Izindlela zomoya omncane wendlu yezwe nemishini edingekayo ukuhlela ukushintshaniswa komoya emakamelweni alo.
Abalandeli bokuphekela odongeni ngokuphelele i-tropica (a) kanye namatshe amatshe (b) (Greenwood Airvac) kanye ne-VP-P Venterlets (B) ne-BP-C (G) (SOSTON ")
Ukuhlinzeka ngomoya emakamelweni amakhulu amakamelo, ungasebenzisa i-Round Imeksan Diffusers
GRAPA.
PM Vent.
Umugqa (a, b) kanye ne-disk (c) ukwesekwa komoya
Abahlukanisi bafanelana ngokuphelele nabaphakathi banamuhla.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngesikhathi sokwakha ezindongeni kwaqala ukubeka umoya omncane kumapayipi e-PVC
Ama-vents.
O.Erre.
Cata.
Abalandeli bamadonga ezindlini zokugeza kanye namakhishi
Xpelair.
Ukushintsha Ukuhlelwa Kwabathandi:
1 - Vintrach;
2 - I-Flexible Noise edonsa umoya;
3 - Fan;
4 - I-Node of Passay Pass
Perzart.
Izindlu zabalandeli ze-Axc Channel zenziwa kusuka ku-galvanized
I-Noah Steel (a) kanye neplastiki ephakeme eqinile (b)
Photo K. Mayo Itiqo yezakhiwo zephrojekthi ye-Log Amafutho
"Imishini Yobunjiniyela"
I-Valve Kiv "isebenza" ngodonga lomoya omusha, kepha ngeke ilahlekelwe yizinambuzane, umsindo nothuli
Uma ikhwalithi yomsebenzi womoya omncane wemvelo ayikufaneli, ungahumushela indlu umoya "Gigro" (Aereco). Izakhi zayo eziphambili - fan eqeda amandla, isibonelo v2a (1), i-hygrorgulatory
I-ventreys bxs yami (2)
Lokhu kubukeka njenge-trim valve (ventilator) i-reason kusuka egumbini (a) nangaphandle (b). I-bandwidth yedivayisi - 159m3 / h ubude be-1m
IVipli ikhiqiza uhla olubanzi lwabalandeli bophahla kanye nezinto zendawo yonke zokudlula ophahleni
Photo K. Mangayo Umklami v.lelman
Iziteshi zomoya we-air noFasonis ezivela eGalvania zivame ukusebenzisa izinto zokuhamba zomoya
Hlinzeka ngesitshalo sokuphefumula nge-heater heater wk21 (wolf) ukuphakama 400mm
ISchrag.
Stberg.
Ekusindisweni kwamandla
Amabutho akhazimulayo nezitshalo ezingapheli ngeplate (a) noma i-rotary (b) Ukuvuselela kabusha umoya wokushisa komoya (kupholile) ngenxa yokuphelelwa amandla
Endlini yesimanje yezwe, i-microclimate ethembile kufanele igcinwe kungakhathalekile ukuthi i-Popsicles. Ukunakekela ngakho kuwela emahlombe ezinhlelo zezulu.
Photo E. Mulchin Architect M.Lazdins Yini umuntu adinga ukuthi umuntu adingani "injabulo yesimo sezulu" emingceleni yekotishi elihlukile? Okokuqala, umoya omncane wokupholisa ophumelelayo wawo wonke amakamelo, ngaphandle kwawo indlu yesimanje yezwe enamafasitela aso alungile, izindonga kanye nezicabha engcupheni emahoreni. Okwesibili, ibhalansi efanele yokushisa, umswakama kanye nesivinini sokuhamba komoya emakamelweni.
Amanyuvesi ezinhlelo zezulu ezinikeza induduzo angafaka amadivayisi ahlukahlukene. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngezindlela zokungena komoya omncane wendlu yezwe kanye nemishini edingekayo ukuhlela ukushintshaniswa komoya ezakhiweni zayo unyaka wonke.
Umoya omusha
Njengomphumela womsebenzi obalulekile wabantu, okuqukethwe komoya-mpilo emoyeni kuyancipha, futhi ikhabhoni dioksijini iba kakhulu. Izinto zokwakha ezingezinga okusezingeni eliphezulu, ifenisha, izinto zasendlini zihlukaniswa ngezinto eziyingozi. Izihlanza zomoya azikwazi ukubuyisa umoya ubumsulwa bakhe bokuqala. Ngakho-ke, uchithe, wagcwala ukuhwamuka, uthuli nomoya wegumbi lamagciwane kufanele kuthathelwe indawo okusanda kufakwa.
Photo K. Mayo Architect Dymaviche
Emakamelo okulala, lapho avame ukubhema khona, umoya wokungena kakhulu wezinga lokushintshana komoya emakamelweni aphethwe yindawo yokuhlala unikeza i-snip 31.02-2001. Ngokusho kwalombhalo, ukusebenza kohlelo lokupholisa khona ekhaya kwimodi yesevisi kufanele kunqunywe kusukela ekubalweni komoya okungenani wesikhathi esisodwa ukushintshaniswa ngaphakathi kwe-1 emakamelweni ahlala njalo ngabantu. Ukusuka ekhishini udinga ukususa okungenani i-60m3 / h, ukusuka egumbini lokugezela nasendlini yangasese kuya ku-25m3 / h. Ukuphindaphinda kokushintshaniswa komoya kuwo wonke amakamelo angenawo omoya kumodi engasebenzi kufanele kube okungenani ivolumu engu-0.2 yegumbi le-1C. Ukwanda (kunjalo, kuze kube semikhawulweni efanelekile) yenani lomoya ohlinzeka ngokuvamile lithinta kahle inhlala-kahle yabantu, ukwehla kuholela ekwehliseni ukusebenza, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ezifweni.
Amanani abaliwe okushintshaniswa komoya ezakhiweni zezwe lezwe anikezwa elungiselelweni lemithetho yokuklama nokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zobunjiniyela zezakhiwo zokuhlala zomndeni owodwa (i-31 31.6-2002).
Amanani okushintshaniswa komoya emakamelweni endlu yezwe elilodwa (GP 31.106-2002)
| Ikamelo | Inani elincane lokushintshana komoya, M3 / H |
|---|
| Zonke izikhathi | Kwindlela Yenkonzo |
|---|
| Igumbi lokulala, igumbi lokuhlala, izingane | 40. | 40. |
| ILabhulali, iKhabhinethi | amashumi amabili | amashumi amabili |
| I-Pantry, iLining, Igumbi Lokugqoka | Okuthenyalwayo | Okuthenyalwayo |
| Gym, Billiard | amashumi amabili | 80. |
| Ukuphepha, ukusayina, ukomisa | Okuthenyalwayo | 80. |
| Ekhishini ngesitofu sikagesi | amashumi amabili | 60. |
| Ikhishi elinesitofu segesi | amashumi amabili | 80 ku-1 Burner |
| Ukushisa generator | amashumi amabili | Ngokwebala, kepha hhayi ngaphansi kwama-60 |
| Indlu yokugezela, yokugeza, indlu yangasese | isihlanu | 40. |
| Isona | isihlanu | 5 umuntu ngamunye |
| Isiziba sokubhukuda | Okuthenyalwayo | 80. |
| Igalaji | amashumi amabili | 80. |
| Ikhamera kadoti | amashumi amabili | amashumi amabili |
Kusuka kulokho okufanele ukhethe!
Indlu emimoyeni eyisikhombisa
Lapho umoya uphefumula ngokunyakaza okungokwemvelo, umoya uya emakamelweni emafasiteleni emafasiteleni, futhi asuswa ngokusebenzisa ama-vents agxilwe ezindongeni eziningi zezindlu zokuhlala ezingapheli asebenzisa uhlelo olunemvelo lomoya ukususwa. Kuyafaneleka uma umoya ngaphandle kweWindows ungcolisiwe, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi uyifake egumbini ngaphandle kokuhlanzwa kokuqala. Uhlelo lusebenza ngenxa yomehluko kusisindo esithile somoya omgwaqo obandayo (esindayo) negumbi elifudumele (lula). I-DIFTS entsha exutshwe negumbi, ivame ukunciphisa ukugcwala kwezinto eziyingozi emoyeni emkhathini, bese kuthi ingxube ngokusebenzisa amakamelo okugeza ekhishini, athakazelisa ukweqiwa kwekhabhoni nokungcola. Endleleni, umfudlana uyafuthelwa futhi uba mnene, ngenxa yalokho okuvuka ophahleni. Ngokusebenzisa izintambo zomoya ezifakwe odongeni ezindlini zokugezela nasekhishini, kwakha ukuphuma okuncane kula makamelo, umoya ongcolile ushiya indlu.
Ukunikezwa okuhlangene kochungechunge lwe-CAU-MINI (Shuft) ngokushisa komoya kagesi
I-Telem yohlelo lokupholisa umoya olunemvelo olutholile, kufanele uqale uhlele ukuhamba komoya omusha ungene egumbini. Ungazikhawulela ekuvumeni komoya okuvamile. Kodwa-ke, ngisho newindi elivulekile kancane, uyamhlonipha umsindo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugcina amawindi evulekile kaningi kungafanele. Ebusika, lapho umoya omncane we-vollein, uhlelo lokushisa alubheka khona ngokushesha ngokwehla kwezinga lokushisa komoya, i-hypothermia, okusalungiswa.
Kwesinye isikhathi ukuthola umoya omncane wezakhiwo zokuhlala, izimbobo ezinobubanzi obungu-22-30 mm ngaphansi kwamabhodi e-submap, ngaphezulu kwamabhethri okushisa. Umoya ovuthayo, ovuka emabhekeni, uhudula umoya obandayo wangaphandle. Ngemuva kokuphuma, lezi zimbobo zivaliwe ngama-plugs.
Ukungena komoya wonke kuvame ukuhlanganiswa ku-chimney block. Babenzele ezitini ezibomvu, basuse ngasikhathi sinye nezindonga zodonga ngokuya ngephrojekthi, kungcono ukuhlela ukungena komoya omusha ngosizo lwenzelwe ngokukhethekile la madivayisi okunikelwa ewindini isakhiwo. Amamodeli afakwe ekuvulekeni kwe-block yewindows phakathi kwe-sash kanye nohlaka akhiqizwa ngabakhiqizi bephrofayili: KBE, Trocal, SALAMANDE, KMMERLING (wonke amaJalimane) IDR. Amadivaysi aphezulu afakwe kuhlaka lwewindi, ngokwezidingo zethu zemakethe, ngokwesibonelo, i-Aereco (France) cishe i-1,4th. Ama-rubles. Kwikhithi yewindi elilodwa. Ukusetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo kwama-ventilators kufakwe emgodini odongeni odongeni lwegumbi ngalinye le-cottage, - ama-valves ahlinzekelwe wodonga. Azange anikezwe kuphela i-Aeneco-Aeleco-Aubi (i-Germany) kuphela, i-Sypany kanye ne-Fresh (ObverHNia), i-Onninen (eFinland), kodwa nemishini yezobunjiniyela ". I-valve ngayinye yodonga izokubiza ngama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-2,5-5. Futhi izindleko zokufaka zingama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-1.7-3,5. Ukususwa komoya kusuka ekhishini, yangasese, indlu yangasese futhi, uma kunesidingo, kwezinye izakhiwo zendlu (egalaji, igumbi le-boiler, njll.). Izimpikiswano zokukhipha umoya (iziteshi) zivame ukwenziwa ezindongeni eziseduze kwama-chimneys (amacilongo entuthu). Ukwakheka kwalabo kanye nabanye kuncike ekwakhiweni kwendlu. Kwesinye isikhathi "inqwaba" yentuthu ne-ventkanalov ibeka izitini noma amabhlogo akhethekile esisekelweni esihlukile. Uma ukhohliwe ngomoya omncane ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwendlu, ngaso sonke isikhathi ungasindisa isikhundla ngokwenza amapayipi we-asbestos-cement enophahla lwezinkundla zokugezela kanye namakhishi ophahleni (mhlawumbe kuma-40 -50cm ngaphezulu kwesiketi). Ngasikhathi sinye, umehluko omncane wokuphakama phakathi kwamazinga okudla komoya emakamelweni (indawo yokufaka yegridi yokuhlinzekwa) kanye nokuphuma (ikhanda le-tube ekhipha) kufanele okungenani kube yi-3M.
Photo E. Lyuchin Architects R. Kotov, A.Kyrhasar
Ehlobo, umoya omncane wemvelo usebenza ngokungasebenzi kahle - ukundiza izakhiwo, kufanele uvule amawindi. Ukuvuselela okuphezulu kohlelo lokungena komoya kuncike ekusebenzeni komoya, ukuqondisa kanye nesivinini somoya. Imvamisa, uhlelo olunjalo lusebenza lapho amafasitela angezansi 5c. Ebusika, kufanele ngisho ukumboza ama-shutter emagumbini okuphekela phansi egumbini lokugezela nasekhishini, ngaphandle kwalokho ukulahleka kokushisa okungavikeleki akunakugwenywa. I-Auto ehlobo uhlelo lokungena komoya lwemvelo alusebenzi, yize ngalesi sikhathi ezinye izakhiwo (amakhishi, izindlu zangasese, izindlu zokugezela, izisekelo eziluhlaza) kufanele zifakwe umoya kakhulu.
Kepha ukunxanelwa ehlobo kulula ukuqinisa. Lokhu kunomthelela eVentkanalov evuthayo. Ukusondelana kutholakala ku-chimney ye-boiler esebenza unyaka wonke noma ikholomu yegesi, kusebenza kangcono. Uma i-chimney isuswa ekukhuphukeni komoya omncane, i-heather yamanzi ephansi exhunywe egatsheni elihlukile lohlelo lokushisa lungafakwa engxenyeni yokugcina, noma lenze ipayipi le-DHW.
Lomanco.
I-Deflector (a) ne-termine yokungena komoya okujikelezayo (b) enye indlela yokwandisa i-traction ukudala ukuphuma kwezikhuphuli zomoya. Kulokhu, ophahleni, kunamadivayisi akhethekile eVentkanalov. Ukugeleza komoya (umoya) kungumkhuba, ukudala ukukhipha kudivayisi ye-diffuser, ngaleyo ndlela umunca umoya ovela ezimpini. Uhla olubanzi lwe-Deflectors lunikeza i-Uniwersal (Poland), kanye "Nokunyakaziswa", "Tyra" (Russia) idr. Muva nje, eRussia baqala ukuthengisa ama-turbines verationary rotary ndioversines ayindida - ama-turbia (Russia), iLomanco (USA), efakwe emaphaketheni amadethi amakamelo. Naphezu kokuqondisa namandla komoya, i-turbine ijikeleze, inikeze ukukhishwa okubuthakathaka ekutholeni iziphambeko zokuphefumula kanye nokudonsa umoya ongcolile ngaphandle kwendlu. Izinhlelo zithandwa kakhulu eMelika. Inkathazo ephelele yabambukeli kanye ne-turbine- ekuvuthweni kwezolile akunamsebenzi.
Uma endlini esebenza umoya omncane ngokunyakaza kwemvelo, kunendawo enamandla yomlilo enesithando esivulekile, khona-ke ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwayo hhayi ehlobo kuphela, kodwa emoyeni ongcoliwe ebusika ungahamba ezindlini zokugezela, ekhishini nakwamanye amakamelo egumbini lezindawo zomlilo, ndawonye ngephunga elingemnandi nezinto eziyingozi. Ngemuva kwakho konke, indawo yomlilo ngokwayo iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuphelelwa amandla akwazi ukukhipha ngaphandle kwegumbi liye ku-500m3 / h. Ukugwema ukuthathwa okufanayo, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukunikezwa komoya okucebile okuvela emgwaqweni ngqo esithandweni somlilo.
Akunandaba nesimo sezulu
Kunokwethenjelwa ngokwengeziwe (ngoba akunciki esimweni sezulu futhi kuvimbela ngempumelelo ukucutshungulwa kwe-traction) uhlelo lokungena komoya olunesisusa semishini sokususwa komoya. Ukungeniswa kungokwemvelo, okuphumayo okuphoqelekile.
Uhlelo lokugqugquzeleka kwemishini. Umoya omusha ungena ezakhiweni ngama-windows ama-valves, angcolisiwe - asusa ezindlini zokugezela kanye nekhishi elinomlandeli owodwa onamandla onke kanye nemicibisholo yomoya ohlelweni, umoya we-trim ungena endlini ngefasitela noma ama-valve wall. I-hood kusuka kumabhavu bese ikhishi livame ukwenziwa kusetshenziswa umuntu oyedwa ophethwe amandla anamandla (300-6000m3 / h umthamo) ofakwe endaweni evuthayo futhi exhunywe ezikhaleni zomoya. Ukungena komoya omncane, ama-latsice apholisayo ahlelwa ngezimpumputhe eziguqukayo, noma amapayipi okuphelelwa yisikhathi ane-turntable kanye nesembozo esiguqukayo ngesandla, noma i-lid elungiselwe ngokuzenzakalelayo kwesigaba sendima, okuqukethwe kwe-CO2). "Ungavuselela" i-hood ngeyodwa noma ngaphezulu ngenombolo yabalandeli be-ventricular efakwe ngokusebenzisa izilibhu ezindabeni zokuqeda amapayipi. Ekugcineni, le ndlela ivamile egumbini lokugezela ngakunye nasekhishini lamamodeli we-cottage wall of fans anama-valves anama-valves, akhiphe umoya kula makamelo abo - ngezimbobo ezingaphandle (kalula, uma abalandeli bephendukile Ngokuzenzakalelayo, ngesiginali kusuka enxweni yokunyakaza, umswakama noma ikhwalithi yomoya). I-Striering to Wall Fans e-Attic Beka isiteshi esihlala njalo, ukudonsa umoya ongcolile ophahleni kuya emgwaqweni futhi kuqinisekise ukushintshana ngomoya okuvumelekile emakamelweni okuhlala e-cottage.
Ukuze agasele ama-ventkanals, kwanele ukwenza ophahleni oluyindida oluzungeze umngcele wekamelo labalandeli odongeni elibiza ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-0.5-4. Ukuthengisa okuningi: "I-Arktos" (Russia), i-Vortice (Italy), i-Silavent, i-Xpelair, i-DUCEX (I-Italy), "Izinhlelo zomoya" (Ukraine, ukuhweba ama-vents brand). Abalandeli Beziteshi babiza ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-8-24. I-Systeir and Stberg Adfer, Xpelair, O.erre IDr. Phakathi kwabalandeli bophahla, imodeli ye-Fenco (Uniwersal) ingaphawulwa, eqinisekisa ukusebenza kokuphela kwa-180m3 / h ngemoto kagesi yavuthwa noma isebenza njengomkhohlisi (i-fan impeller isebenza ukuze ingaphazamisi Ukukhishwa kwamahhala komoya omncane).
Sixazulula izinkinga zemvelo
Abanikazi abaningi bamakhethini, eduze kwemigwaqo emikhulu, bacabange kakhulu ngendawo esheshayo yokuhlala. Uthuli, umsindo kanye nephunga elingathandeki lungena endlini ngokungafanele. Kepha kusuka kubo ungavikela indawo yokuhlala, uvale amafasitela apulasitiki aqinile ngokungena kwe-hermetic, kanye nenhlangano yokungena komoya, sebenzisa uhlelo olwenziwe ngomoya kanye nohlelo lokukhipha umoya, oluzohlinzeka ngenani elanele lomoya omusha ohlanzwa othulini nama-aromas nokususwa endlini yekoti elichithekile.
Umoya omusha unikezwa iyunithi yokuhlinzekwa kusuka ku-facade, asuswe emgwaqweni ovela ezindlini ze-offshield, asungule ukuhlinzekwa kwezimpahla nezinhlelo zokuphoqa ezisuselwa ekufakweni kokuhlinzekwa (kusuka ezinkulungwaneni eziyizinkulungwane / m2 ekhaya). Ngokusebenzisa isiteshi esifudumele ukuxhumana nomgwaqo, bathatha umoya omusha, bahlanze ngothuli futhi bafutheke evamile (17c) evamile (17c), ngemuva kwalokho bathunyelwa kuwo wonke amakamelo okusebenza kophahla lomsila noma izindonga zamanga. I-air extactor, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukususwa komphunga wamanzi kanye nokunye ukungcoliswa okuqukethwe emoyeni kwenziwa ngeziteshi zokuvutha umoya ezindlini zokugezela nasekhishini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, hhayi "ukulayisha" ngokweqile "uhlelo lokuqeda indlu, kwelinye lamazakhiwo ezingezona zokuhlala odongeni lwangaphandle, luhlelwe ngomgodi, ovalwe ngokuphulukiswa okudongeni, ukuvula ukucindezela okwedlulele emakamelweni , noma ifakwe fan eqeda amandla. Ukusebenza kokufakwa kuvela ku-150m3 / h. Zingabekwa kuma-attic, emakamelweni angaphansi noma emgwaqweni.
Uhlelo lokuhlinzekwa ngomshini kanye nomoya wokukhipha umoya esisekelweni seyunithi yokuhlinzekwa kanye nophahla oluphethwe ebhilidini elilodwa lokulungiswa kwamandla okusatshalaliswa kohlelo olusezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu. Izinga lokuhlanza lokungcola lingaba phezulu kakhulu (ikakhulukazi uma kusetshenziswa izihlungi zamalahle, amalambu ama-bactericidal, izihlungi ze-hepa, njll.). I-KEDnostatoks ifaka ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okwengeziwe ngesikhathi sokubanda kokushisa kukagesi komoya. Ukusebenza okushibhile kokufakwa kokuhlinzekwa nge-Callorifer yamanzi exhunywe kwi-boiler. Siphawula ukufika kweRover (Germany), amalva (Lithuania), "Arktos", "ovik", "Ovik", "Weeza" (alleaza "(alle- Russia) idr. Imishini yenethiwekhi yokwakha uhlelo (ama-air ducts, athandeka, njll.) KuseSysberg, Diaflex Assortment (Sweden) IDR.
Uhlelo lwe-Mechanic Veriation lususelwa ekufakweni kokukhipha amandla okukhipha amandla nge-Plate Recuperator. Inikeza ukugeleza komoya omusha ezindaweni zokuhlala nokususa uchithe ezindlini zokugezela kanye nemishini uma i-cottage ngaphandle kwezinkinga zemvelo, isimo semvelo singagcina uhlelo lokuhlinzekwa kanye nomoya omncane ngesisekelo kokufakwa okukhishwe amandla okukhipha amandla. Izokonga ama-20-86% wamandla adliwayo ukuze afudusele umoya ngesikhathi esibandayo, ngenxa yokushisa komoya ophelelwa ngamandla. Ukulondolozwa kwamandla kutholakala ngokusetshenziswa kokululama okuphakelayo kwepuleti, injini yokushisa ejikelezayo noma i-air pump "yomoya" ekuhlinzekweni kanye nokufakwa kwe-ventilator. Lapho ufaka uhlelo, i-air duct kanye nokuphela kwendlu endlini kuzodingeka kubekwe endlini, lapho zonke izindlu zendlu zixhunywe khona ekuhlinzekweni nasekufakweni kokukhipha, kanye nezikhathi ezi-2 ngaphezulu kwe Uhlelo olususelwa kuyunithi lokuhlinzekwa, inani le-ventreula. Umsindo ovela emoyeni ugeleza uqede umsindo wesiteshi sokuthathwa komsindo nemithi eguqukayo yomoya.
Emakethe yokuhlinzekwa kwezitshalo kanye nokuphelelwa amandla nge-plate cross-flow recuperator eyethulwe ikakhulukazi emishini: I-VVX, maxi (i-System (Shuft, Norway), i-Ur (Aermec, United Kingdom). Ukunakwa okukhethekile okufanelwe yimikhiqizo enezisulu ezisuselwa ku-cellulose: VAM (DAIKIN, Japan) kanye ne- "Losnes" (Mitsubishi Electric, Japan). Izitshalo ezikhipha izicelo ezinemigqa yemodeli yokushisa evutha ejikelezayo e-rotovex ne-VR (Systeir), i-HERU (Stberg), i-caur (shuach), igolide, i-BCEA (Sweed). Imishini yaseRussia yizilungiselelo zesimo sezulu (BB Consulting). Isixazululo sendlu esukela ku-200M2 nge-automation enkulu ingabiza ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-3-8. / M2.
