li $ 15. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tsab ntawv qhia txog kev lag luam hauv tsev tau ua haujlwm: "IP212-50M" los ntawm "Rowzha" (Saratov), tus nqi yog 420 rubles; "DIP-47" los ntawm "agata" (Obninsk), tus nqi yog 435 rubles, thiab lwm tus. Thiab, cov qauv no tsis yog qis dua rau kev ntshuam thiab tshaj li lawv. Piv txwv, lub cuab yeej "ip212-43" ("DIP-43") los ntawm ", tab sis pom", "hluav taws", "sab nraud." yog ua tau rau cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas qhov xwm txheej, tseem tsis tau pom dab tsi tshwm sim. Ntxiv rau, nws muab lub teeb liab uas lub roj teeb tau tawm. Tsis tas li ntawm kev muag khoom koj tuaj yeem pom cov detomonous co-production. Piv txwv li, cov tuam txhab "krilak" (yekaterinburg) thiab midde kev nyab xeeb (USA) tsim hluav taws kub offline de-9 ntes, nqe- $ 18.
Ntau tus qauv "Advanced" ntawm cov khoom siv hauv lub nroog Autonomous, txuas tus xov tooj (tooj liab) hlau tuaj yeem tau txais lub cim kos npe (tab sis tsis muaj lub vaj huam sib luag (tab sis tsis muaj vaj huam sib luag). Kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib qho sensor hauv nws ua rau lwm tus so. Qhov no, piv txwv li, cov ntes tau xws li "EI 100C" ("DIP-476 rubles.) Thiab lwm tus. Teeb xwm. Teeb xwm. Teeb xwm. Teeb xwm. Cov paib uas koj yog lav tau kom hnov nyob rau hauv uas yuav tsis muaj chaw nyob. Qhov no yog ib qho ntxiv. Tus rho tawm yog los daws cov lus xaiv, uas nws yog hluav taws uas tau tshwm sim, nws yog qhov nyuaj. Tom qab tag nrho, "Buzz" tam sim ntawd txhua yam!
Hluav Taws Kub Lub Tshuab
Feem ntau, lub tswb hluav taws kub muaj cov cuab yeej ntes tau saum toj no cov hom, nrog rau cov vaj huam sib luag yuav tsum tau txais thiab tswj hwm) - PCP tau txais lawv cov cim. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kws tshaj lij yog kev coj ua hu ua ib txwm muaj. Rau qee lub sijhawm, peb lub ntsiab lus zoo li no tau txawv: tsis yog kawm, chaw nyob, chaw nyob, chaw nyob-analog.Cov tsis yog-kev kawm Muaj kev ntsuas chaw (FLUE, thermal, nplaim taws txuas nrog tus PCP nrog xaim (nws tseem hu ua kab lossis voj). Sensors tsis muaj lawv tus email chaw nyob, uas yuav qhia tawm ntawm cov chaw taws teeb. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, thaum ib tus ntawm lawv yog triggered, nws tsis pom nws tus lej, tsis yog chav nyob thiab nws nyob qhov twg. Tsuas yog cov voj tooj (cov kab) tau sau tseg, uas lub sensor tau raug ntsia. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tus tswv tsev kom nkag siab txog qhov xwm txheej, yuav tsum kuaj xyuas txhua qhov chaw tiv thaiv los ntawm kab no. Txhawm rau pab txiav txim siab ntawm qhov chaw nyob ntawm ignition, sim mus pw ntawm ib kab hauv txhua chav. Tab sis txoj kev no (nce nyob rau hauv tus naj npawb ntawm cov kab) tsis yog ib txwm haum, vim li cas los hais txog cov phiaj xwm hluav taws xob thiab nce tus nqi ntawm kev ua haujlwm teeb tsa. Yog vim li cas kev siv cov tsis yog kev kawm yog suav tias yog tsim nyog tsuas yog rau cov khoom me (tsawg dua 20 chav).
Nyob rau hauv qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws Chaw nyob Cov Systems Nyob rau hauv cov pib detectors, qhov thiaj li hu ua hom phiaj ua kom pom tseeb, uas tau txhais nyob rau hauv "hluav taws" hom ntawm nws lub voj code rau tus PCP. Raws li cov cai no, ib qho teeb liab tshwj xeeb ntawm lub teeb liab txhais tau hais tias, uas nce cov lus teb rau nws. Xws li tuaj yeem hais, tus qauv pheej yig tshaj plaws ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov chaw nyob tsis muaj chaw nyob hauv qhov chaw nyob (piv txwv li "C2000-ar1" module los ntawm NVP "BELID", tus nqi yog $ 10). Lwm qhov zoo dua ntawm cov kab ke tsis yog yuav tsum tau nqa tawm ntawm ib kab hauv txhua chav, tab sis los tsim cov kab txuas ntxiv, txuag cov xaim thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm nruab. Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho ntsuas pom tsis tuaj yeem tswj hwm nws lub xeev thiab xa tawm "qhov chaw nyob hauv tus PCP, thiab thaum tus PCP nres tau txais cov cim los ntawm lub sensor. Chaw xaiv tsev nyob nruab Siv lwm hom PCP, thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntes yog ob-txoj kev. PCC tsis yog lees txais cov cim los ntawm cov kuaj pom, tab sis kuj tseem tau xeem rau qhov sib txuas lus nrog lawv thiab lawv cov serviceability (ua txhua ob peb feeb). Qhov tshwm sim yog qhov kev ntseeg tau ntau yam ntawm ATP, thiab koj tuaj yeem nco ntsoov paub tseeb tias lub sensors ua haujlwm thiab ua haujlwm raws sijhawm. Yog lawm, thiab siv cov chaw nyob chaw nyob yooj yim rau cov tswv thiab nruab. Piv txwv li, kev tshem tawm ib ntus ntawm ib qho ntawm cov sensors (kho, kev tiv thaiv) tsis ua rau tag nrho lub voj-PCP tsuas yog sau cia uas tau ploj lawm. Ib qho ntxiv, cov lus nug cov kab lis kev tso cai rau koj los ua cov kab, tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev txiav txim siab 100), uas qee qhov uas txhais tau tias kev kho haujlwm yuav tsum tau txo. Ua haujlwm hauv cov kab ke ntawd, cov kuaj pom tuaj yeem muab rau qee qhov kev them nyiaj ntau yam, tab sis kuj nrog cov chaw tsim khoom siv tsis zoo los ntawm kev tswj hwm " ).
Hloov N 4 ntawm 20.11. 2000 k SNIP 2.08.01-89 * "Vaj Tse"
3.21. Thaj chaw ntawm cov chav tsev thiab hostel (tsuas yog chav dej, chav dej, ware, ware, ware ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm NPB 66-97, nrog rau IP 40 tiv thaiv qeb (raws li rau GOST 14254-96). Detectors yog ntsia saum qab nthab. Nws raug tso cai rau nruab ntawm cov phab ntsa thiab partitions ntawm chav tsis qis dua 0.3 m ntawm qhov deb ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov neeg ntes ntawm tsawg kawg 0.1 m.
SNIP 31-02-2001 "Lub tsev nyob hauv tsev nyob hauv tsev"
6.13. Lub tsev yog peb cov plag tsev siab thiab ntau dua yuav tsum tau nruab nrog automous option optical hluav taws xob, feem xyuam rau cov kev xav tau ntawm NPB-66- 97, lossis lwm cov neeg kuaj nrog cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws. Nyob rau hauv txhua pem teb ntawm lub tsev yuav tsum tau nruab tsawg kawg ib qho hluav taws kub. Cov ntsuas hluav taws xob yuav tsum tsis txhob nruab rau hauv chav ua noj, nrog rau hauv chav dej, da dej, chav dej, thiab lwm yam chav.
"Cov ntaub ntawv dav dav ntawm cov kev xav tau kev ua haujlwm rau cov qauv tsim ntawm cov vaj tse uas muaj ntau dua 75 m"
(Tsim los ntawm Gup Niac Moskom- pom zoo los ntawm Tsoomfwv ntawm Moscow). Peb yuav tsis hais cov ntaub ntawv no, tab sis tsuas yog hais tias hauv cov tuam tsev, qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov tuam tsev, chaw nyob nrog qhov siab ntawm 100 rau 150 m-chaw nyob-analog, IE cov tshuab uas ua tau kev tswj hwm ntawm cov neeg xauj tsev, piv txwv li, nrog kev pab ntawm lub teeb thiab lub suab cim zoo tau ntsia rau ntawm stairs. Tsis siv neeg tua hluav taws yuav tsum tau npaj ua kom dhau ntawm qhov kev nkag mus rau hauv chav tsev. Hauv cov neeg saib xyuas tas li ntawm cov thawj txhais tau tias tua hluav taws thiab tua hluav taws hauv chav dej, chav dej. Ntxiv rau qhov hluav taws xob ceeb toom hluav taws, muaj kev soj ntsuam video hauv tsev (ntawm stairs, kom tswj mob hlab hlab mob).
Chaw nyob thiab analog system. Cov ntes tsis tsuas yog xaiv tsa ib qho ntawm tus PCP, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov neeg haus luam yeeb, qhov ntsuas kub ntawm nruab nrab, thiab lwm yam. Yog lub PKP ntawm no yog lub chaw rau Sau cov ntaub ntawv telemetry. Raws li qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tswj hwm tau tshaj tawm los ntawm cov ntawv txheeb ze tau tsim nyob hauv tib chav, nws yog tus kws kho mob (raws li qhov chaw nyob hauv lub hom phiaj thiab tsis yog chaw nyob cov paib hluav taws, uas nce Kev ntseeg tau ntawm kev txiav txim siab qhov kev tiv thaiv. Muaj chaw nyob thiab analog system thiab ob peb qhov kev sib piv nrog cov lus nug: Tus naj npawb ntawm loop (nws qee zaum hu ua 69 tsis siv neeg detectors, chaw nyob Chaw tsis pub lwm tus thiab tswj cov qauv tau txuas rau qhov cua, cov pa taws kev tshem tawm, thiab lwm yam. Qhov tsis ua tiav ntawm lub sensor lossis lub xaim tawg yuav tsis rhuav tshem cov kev ua haujlwm, nws tseem yuav ua haujlwm ntxiv, thiab raws li cov neeg uas siv lub sensor ua tsis tiav lossis nruab nrab ntawm cov ntsuas uas muaj yog ib tug tawg. "Lub sijhawm ua haujlwm" ntawm Sensor Biggering tuaj yeem tsim tau rau txhua chav thiab muaj qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov pa luam yeeb tsis muaj ntxhiab, qhov rhiab ntawm cov nplaim taws detectors tuaj yeem txo qis qis, thiab hauv lub moos tau rov ua dua tshiab (piv txwv li, hauv lub tswb ntsuas nrog "200" sensors los ntawm System Sensor).
Cov khoom siv tswj tau txais (Panels) - PCP
Nws yog tus PCP uas tswj cov kab kev nrhiav (vam meej) nrog cov ntsuas hluav taws xob tau nruab thiab cov hluav taws thiab cov tswb nrov (yog tias muaj cov hauv cov kab ke). PCP pub los ntawm AC Voltage ntawm 220 V, tab sis siv lub hluav taws xob sab hauv 12 lossis 24 v. nyob rau hauv cov kev ploj ntawm lub network (1 lossis 2 roj teeb 12 v).
Txhawm rau kom pom tseeb tias lub system ua haujlwm li cas, peb saib thaum muaj dab tsi tshwm sim thaum ua kom pom tseeb, lub ntsuas hluav taws xob. Vam tias nws noj tam sim no tsis pub ntau tshaj 100 μa. Tab sis, ntes cov pa luam yeeb, tig mus rau hauv lub xeev ntxhov siab, yog li nce qhov kev siv tam sim no txog ntawm kev tsim ntawm console). PCP, pom tau nce ntxiv cov kev noj tam sim no, suav nrog LED cov hluav taws kub thiab ua kom lub suab nrov. Lub ntsuas hluav taws tseem ruaj khov nyob rau hauv "Alarming" xeev, txawm tias tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog cov ntaub ntawv haus luam yeeb nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv haus luam yeeb ntog tsuas yog ib ntus. Tswb "teeb liab tuaj yeem yog" pib dua "tsuas yog nrog tus PCP los ntawm kev tshem lub zog los ntawm kev kuaj kab los ntawm nias lub pob tshwj xeeb. Daj tshuaj tiv thaiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev sib raug zoo rau nws tus kheej "pib dua" khawm.
Rau txhua lub nruab nrab (txwv tsis pub, chaw nyob, chaw nyob-analog) siv lawv cov PCPs, cim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov haujlwm. Yog tias hauv cov kev kawm tsis yog cim, cov seev tsuas yog cim rau ntawm "teeb meem-20 thiab - 20p" Bololad "Bololad" Bololad "Bololad" Bololad "Bololad" Bololad "Bololad" Bololad "Bololad" Bololad "Bololad" Bololad "Bololad" Bololad "Bololad" Bololad "Bololad" Bololad "Bololad" Bololad "Bololad" Bololad "Bololad" Bololad "Bololad" Bololad "Bololad" Bololad "Bololad" Bololad "Bololad" Siberian arsenal ", Nqe - 2800 Roob;" , tus nqi yog los ntawm 6340 rubles.), thiab nyob rau hauv chaw nyob thiab qhov chaw nyob txawm pom qhov chaw ntawm 15900 rombles, nrog rau cov khoom siv esser (essertronic 8000c) thiab Apollo).
Tus PCP rau txhua ntawm cov qauv teev tau muab faib ua cov khoom siv me me, nruab nrab thiab loj "muaj peev xwm". Nws nyob ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov hlua txuas, sensors thiab cov haujlwm ua tau. Thiab rau txhua yam khoom tshwj xeeb (tsev, chav tsev), cov khoom haum tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws yog xaiv. Yuav qhia dab tsi ntawm no? Tej zaum nws yog ib txwm zoo dua los xum cov cuab yeej los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom loj (txawv teb chaws lossis txawv teb chaws), uas tau ntev tam sim no ntawm kev ua lag luam. Dab tsi yog lub cuab yeej los xaiv los ntawm ib tug assortment ntawm ib qho chaw tsim khoom, yuav tsum tau txhais lub chaw ruaj ruaj lub tswb. Tab sis ntawm no peb cia koj tus kheej qee cov lus qhia.
Ua ntej, nws yog qhov zoo dua los xaiv tam sim no nws yog kev cai hais, "intuitive" PCP. Ntawd yog, kom txhua yam uas tau hais tseg rau nws cov vaj huam sib luag koj nkag siab txawm hauv ib nrab ib lub plawv. Thiab kom lawv tuaj yeem tsim tau sai thiab yooj yim tsim cov kev ua uas tsim nyog nrog lub cuab yeej, vim tias nws yuav tsis muaj sijhawm los nyeem cov lus qhia rau nws txoj kev tswj hwm thaum hluav taws.
Thib ob, nws yog ib txwm zoo dua los xum tus PCP, yog li yuav hais lus, nrog lub ntsej muag me ntsis. Piv txwv li, nrog rau kev txuas tau rau lwm lub voj yam tsis tau hloov hloov kab yav dhau los.
Thib peb, "smart" ntaus ntawv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws yuav tsum tau ua tiav ntau yam kev ua tau zoo rau koj, hais txog tus tswv nyob rau hauv lub tshav kub ntawm kev kub ntxhov yuav zoo hnov qab. Piv txwv li, txiav cov khoom lag luam thiab kev tso pa kom tiv thaiv kev kis hluav taws raws cov kab ke no, de-energize cov hluav taws xob yooj yim lossis lwm yam.
Cov tswv
Cov tswvyim no yog zais txhua tus thawj tswj cov twj uas tau ua haujlwm ntawm PCP pab pawg tom qab kuaj pom hluav taws. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntse, cov no yog lub suab, lub teeb lossis hais lus zoo, "recubules", "rawg" thiab "forkka"). Txawm tias muaj haib heev ntawm cov tsev nyob sab hauv lub tsev yuav ceeb toom koj txog kev yuav teeb meem. Cov khoom siv muaj zog tshaj nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa, ru tsev lossis hauv lub nthab ntawm ib lub teb chaws lub tsev yuav nqa lub teeb liab hais txog hluav taws ua ntej cov ntaub ntawv thoob ntiaj teb. Tab sis nws tsuas yog tsim nyog uas ib tug neeg uas yuav pom, thiab yuav teb rau nws, nws yuav tawm mus nrhiav tau qhov tshwm sim, thiab qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tseeb Hluav taws kub tua hluav taws nws lossis ua rau cov pab pawg hluav taws. Thiab, nws txhais tau tias qhov kev xaiv no ceeb toom tsuas yog rau koj lub tsev nyob hauv tsev me los hais txog kev ruaj ntseg hauv nruab nrab. Yog lawm, thiab tom qab ntawd nrog lub tshuab loj loj, nws tsis yooj yim rau kev nkag siab tam sim ntawd, hauv lub tsev zoo li cas. Tsis yog rau ib chav tsev, tsis yog rau lub zos lub zos lossis vaj sib koom ua ke, nyob rau hauv uas tsis muaj kev ruaj ntseg kev ruaj ntseg, hom kev ceeb toom no tsis haum kom haum.Hauv cov tsev tsev thiab TV connected nroog, koj tuaj yeem thim lub teeb liab los ntawm PCP ntawm kev ruaj ntseg, thiab cia nws ua ntsuas cov kev ntsuas tsim nyog. Nws tsuas yog tsim nyog yuav tsum tau siv nws nrog kev sib xws console.Yuav ua li cas npaj cov lus hais txog hluav taws los ntawm lub tswb hluav taws xob system tau teeb tsa hauv lub tsev, yog tias tsis muaj xov tooj sib txuas? Thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no muaj ntau cov khoom siv. Txog kev teb nyob hauv uas muaj kev tiv thaiv, cov kev sib txuas lus tshwj xeeb rau cov xov tooj cua channel yog tsim tawm. Txhua lub tsev nyob rau hauv cov cuab yeej no yog nruab nrog lub cuab yeej uas tuaj yeem hloov lub suab kaw npe, thiab cov kev tiv thaiv rau lub cuab yeej uas tsim nyog rau cov tsev uas tsim nyog. (Cov lus nug ntawm xa cov lus hais txog qhov xwm txheej tau daws tau ib yam nkaus yog tias lub tsev hais plaub yog tiv thaiv los ntawm kev xa khoom.)
Yog tias tsis muaj tus kheej kev ruaj ntseg nyob hauv ib chav tsev lossis ib lub zos, tab sis lawv tuaj yeem siv cov cuab yeej ntawm cov lus SMS hais txog qhov xwm txheej. Cov khoom siv no tau hu ua kev hu xov tooj. Lawv muaj peev xwm ntawm ob qho tib si sib txuas rau txhua qhov kev nyab xeeb thiab hluav taws kub, thiab siv ua kev tswj hwm kev ywj pheej thiab tswj hwm los ntawm kev tsim). Thaum lub tswb nrov tawm los, cov cuab yeej xa cov teeb liab sms rau ib qho (tej zaum yuav muaj peb lossis ntau dua ntawm tus tswv tsev ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm tes (koj, cov kwv tij, cov neeg nyob ze, thiab lwm yam).
Tej zaum cov feem ntau tam sim no ntawm hom no yog GSM-UO-4C ("Bolid", tus nqi yog li $ 130). Tus nqi ntawm kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem turnkey raws nws cov nqi kwv yees $ 400. Qhov tsis zoo tseem ceeb ntawm lub system yog tias nws tsuas tuaj yeem ua hauv chav sov (kev ua haujlwm kub, los ntawm +1 rau + 45c). Zoo ib yam li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, tab sis ntau cov tuam txhab muaj cov tuam txhab xws li $ 12 txog rau $ 120, "ntawm cov mis ntawm Foresc-GSM-los ntawm $ 450), thiab lwm yam.
Lub Ceeb Tsheej Cov Nqi (ATP)
Cov feem ntau pheej yig ntawm cov hluav taws kub lub tshuab raws li cov cuab yeej ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv tsev (lub voj voog ntawm cov tuam tsev uas peb twb tau txhais). Yog li, cov pa luam yeeb pointor los ntawm 160 txog 400 rubles, cua sov, los ntawm 150 mus rau 350 qhib hluav taws - los ntawm 1350 txog 5600 tshiav. Lwm yam. Cov teeb meem hauv tsev feem ntau tau txais nrog lawv txoj haujlwm tag nrho, tab sis, raws li txoj cai, peb yog me ntsis rau kev ntseeg tau tias muaj kev cia siab thiab ua kom loog.
Lub tswb ntsuas hluav taws kub theem feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov tuam txhab txawv teb chaws, zoo li Ademo, zoo li TEXECOM, PYRONIX. Yog li, cov pa luam yeeb point sensor nyob rau hauv nqe nqe no yuav raug nqi $ 15-30, haus luam yeeb tawm - hauv $ 100-500, sib txawv - hauv $ 10-20, thiab lwm yam.
Cov neeg ATP kim muaj xws li chaw nyob. Feem ntau, lawv tau tsim tsa rau cov kev tswj tshwj xeeb thiab cov sensors ntawm cov neeg siv pa hluav taws xob muaj nuj nqis $ 1 txog $ 500 rau $ 1000, sib txawv - los ntawm $ 30 Txog $ 60, Optical qhib Nplaim - txij li $ 200 txog $ 500.
Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb detectors yog pheej yig tshaj, lub installation ntawm ib tug complex atp raws lawv tuaj yeem ua tau kim heev. Cov ntsuas chaw nyob yog tsawg kawg yog 50% kim dua chamasadres, tab sis kev teeb tsa ntawm ATP ntawm lawv tuaj yeem ua pheej yig dua. Yog li, raws li cov kws kho mob tau tshawb fawb los ntawm peb, rau lub tsev nrog thaj tsam ntau dua 500M2, qhov chaw nyob yog qhov pheej yig dua nrog email. Thiab thaj chaw loj dua, cov nyiaj ntau dua. Muaj tseeb, tsis yog txhua tus kws tshwj xeeb uas tau koom nrog hauv peb cov lus soj ntsuam kev pom zoo nrog cov lus no. Qee qhov kev pom zoo tias nws tsis tau ntau nyob rau thaj tsam uas muaj kev tiv thaiv thaj chaw thiab lawv cov kev npaj uas txiav txim siab qhov kev teeb tsa thiab cov ceg ntawm lub system raug tsim. (Thiab muab tam sim ntawd muaj ntau lub tsev tsis nyiam ntawm 20 chav uas siv cov PCS yooj yim uas tsis kim dua rau ob qho tib si ntawm cov kev ntsuas thiab tus nqi. Thiab txhawm rau tau txais ntau txoj kev xaiv thiab xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws, nws tsim nyog tiv toj tsis yog ib lub tuam txhab, tab sis ib zaug rau ob peb.
Tab sis nrog qhov tseeb tias hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm cov chaw nyob yog qhov pheej yig dua, txhua yam pom zoo. Tus pheej yig dua yog vim lawv lawv tus kheej pom kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo - nws tseem tsuas yog tshem nws.
Tus nqi siab tshaj plaws muaj cov cuab yeej rau chaw nyob thiab analog systems. Yog tias, piv txwv, qhov chaw nyob pib ntsuas kev ntsuas ntawm lub tuam txhab sensor yuav raug nqi rau lub chaw nyob Tus nqi tsim nyog ntawm cov ntes, thiab yog li ntawd, thiab cov kab ke sau rau lawv tseem tso lawv cov ntawv thov hauv cov tsev hauv nroog thiab lwm lub tsev.
Los ntawm txhim kho lub tswb hluav taws kub, koj yuav tsum npaj rau qhov tseeb tias tus nqi yuav tsis txwv rau qhov no. Nws yuav tsim nyog tsis tu ncua (tsawg kawg ib zaug rau lub hlis, thiab zoo dua li ib hlis twg) kom them cov neeg tshwj xeeb uas tsim nyog ua thiab lawv cov zaus yog qhia hauv PCP thiab cov ntawv hla tebchaws). Rau qhov chaw ATP me me, tus nqi ntawm cov haujlwm xws li yog 1000 rubles, ib qho zoo, tab sis, tsis zoo, tsis yog ncaj qha rau tus nqi ntawm cov kab ke. Rau lawv tuav, nws yog qhov zoo dua tsis yog coj mus - koj tuaj yeem poob lav (feem ntau yog muab rau ib xyoos, tom qab ntawv cog lus rau kev cog lus post-warranation yog tas sij hawm).
Thiab qhov kawg uas kuv yuav tsum tau hais nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm ntu no ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas. Kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob ntawm ib tus neeg lub tswb tua hluav taws yog feem ntau yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ruaj ntseg thiab hluav taws kub thiab tswj tau ib qho khoom siv. Ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv kev ruaj ntseg zoo li no tau hu ua txawv PPKOP, uas yog, kev txais kev tswj-kev tswj-hluav taws. Tab sis hnub no peb tsis tau sib tham txog niaj hnub no, hmoov tsis, kev tshuaj xyuas cov kev tshuaj xyuas tsis txaus.
Tus kws kho ntawv kho ua tsaug NGO "mem tes" kev ruaj ntseg ", Alliance" kev ruaj ntseg "rau kev pab hauv kev npaj cov khoom siv.
Interiors, kho dua tshiab, kho ntawm cov chav tsev