Sithi hlobo luni lophahla futhi okungenzeka ukuthi lusebenzise ubuchwepheshe bokwakhiwa kophahla ezindlini eziphakeme ekwakhiweni kwendlu yekhwalithi eyodwa.
Izinhlobo zophahla ezakhiweni zokuhlala
Amapuleti kanye ne-rafyla
Izixazululo Zokwakha
Izinto zokwakha
- -bunyezayo
- isiqephu
- Imbonazo
Uphahla lwama-skyscrapers asemadolobheni kanye namakamelo okukodwa anawo angaba nesixazululo sobunjiniyela esifanayo. Esimweni sokuqala, lokhu kuvame ukuba yindawo eyisicaba eyenziwe yi-slab ekhonkolo evundlile evundlile, ngesibili - uhlelo lwe-rafter ngokhuni, imishayo yensimbi noma imishayo yensimbi noma izakhiwo eziqinisiwe zokukhiqizwa kwefekthri. Kwenzeka nangokuphambene nalokho, lapho ama-rafters esetshenziswa ezinhlakeni ezintsha ze-monolithic, futhi ingxenye engenhla ye-cottage yithala elilodwa eliqinile, kepha liyinto ehlukile kwimithetho. Noma kunjalo, kunezikhathi eziningi ezijwayelekile kunokwehluka. Ngemikhakha ehlukene yezindlu, izinhlobo ezifanayo zophahla zifanelekile.
Uphahla luhlukaniswe ngabaklami, ukwakheka kanye nezinto zokuhlanganisa.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwedivayisi yezobuchwepheshe
I-rafyla
Lolu luhlaka olususelwa ezindongeni zendlu. Lesi sinqumo sasivame kakhulu. Ikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise noma yiziphi izixazululo zokwakha. Ukwethembeka akubangeli noma yikuphi ukungabaza - indlela isifakazele ngokuphelele amakhulu amaningi eminyaka.
Iplate ekhonkolo ekhonkolo
Isitofu sibekwe ngokuvundlile kungaba ngakolunye uhlangothi oluncane ukuze amanzi emvula awabambezeli ebusweni bayo. I-Designer Densies lapha kungenzeka ingabi ngaphansi kwesimo sokuqala. Indiza ngokwayo ayibonakali, kepha akukho lutho oluvimbela ingadi kuyo, yenza ichibi noma insimu yezemidlalo. Izinhlobo zezakhiwo zokuhlala zophahla zokuhlalisa zingasetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwangasese. Muva nje, emadolobhaneni aseZweni, izakhiwo eziningi zanamuhla zivela ngesitayela sanamuhla, ezibonakala ngobuso obucacile nama-engeli aqondile.
Ukuhlukaniswa ngesimo
- Ophahleni oluyisicaba.
- Eyodwa.
- Phinda kabili.
- Dome ne-conical.
Hlala futhi ubeke izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ofanayo
Ziqukethe izindiza ezine. Izindawo ezivela emaphethelweni esakhiwo zinxantathu, izinhlangothi zangaphambili nezingemuva zinesimo se-trapezium. Izingxenye ezinxantathu zibizwa ngokuthi i-Valmami.
I-Polvalm
Abafinyeleli niza ngokungafani nale nhlangothi nasezinhlangeni ze-facade, okwenza umklamo ube mncane kancane ohlelweni lokubopha ezimbili.
-Phukile
Ngayinye yalezi ziketi ezimbili ihlukaniswe ngesigamu se-infiltration eqondiswe ohlangothini lwangaphandle. Ukwamukelwa okunjalo kungakhulisa kakhulu isikhala se-attic, sikuguqule esitezi sesibili esigcwele. Idizayini elula nezindleko eziphansi zenza le mpilo yobunjiniyela enye evame kakhulu.
Uhlobo lwe-Multi
Kunesethi eyinkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo ezinamamitha amabili ne-semi-walleged eziqondiswe eziqondisweni ezihlukile.
-Hlangene
Lokhu inhlanganisela yazo zonke izinhlobo ezingenhla. Ukubonakala kokwakha kwesakhiwo kungashushiswa futhi kuvinjelwe, kungabi nalutho.
Izinhlobo zezinto zophahla ezakhiweni zokuhlala
-Bunyezayo
Lokhu kufaka phakathi izimbobo zensimbi, i-polymer namanye amashidi.Isilekisi
Lawa ngamaphaneli e-wavy aqhamuka e-asbestos kanye nosimende. Ekwakhiweni kwezindlu, kusetshenziswa kangako futhi kuncane, ngoba nge-asbestos yesikhathi eside i-asbestos iyingozi empilweni. Okuqukethwe kulungele izakhiwo zasekhaya. Imikhiqizo inobude obujwayelekile be-1.75 m kanye nobubanzi kusuka ku-0,98 kuya ku-1.13 m. Isisindo sisuka ku-10 kuye ku-15 kg. Ingafakwa lapho kungubandlululo olusuka ku-12 kuye ku-60 degrees. Ukufakwa kwenziwa ngobunono ku-crate yemigoqo yokhuni ngezipikili. Ukusuka phezulu kuya ekhreyini ngaphambi kokufaka, kuyadingeka ukubeka ungqimba lokungena kwamanzi. I-slate idonsa kahle umswakama, ngakho-ke isikhunta no-moss kungavela ebusweni bakhe.
Ondlin
I-Polymer Compand ene-rationrance ephezulu yokulayisha kanye namaconsi okushisa. Ukushintshwa okuphelele komkhakha. I-Ontulin ingasetshenziswa e-angle evuthiwe yophahla lokuthambekela kusuka kuma-degree ayi-6. Kunamathiselwe kwikhreyithi enezinzipho ezikhethekile. Ubude obujwayelekile - 2 m, ububanzi - 0.96 m. Isisindo - 6.5 kg. Ngokungafani nomlingani wayo, kubukeka kahle futhi akubangeli noma yikuphi ukusongelwa kwezempilo. Akubizi kakhulu. I-coating igqoke kahle futhi ingasetshenziswa lapho kudala izindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izimfanelo ezingezinhle ziyavutha futhi zilula.
USolwazi
Amashidi ensimbi. Iphrofayili ingaba bushelelezi noma impumuzo. Insimbi imbozwe nge-polymer ungqimba elivikelayo lokuvimbela ukugqwala. I-angle yokuthambekela ephansi ingama-degree ayi-10. Ukufakwa kwenziwa kwisikulufo se-self-tracting. Njengesisekelo, i-runneid yakudala ingasetshenziswa, inqobo nje uma inganikezi ukuvuza futhi ayiqongeleli umswakama, okuholela ekubonakaleni isikhunta. Ngezimfanelo zokuhlobisa eziphakathi nendawo, izindleko ziphansi.
I-Metal Tile.
Lokhu kungubuchwepheshe obuhle, ukulingisa ithayela le-ceramic. Ukucaciswa kwezobuchwepheshe, lezi zinto zokwenziwa azihlukile. I-metal tile ibukeka inhle kakhulu futhi cishe ayihlukile ku-ceramics yangempela. Umsebenzi wokufaka ungaqhutshwa wedwa, njengoba isisindo nobukhulu bamaphaneli buncane.
Amashidi agoqiwe wensimbi
Uphahla lwesimanje, olusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwamakamelo azimele nezindlu eziningi ezinamateki. Inobumba obushelelezi. Ukukhululeka kwakha amalunga, okuthiwa kwamanga. Bangamaphethelo agobile ukuze umuntu afake enye. Kunezindlela eziningi zokukhetha "izingidi" ezinjalo. Izinhlobo zophahla olugoqiwe ziyehlukahlukahlukana ngendlela yokufaka. Imvamisa, amalunga alungiselelwe ezansi endaweni yokwakha, bese efaka i-crate esebenzisa amathuluzi akhethekile. Idizayini ebunjiwe ayidingi amalungiselelo anjalo. Ubuchwepheshe obugoqiwe busetshenzisiwe futhi, lapho okuqukethwe kuguqulwe kube umqulu ngaphambi kokulungiselela.
Inketho yokugcina ikude nezimpawu ezilula kakhulu nezobuchwepheshe ziphansi kakhulu kubuchwepheshe flooring, uma siqhathanisa imikhiqizo yensimbi. Kukufanele ukushibhile kancane. Kuphinde kwaveza amashidi ethusi kanye ne-aluminium, ebonakaliswa ukwethenjwa okwengeziwe. Impilo yabo yenkonzo idlula iminyaka engama-75. Bangababiza kakhulu ngokuqhathaniswa nabalingani babo. Okunye ukubuyela emuva kokudla okuhle okushisayo. Lapho ufaka, kuyadingeka ukubeka ungqimba wokufakelwa. Ukufakwa okuzwakalayo akulimazi, njengoba insimbi idlulisa kahle umsindo.
I-angle yokuthambekela kwazo zonke izinhlobo zokugoqa i-coating akufanele ibe ngaphezu kwama-degree ama-3. Okunamathiselwe kwamalunga kwenziwa ngemivimbo emincane yensimbi, yethusi noma i-aluminium, okuthiwa izingwebu.
Imikhiqizo Yesiqeshana
Itilo
Lawa ngamapuleti ubumba ama-ceramic abekwe yimigqa yethusi. I-Tile inokusebenza okuhle kakhulu. Impilo yayo yenkonzo idlula iminyaka eyi-100. Akushisi, akudali izinkinga nge-microclimate yasekhaya futhi zifakwe kalula. Ukuchitha umsebenzi, umuntu oyedwa wanele. I-bias kufanele ibe kusuka kuma-degree angama-25 kuye kwangama-60. Kungaba ngaphezulu, kepha-ke ama-fasteners angeziwe azodingeka. Uma kuncane, kufanele ubeke ungqimba lokungena kwamanzi. Ukufakwa kwenziwa kusetshenziswa izipikili nezikulufa ezifakwe emgodini okhethekile. Ipuleti elingaphezulu lixhumeke ezansi ngokusebenzisa izingidi ezikhethekile. I-ceramics iyabiza, kepha intengo ikhokha ukuthembeka nobuhle.
Uthayela wesimende-usimende
Akubukeki okubi kakhulu, kepha impilo yayo yenkonzo ifushane kathathu. Kulula, kunamandla afanayo, ukumelana namakhemikhali anolaka. Idlulisela kwimijikelezo eyi-1000 yokuqandeka nokuncipha, kepha ngasikhathi sinye buthaka njenge-prototype yayo.
Amapuleti aseShale
Mhlawumbe ukunamathela okubizayo kakhulu, futhi akumangazi. Ithayi ngalinye lenziwa ngesandla kusuka kusilayidi samanje. Izinto ezibonakalayo zinomthunzi wemvelo onsundu. 1 m2 ngobukhulu obungu-4 mm unesisindo esingama-25 kg. Ububanzi obujwayelekile bungu-15 noma 30 cm, ubude bungama-20 no-60 cm. I-angle encane yethambeka ngama-degree angama-25. INtaba yenziwa kwikhreyithi lokhuni elinezipikili zethusi noma ze-galvanized 10 cm ubude.
Izinhlobo zophahla oluthambile
Hydroizol
Weza ukuzongena esikhundleni somgijimi ojwayelekile. Ithengiswa ngemigoqo futhi ifakwe ku-bitumen ecibilikile, efudunyezwa yigesi. Isisekelo saso senziwa nge-polyester, i-cholesrest yengilazi noma i-fiberglass. I-Polyester ingcono ngekhwalithi, kepha ibiza kakhulu. I-Glassball ingcono ukuyisebenzisa lapho amandla aphezulu angadingeki. Ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ukubeka, udinga ukubeka - ukufakwa, futhi kusuka phezulu - amanzi amanzi. Noma ngabe kufakwe 10 cm kukhona okungenzeka ukuthi ukuqina kuzokwenganele.
Tile eguquguqukayo
Kukhiqizwa ngesisekelo se-cholester yengilazi, okufakwe ku-bitume nge-bitume ngokushintsha izengezo. Ingxenye yangaphandle inomdwebo, ukulingisa i-tile. Ungqimba lwe-mineral crumb lusetshenziswa kulo oluvikela ngemiphumela yokukhanya kwelanga nokwakha umuzwa wamatshe noma ama-ceramics. I-canvas ibekwe emashidini e-plywood engenamanzi kungaba ku-materproofer enhle. Isisekelo kufanele siqine. Izinto ezibonakalayo zingasetshenziswa ngezinhlaka eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuphahlakala lapho ukuguquguquka nezimfanelo eziphakeme zokuhlobisa zidingeka.
Ama-polymer membranes
Kukhiqizwe kusuka enjoloba, i-polyvinyl chloride kanye nama-olefin we-thermoplastic kuya kwisisekelo se-wast enomoya oshisayo noma kugcwele. Umsebenzi awuhlali isikhathi esiningi. I-coating ihlala isikhathi eside futhi ingahlala iminyaka engama-50. Akuphuthelwa umswakama. Lapho uyisebenzisa, ukunika amandla akudingeki. Ulwelwesi Yima i-tile eguquguqukayo, kepha azifani ngezimpawu eziphakeme zokuhlobisa.
Ukuphahla Kwenqwaba
Le yi-mastic ye-ketshezi, lapho ibeka iqhwa futhi yakha ukuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo. Kusetshenziswa esisekelweni esiqinile nge-angle yokuthambekela hhayi ngaphezu kwama-degree angama-25. Uma i-angle ingaphezu kwama-3 degrees, uzodinga igridi yokuqinisa. I-mastic isetshenziswa ezingxenyeni eziningana zobukhulu obungu-1 cm kanye ne-top of mineral Crumb evikela ukukhanya kwelanga. Isisekelo singakhonjiswa umgijimi. Naphezu kokulahleka kwezihlobo, endaweni enjalo kungahamba. Lesi yisixazululo esihle kakhulu sezindawo zedivayisi ophahleni oluyisicaba. Amadivaysi angavikeleli ngeke adinge, njengoba ukuhlanganisa kungukuthi i-hermetically.
