Maukadaulo khumi ndi awiri omanga nyumba zomangamanga: Mbiri ndi zamakono, mawonekedwe a ntchito ya kuyika njira iliyonse yomanga kwambiri
"American Nkhani ina" imapangidwa makamaka ndi ukadaulo womwe umatchedwa nyumba zokonzedwa. Munkhaniyi, tinena za kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi mu Russia nyengo ya ku Russia, komanso kuganizira zina mwazomwe zimaperekedwa ndi msika wamakono wamakono.
Onani m'mbiri
Nyumba za Homeland Padziko Lonse ndi Mosakayikira Europe, apa nthawi ya ukadaulo wamatsenga adagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi XV. Chachiwiri cha avot dziko lawo limakhala la Canada, pomwe nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse idapanga njira yosavuta komanso yopanda ntchito. Chimango choyambirira chinali ngati maziko awo. Komabe, sizinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wonse ku Canada, koma ku USA, kunja kwa New York, kumapeto kwa 40s.Panthawiyo, Bill Levit, yemwe masiku ano amaganizira za abambo a "Nkhani Yachimodzi ya Nkhani Yakale" Inter of Nawo waku America, nyumba za mabanja amodzi zimapangidwa ndi njira ya fakitale. Lingaliro lidawerengedwa kuti mulawa ogula omwe ntchitoyo idayendetsedwa: kwa zaka 5, kampani yanyimbo ya Levit idamangidwa pafupifupi 17.5 nyumba zikwizikwi, ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa 60s. Ndalama zawo zidapitilira zikwi 140. Momwe njira, njira zopangira zopangira ziyenera kuti zidatumizidwa kukatumiza nyumba pafupifupi 30 patsiku!
Zowona, nyumbazo sizimadziwika ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa nyumba yoyamba yosungika iwiri-ija, panali 74m okha (chapansi pa 74m okhaokha (maziko ake anali osiyananso, popeza maziko a Slab adagwiritsidwa ntchito). Poyamba, nyumba zonse m'midzi zinali zofanana. Ntchito zokhala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zomangira zomangamanga ndi zomwe zidawoneka pambuyo pake. Nyumba zapamwamba zakonzedwa kale, khitchini, zipinda ziwiri kapena zitatu kapena zipinda zokhala ndi mabafa. Ndi malo omwewo. Nthawi yomweyo, ntchentche ndi zida zapakhomo zinali kukhitchini, kuphatikiza firiji ndi makina ochapira.
Koma ngati wina akuganiza kuti njira yobwezeretsera Misa aku America m'mabusa a Subalbs inali nthawi yomweyo, amalakwitsa kwambiri - "Ascrotpt" idakonzekera mosamala. Kupanga kwa ntchito yotsika kwambiri kunali chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwatsatanetsatane kwa boma kuti chitukuko cha zigawo zam'madera. Ubale ndi ndalama zake zazikulu adayikidwa mu kukhazikitsa kwa kulumikizana, kumanga kwa mseu .P. (Panjira, inali nthawi imeneyi yomwe idakalipobe magalimoto a America.)
Kutsatira United States, kumalimbitsa nyumba zotsika mtengo ku Canada, komanso m'maiko angapo ku Europe. Masiku ano padziko lapansi pali mafakitale onse omwe amatulutsa nyumba zopanga fakito. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati matelono apadera komanso osiyanasiyana. Ena mwa iwo adakwanitsa kubwera ku msika waku Russia ndipo adapitilira bwino.
Palibe kuwonda popanda wabwino
Tsoka ilo, Russia yamakono ndi kusamutsidwa kwakukulu kuchokera ku "nkhalango zamiyala" pa lono lachilengedwe sizingadzitamandire, m'malo mwake, m'malo mwake. Nyumba yapanyumba mpaka pomwe panali mwayi wothandizidwa ndi olamulira. Kenako linaganiza mwadzidzidzi ndikuloledwa kukhala ndi kanyumba wachilimwe ndi dimba ndi dimba moyandikana naye. Koma kuti mwa dacha amatha kukhala chaka chonse, ndipo koposa zonse zolembedwa (ngati simuli membala wa mgwirizano wa olemba ndi nyumba yanu yosamutsa), ndipo sindinathe kulankhula. Kubadwa kwa nthawi yakumanga kwa capitacism, zingaoneke, zonse zikadasintha. Koma pa bungwe la kugulitsa nyumba m'nyumba zanyumba zopangidwa kale, zoyimiriridwa ngati "zapadera", pamitengo, zomwe sizingatheke.
Ndipo, tinaphunzira phunziro limodzi lothandiza ku zokumana nazo zapadziko lonse lapansi: pamsika wathu tsopano zopereka nyumba zopangidwa ndi matekinoloki okhala nyumba zokonzedwa. Wtre kuti matekinolono awa adayamba kutchuka, mavuto azachuma anali "olakwa". Ambiri mwa omwe angakhalepo akuchulukirachulukira kuti muzosakhazikika pachuma, ndizotheka kumasulira maloto kuti akhale zenizeni, pokhapokha pokhapokha kuchepetsa mtengo wochita masewera olimbitsa thupi kunyumba. Njira yolonjezera kwambiri kukwaniritsa izi ndikuchepetsa matekinolojekiti omanga, kuchepetsa ndalama, komanso mtengo wogwira ntchito. Zotsirizazo zimaloleza nthawi zina kuti asiye kugwiritsa ntchito zida zokweza (onani "IVD", 2010, N 1). Kodi matekinoloje "awa ndi ati?
Malingaliro ochulukitsidwa, mfundo sizisintha
Msika wamakono wa nyumba zotsogola ndi wosiyanasiyana. Imafotokozabe ukadaulo wapadera wa nyumba za maziko omwe tidatchulidwa ndi ife, malinga ndi zomwe amapanga zomwe zimachitika zimapangidwa kuchokera ku ma panels. Chiwerengero chawo cha bolodi yowuma chowuma chimakhala ndi gawo limodzi lokha ndi imodzi (mumsewu) ndipo osadzaza ndi kufinya. Pafupifupi chinthu chokha chomwe chasintha zaka 70 zaukadaulo chidagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito Paneur kuti abise zinthu zamakono, ndiye kuti, Slab-Slabbs (onani "IVD", kapena IVD. Ru).Ambiri m'malo mwathu amsika wathu ndi njira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi nyumbayo zimakwezedwa kuchokera kwa munthu (nthawi zina zachilendo) zomwe zakonzedwa ku fakitole, kenako nkuteni. Pali zokhazikika zambiri za nyumba - kuchokera pa mapanelo kapenanso kuyambira ma module ambiri. Mwazinthu zachilengedwe zoterezi zimawononga ndalama zambiri, chifukwa pafakitale chifukwa chopanga, ntchito zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma nyumbayo imakolola mwachangu kwambiri. Koma ziribe kanthu kuti matembenukidwe amakono a maulendo opangidwa ndi mayiko omwe amadziwika ndi masitima apakale, mfundoyi idakhazikitsa ntchito yapitayo ya bokosi la nyumbayo pamalo omanga momwe mungathere. Kusankha kwa mtundu wina kapena mtundu wina kuyenera kukhazikika pazokonda zanu monga momwe mungawerengere zachuma.
Sitinafune kutopa wowerenga, yemwe adalemba matekinoloje othamanga kwambiri omwe alipo kale, koma nthawi yomweyo adafuna kuti amuthandize kuti asasokonezedwe ndi zambiri. Chifukwa chake, tidaganiza zotipatsa gawo lathu lomwe likuyimira njira izi zikuyimiriridwa mu tebulo. Koma musanayambe nkhani za iwo, tipanga zingapo zofunika, tikuganiza, zopereka zathu. Kuti muchepetse nkhani ya nkhaniyi, koma ndizotheka kuyerekezera njira zofotokozedwerana wina ndi mnzake, sitingakambirane mu chaputala chilichonse:
Mitundu ya maziko yoyenera ya ukadaulo wamtunduwu. Popeza matekinono onse amatipatsa nyumba zopepuka zowala, zopepuka zilizonse ndizoyenera. Kusankha kusankha kwina kungatengera kapangidwe ka dothi pamalo amtsogolo, komanso kuchokera ku zikhumbo ndi kuthekera kwachuma kwa eni ake;
Kutseka kulumikizana. Amabereka ndi kuchuluka, komanso mkati mwa zigawo zogawana, nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha izi;
Njira zakukutira kwa makoma a khoma ndi madenga. Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito njira zoyambira kuyika. Kunja kwa chimango kumakhazikika ndi mawonekedwe olimba a nembanemba, omwe angakuloreni kuti mutulutse chinyezi kuchokera kunja, koma amachiteteza ku mvula ndi mphepo. Membrane amakanikizidwa ku ma raback a mipiringidzo kapena miyala yachitsulo yofulumira ndikupanga kusiyana kwa mpweya. Pakati pa zingwe, mbale za kusokonekera kothandiza, kuchuluka kwake kuthira kumayikidwa. Kuchokera mkati mwa nyumbayo, kanema wokhazikika wa nthunzi imaphatikizidwa ndi ma racks, sizipatsa awiriawiri anyezi kuti mulowe m'nyumba za nyumbayo mu makulidwe a nyumbayo pakukula;
Njira zakukongoletsera mkati ndi kunja kwa makoma omangidwa. Pali ambiri a iwo: kuchokera mkati mwa khoma ndi denga ndi matayala amatha kufesedwa ndi zouma, matabwa, mapanelo, omwe amayang'ana. Zosankha zakunja koposa. Kuti muchite izi, amagwiritsa ntchito njerwa, kuluma (pulasitiki, ceramic, zitsulo), mapanelo, zingwe, kumangotengera bar (blockhaus) idr. Chifukwa chake, tikambirana kunyumba ali okonzeka kumaliza kumapeto kumeneku, ndiye kuti, kumaganiziridwa kuti bokosi la nyumbayo lasonkhanitsidwa kwathunthu, lomwe latulutsidwa, lophimbidwa, lophimba padenga, ndipo mawindo amayikidwa mutsegule. Koma nthawi yomweyo, mapangidwe a mapangidwe amatengedwa ku zinthu payekha sanaphimbedwe ndi chilichonse: Kutulutsa kumatetezedwa kuchokera mkati ndi chotchinga cha vapor, koma kuchokera kunja kwa nembanemba. Makoma a nyumba za chimango amakhala ndi trim, yomwe ikufanana ndi ukadaulo wa mapangidwe a manels.
Kupatula apo kuchokera ku ulamulirowu kudzapangidwa pokhapokha pokhapokha ngati zingakhale zofunikira kuti musangalale ndi dzina laukadaulo.
Tebulo 1. Gulu la matekinoloji yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba zosokera mwachangu za fakitale| Msonkhano wochokera | |||||||||||
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| Zambiri | Mapanelo | Kukula Kukula - ma module | |||||||||
| Chimango kuchokera ku zinthu zazikulu | Chimango kuchokera ku zinthu zabwino | Mapanelo pamatabwa | Mapanelo ophatikizira | ||||||||
| chimodzi | 2. | 3. | zinai | zisanu | 6. | 7. | zisanu ndi zitatu | zisanu ndi zinai | 10 | khumi chimodzi | 12 |
| Mafelemu ochokera ku zinthu zopondera | Chimango kuchokera ku zigawo | OsP-Base Baserk | Chimango kuchokera ku mindandanda yachitsulo | Maziko olimba | Mapanelo okhala ndi mafelemu ochokera kumabodi, owonda | Mapanelo okhala ndi chimango kuchokera ku bar, yokonzedwa ndi CSP-Slabbs | Mapanelo okhala ndi zowola moto wochokera pa fiberdiboard | Gulu lokhala ndi zowonjezera zakunja | Ma sanels | Ma Panel Okola Kubowoleza Ndi Zitsulo | Ma module a voliyumu kutengera chimato |
Chimango kuchokera mbali zonse
Tsopano ndizosavuta komanso zotsika mtengo kulamula zinthu zonse zofunika kusonkhanitsa chimango, mwapadera kampaniyi. Akatswiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito makina apakompyuta amadziwa mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa gawo lililonse, kenako ndikuzichita pa zida zapamwamba kwambiri. Njira imeneyi imakupatsani mwayi kuti muchite popanda kupanga ndi zinthu zoyenera mu "munda". Zimaperekanso magawo abwinowo oyandikana nawo, omwe amatanthauza, msonkhano wapamwamba komanso wodalirika wa kapangidwe kake. Njira iyi imathandizira msonkhano, umachepetsa zolakwa zazomwe zingatheke ndipo pamapeto pake zimachotsa mapangidwe ake. Zotsatira za kapangidwe kazinthu zomwe zimachitika mu fakitale, zomwe zimakamba ndi msonkhano zimatsika mtengo kuposa kupanga bizinesi.
1. Fakhver yamakono
Mbiri. Fakhverk (icho. Fakework) ndi nyumba yomwe imapangitsa kuti maziko a mitengo yamatabwa (zinthu zowongoka), zopingasa (zinthu zopingasa) zimapereka chida chonse cha chipangizocho ndi nyonga zonse).
Zambiri zidaphatikizidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dzanja, komanso brazoners. Kutsegulidwa pakati pa ziyerekezo kunadzazidwa ndi boot, kapena miyala yayikulu, kuwakaniza ndi miyala yaying'ono ndikugona pa laimu yolumikizidwa ndi tsitsi la kavalo. Osachepera nthangala-owotchedwa kapena raw. Wopangidwa "ndege" unayikidwa ndikukhazikika m'matano owala. Chimango chopangidwa ndi chimango chimasiyidwa pamaso pa mawonekedwe, ndipo zambiri zakuda zopepuka zopepuka zowoneka bwino pazidutswa zolondola. Izi zimaphatikizidwa ndi maonekedwe apanja apadera, omwe adakhala gawo lalikulu la Fakhverka.
Anthu a m'masiku a nthawi, akudziwa kununkhira kwanthawi yakale kwa kalembedwe kameneka, anaganiza zotsitsimutsa, koma kugwiritsa ntchito zida zatsopano ndi matekinoloje. Chifukwa chake, lero Fakverk akukambanso kwachiwiri. Zowona, nyumba zamakono zokhala ndi mataida zathambo sizikhala zofanana ndi "progenienitors" awo.
Amamasulira amakono. Zinthu zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi malo omanga zimapangidwa ndi matabwa okazinga ndipo amakonzekeretsa kwambiri msonkhano (mkuyu. 1). Njira zolumikizira ma racks, mitengo ndi ofiyira ali pafupifupi zaka mazana angapo zapitazo: spike yachinsinsi, "kumeza mchira" komanso kuluka (mkuyu.). ACHIWINE MU ZINSINSIzi, pomwe chitsimikizo chosungidwa chimafunikira, m'malo molambira, zinthu zolumikizira zitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zimakhala. Koma zinthu izi zimachitika kotero kuti m'zomangamanga zomalizidwa za zigawo zachitsulo sizikuwoneka.
M'malo pakati pa chimango, chokomera matabwa, chomwe chimadzaza ndi zinthu zamakono zamagetsi amakhazikika. Kunja, omaliza amatetezedwa ndi "zishango" kuchokera ku zida zotsiriza (gwiritsani ntchito mapanelo, kuyika nkhuni idr), ndipo kuchokera mkati, ndi mkati, ma shembo owuma. Ndi Windows-Hotel-Howeng (mkuyu. 3-4) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kudzaza chimango.
Ubwino wa ukadaulo umaphatikizapo mfundo yoti malonje olimba apangitsa kuti akonzekere kukonzekera mkati mwamkati mwa nyumbayo (zochepa zamkati). Amakhala ndi mwayi wodziwika bwino ndi mawindo owoneka bwino, omwe amakupatsani mwayi wokonza mawindo a France.
Zaka zingapo zapitazo, kampaniyo "kuvala", "Mosegelan", Osko-Haus (onse aku Russia), Greeland Nyumba ya Gloria (Friania) Idr (Frian) Idr. Nadzimangirira kwa ife kuchokera kudziko lina, Tidadzalake kunyumba nawasonkhanitsa kuno. Masiku ano, zokhala zoterezi zimaperekedwa kwambiri komanso opanga zapakhomo: "Stoykonctionscysk Ormatch kuphatikiza", "Fakverk Stroy" Idr.
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2. chimango kuchokera ku bar
Tekinoloje iyi imafanana ndi timisale-yagalu, komabe amasiyana. Kusiyana koyamba kumakhala kuti zigawo za chimango sikumazimitsidwa, ndipo zokhazikika. Zinawapanga iwo monga choncho. Boards Cross Gawo 200. 50mm yowuma m'chipindacho, kenako yowoneka ndi kukula kwa 176 ndi 44mm ndikudula nawo ntchito. Zotsirizira ndi ma spimes okhala ndi mainchesi a 16m, awo ndi mtedza ndi mtedza ndikuzigawika gawo la 176 mpaka 176mm. Koma mitengo ya matabwa ili sikokhazikika, chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito matabwa osiyanasiyana, imalandira ma porloos, spikes ndi zinthu zina zofunika pakukonzekera mtsogolomo (kutalika kwa zinthu zomwe zingachitike 12m ). Zolumikizana pambuyo pa misonkhano zimathandizidwa ndi ma studi opindika kapena ngodya zachitsulo zomwe sizikuyenda. Kunyowa ndipo ali ndi kusiyana kwachiwiri pakati pa mtundu uwu wa ukadaulo wa katswiri kuchokera kwa woyamba (mkuyu. 5-6).
Kusiyana kwachitatu kuli poti phula la zinthu zamphamvu zamphamvu siziyenera kupangidwa pansi pa mulifupi ndi m'lifupi mwake, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, adzadzaza niche wa kukula kulikonse. Chachinayi ndikuti matabwa otsogola ndi otsika mtengo kuposa owombera 2-2.5.
Zovala. Choyamba, pansi (chowonda) chimayikidwa, chomwe chimakhazikika pamaziko kudzera mu chosanjikiza madzi (njirayo zimatengera mtundu wa maziko). Kenako, ma racks amalumikizidwa ndi kuwongolera dongosolo la "groove" kapena mothandizidwa ndi ngodya, komanso pamitengo yopingasa, yomwe ndi gawo la okulirapo. Kenako, njirayi imabwerezedwa.
Kunja, mabatani a stapler amaphatikizidwa ndi chimango chomalizidwa cha mabatani a stapler, ndipo mkati mwamimba yokhazikika. Zotsatira zake ndi zotsekeka pakati pa chimango, momwe, mothandizidwa ndi kukhazikitsa kwapadera, kuchuluka kwa zotupa. Izi zimapangidwa kuchokera papepala. Zimakhala ndi ulusi wamfupi ndi antipiren zowonjezera (boric acid, 12%) ndi antiseptic (boraptic (bora ndi borats, 7%). Eco-ochezeka a Eco-ochezeka, oyaka pang'ono (gulu G2), amatha kuyamwa mpaka 20% madzi (ndi voliyumu), koma owuma, amabwezeretsa kwathunthu kutentha kwake. Kuphatikiza apo, kumateteza malo ophukira kuti chisavunda. Ubweya wadzaza zopanda pake, ndipo kachulukidwe kake mukakhala ndi vuto la 5-35 kg / m3. Wosewera, ndi amodzi mwa otsika mtengo kwambiri - ma ruble. Kwa 1 kg.
Kenako, kapangidwe kokutidwa ndi mkati ndi kunja kwa zinthu zosankhidwa, ndipo omaliza amabisa chimango (mkuyu. 7). Chonyowa ndi kusiyana kochokera kwa matabwa. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti chimango cha bar wamba ndicho chitukuko choyambirira cha pabanja (onani "IVD", 2010, n 10). Zimawapatsa mpaka kampani imodzi yokha "idzakhala nyumba" (Russia).
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3. chimango kuchokera ku mitanda
Dongosolo la nyumbayo limapangidwa kuchokera ku magawo omwe amapangidwa mu ma fakitale a fakitale kuchokera ku mitengo yapadera yam'magulu (gawo lotere limapereka kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwamphamvu ndi kukana kumenyedwa). Pangani nyumba paukadaulo wosavuta: Choyamba kuchokera pamtengowo umapangitsa "kugudubuza" kwa maziko, kenako chimango cha makoma ndi magawo amasonkhana pandege yake yoyamba. Kenako, njirayi imabwerezedwa. Mphamvu ya padenga imachitidwa kuchokera ku minda yopangidwa ndi zopangidwa ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi oxca ndi makulidwe a 15-22mm. Mbale zofananira ndi zophikira kuchokera kumwamba ndi pamiyala yakukula. Zigawo za chimango zimalumikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo ndi zomangira.
Zosasintha ndi mapaipi amapaka mu zopinga ndi zopinga zochepa. Kuti muchite izi, m'zigawo zamiyala yoyipa yakunja malinga ndi malamulo ena, mabowo amadulidwa. Pakupanga magawo a magawo a chimanga, mitundu iwiri yamiyala ndi hts imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mafuta a Osp-brat-php-af. Mafuta a 2-level amapangidwa mu fakitale, zophatikizika pang'ono kuchokera ku Lach, spruce kapena painilo pa 38-89 pa 38mm (Amakhala ndi mafuta onyozeka- Dulani 10-15mm mikwingwirima yomwe imagwira mashelufu ophatikizira (mkuyu. 8). Opanga ena amakonzanso zinthu zolumikizidwa za zitsulo zazitsulo. Kutalika kwa mitengo yomalizidwa - 241-457mm, kutalika - mpaka 12m. Kulemera 1 M- 52-20kg. Kuwonetsa matanda ndi mapangidwe a iwo (mkuyu. 9-10), komanso machitidwe othamanga, "RNR" ("RNR" ( Russia) Idr.
Mitengo yazitsulo yazitsulo (http). Aliyense amakhala mlendo, omwe mashelufu amapangidwa, monga momwe zidayambira, kuchokera ku nkhuni. Komabe, khomalo likuwalumikiza silipangidwa kuchokera ku mbale ya osss, ndipo kuchokera ku zitsulo zokhala ndi zitsulo 0,5 mm ndi poling wa poling (mkuyu. 11-13). Makina a njiwa amapereka bata kwambiri komanso mtengo wabwino. Pasakhale makoma ngati amenewa, koma awiri (ali mtunda wa 15-20mm wina). Njira yofananirayo imalimbana ndi kugwada kuposa kufanana ndi khoma limodzi.
Makoma sanalikulu, koma adzagawidwa m'mashelufu. Kuti muchite izi, m'mphepete mwa minyewa yachitsulo ndi gawo la 50mm, mano amawonjezeredwa, omwe ali gawo la nkhuni mpaka 20mm. Kutalika kwa mitengo ya zitsulo ndi 180-490mm, kutalika - mpaka 24m. Kulemera 1 M-7-27kg. Kupanga Mwaukadaulo, komanso kapangidwe kazinthu zotsalira, zopindika zikamaso ndi ziwalo zopitilira mudzi m'dziko lathu, sizinachititse kuti kampaniyo "HTS-Rusland" (RTS-Rusland).
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"PHP" | 
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"HTS-Rusland" | 
"HTS-Rusland" | 
"HTS-Rusland" |
4. chimango kuchokera ku maluso achitsulo
Mu izi, chimango cha chimango chachitsulo chopatsa chidwi chocheperako, chofanana ndi chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokweza mabulosi owuma, kokha makulidwe ndi gawo munkhaniyi ndizazikulu. Kuphatikiza apo, mbiri iyi imakhala ndi mankhwala apadera. Chifukwa cha kutentha kwa flux kuchokera kwa ashelex kuchokera kwa ashefu amalimbikitsidwa kwa wina ndipo, chifukwa chake, kutayika kwa kutentha kumachepetsedwa kuchokera ku nyumbayo kudzera mu chimango (mkuyu. 14-16). Zachidziwikire, makulidwe a mbiriyo amakhudzanso kutentha kwa LP - makulidwe ake ndi ochepa, kutulutsa "kochepa" kutentha (kuchuluka kwa mbiriyo imachepetsedwa). Chifukwa chake, ntchito ya wopanga sikuti ndi yongopanga mawonekedwe okwanira kuchokera ku maluso, komanso kuti mupeze yankho lothandiza lomwe limalola kuchepetsa kutaya kutentha kwa kutentha kwa ochepa.
Zovala. Pali njira zitatu zazikulu zophatikizira magulu amachitidwe omwe amagwiritsa ntchito maperekedwe azovomerezeka.
Kumanga pamaziko. Zinthu zonse zopanga zimaperekedwa asanadutse ndi kulembedwa, ngakhale ndi mabowo omangika olumikizirana. Ntchito ya kusonkhanitsa ndikutenga chidutswa chimodzi cha makhoma, zopingasa kapena mafamu amoto ndikuwaphatikiza ndi zodzikongoletsera kapena ma bolts.
"Zomera" pamalo omanga. Zinthu zimaperekedwa kumalo omanga mu mawonekedwe a osankhidwa ndi kulembedwa. Kukumana ndi kuyandikira kwa maziko kumakonzedwa malo achipembedzo musanakonzekere (nthawi zambiri kumakhala chitopy owala omwe tebulo la msonkhano wakhazikitsidwa). Kumeneko, ogwira ntchito amasunga chimango chotsatira cha khoma kapena famu ya rafter, kenako nkuwasamutsira kumaziko ndikukonza polojekiti.
Zinthu zonse zofananira. Mapanelo a khoma ndi minda amasonkhanitsidwa pafakitale. Zotsatira zake, mtundu wa msonkhano wawo umatsimikizira wopanga, zomwe zimawalimbitsa kwambiri pantchito yomanga.
Mayanjano. Ikani zosankha ziwiri pakuyika kwawo. Pamene chitoliro chamagetsi choyambirira ndi mapaipi amadzaza mkati mwa phanelo yamapiri ndi minda ya denga, kenako zimatsekedwa ndi kuperewera. Lachiwiri likayamba, chimango chimakhala chokhazikitsidwa ndipo zingwe ndi mapaipi ndi matope amakhazikika pamwamba pa vaparizolation yoteteza. Tidzaphatikiza koyamba zopangira zitsulo kwa chimango cha chimango cha chimango, kenako trim mkati. Zosankha zonsezi zimachita zabwino zawo ndi zopondera; Kusankha kwa izi kapena zinazo kumachokera ku malo akomweko.
Kupanga mafayilo opangidwa ndi maluso omanga a iwo anali ogwidwa ndi Arnanal St, "insI", "mwachidule" (onse-Rutsia) Idr. Makampani ambiri akugwiranso ntchito pamsika, omwe iwo samabala mafashoni, koma amangomanga zigawo za iwo.
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5. Chitsulo cha zinthu zolimba zolimba
Pogwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe ka mapangidwe a chimango, mafayilo olimba (mkuyu. 17) M'malo mongokomera, ndizotheka kuchepetsa kwambiri mtengo wake wonse. Njira zingapo zogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zoterezi zimaperekedwa. Zitsanzo zaakaunti tidzayang'ana ziwiri.
Genesis - Rus (Russia), yomwe imatulutsa njira malinga ndi ukadaulo wa Genesis (Canada), amapereka chimango cha makhoma a makoma ndi mafamu okhazikika mu fano. Patsambalo idzangowaphatikiza okha omwe ali ndi kubowola (mkuyu. 18). Kuti zitsulo zolimba zitsulo sizisinthidwa kukhala "milatho yozizira" yotentha ndi kuzizira, popeza zomangamanga zikusowa) zimakhazikika kunja kwa polysthyrene wonenepa kwambiri 50mm, ndipo kumaliza kumanja kumayikidwa pamwamba pake (mkuyu. Khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi). Timaganiziridwa mkati mwa makoma ndi mafamu. Pachifukwa ichi, zotseguka zomwe mashelufu kuchokera ku mbiri ya P-Scored amaphatikizidwa pasadakhale.
Mtundu woyambirira wa nyumbayo unaperekanso chomera "kuchititsa" (Russia). Chimango chonyamula chakunja chakunja ndi malo onyamula nyumba (ndiwonyamula) amasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku zitsulo zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zokhala ndi miyala ya 1.2-1.5, kenako kuchokera kunja, imadulidwa ndi masamba a sangweji ndi makulidwe a 100mm (mkuyu. 20-21). Khoma loterolo limakhala ndi ma sheet awiri okhala ndi zokutira kwambiri, womwe pali thovu la chithovu cha polyrethane. M'lifupi mwake - 1150mm. Ma sheet panja amatha kukhala osalala kapena kukhala ndi zipseps, ndikupanga mawonekedwe. Kumasulidwa pafoni 18, komanso pansi pa mtengo ndi pansi pa njerwa. Kusiyanasiyana mitundu ya zipseps, mitundu ndi zojambula, ndizotheka kuganiza pa kapangidwe ka zokongoletsera zakunja za nyumbayo pagawo lapangidwe. Malo oyang'ana mapanelo amakhala ndi dongosolo la ma points ndi spikes. Itha kuonedwa ngati chisindikizo cha labusti ya labusti ya labusti, mothandizira kuchepetsa kuwonongeka ndi kuzizira kwa mafupa.
Mafamu a stropyl amapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zachitsulo kapena nkhuni (mkuyu. 22). Mwachikondi, mapanelo omwewo amawakhazikika pansi, komanso pamakoma. Zotsatira zake zimapangidwa ndi zipinda zamitundu yoyamba. Malo ake amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Phiri la Phiri la Mafani, mafani ndi mamita otentha omwe akuphatikizidwa mu dongosolo lamkati lamnyumba, lomwe limaphatikizidwa ndi phukusi.
Kuchokera mkati mwa nyumba, chimango chimafesedwa ndi mapepala a pulasitala imodzi kapena awiri (pofunsira kwa mwiniwake). Mu chapamwamba ichi, mutha kulumikizana kapena lembani zokutira. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ukadaulo womwe wafunsidwa lero ndi imodzi mwazinthu zotchipa kwambiri mu msika waku Russia.
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"Genesis - Rus" |
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Nyumba zojambulajambula
Dongosolo la kukhazikitsa. Khundate (monga lamulo, nangula) amakhazikika ndi bala yozungulira, koma kwa zitsulo kapena mbali zazitali zowombera: matanda, mafamu kapena mapanelo. Omwe adasonkhana osati kuchokera ku "Panels" a "Nakata" amatumizidwa ndi ubweya wa mchere kapena zinthu zambiri, ndipo pamwamba adayika pansi olimba, omwe amapatsa mawonekedwe ochulukirapo. Kugwiritsa ntchito crane, pansi pansanja pansi pomwe imakhazikitsidwa. Pamtunda wapamwamba wa ma panel awa, amayikidwa ndikuphatikizidwa ndi mabotolo ang'onoang'ono, kenako zinthu za zochulukirapo zimayikidwa pamwamba pawo, ndipo njira yonseyo imabwerezedwa. Kenako, amatola mapangidwe a rafter, tsatanetsatane wa omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi kuwombera kukhoma la chipinda chachiwiri.
Ganizirani mwatsatanetsatane zosankha zosangalatsa kwambiri zamatekinolokinoloje.
6. Magawo okhala ndi chimango cha matabwa, kumeta ma stove
Tekinoloje iyi yopangidwa ndi MiteK (Canada) idalandira zofalikira m'dziko lathu. Malo omwe ali m'dera lomanga amaphatikizapo mapanelo a khoma, minda yamoto ndi minda yophukira. Mafelemu a khoma amasonkhana kuchokera pa mtanda wa 150 ndi 50mm, womwe umakhazikika ndi misomali yokhala ndi zomatira. Ma racks amapezeka ali ndi gawo la 560mm. Chiyero ndi mkati mwa chimango chidzakutidwa ndi ma sospa-mbale ndi makulidwe a 10 mm, ndipo kuchokera mkati - komanso ndi pulasitala (mkuyu. 23). Kuti kulumikizana kwa mapanelo sikutsekedwa, chophimba chamkati komanso chakunja cha tenesi imodzi chimalowa chimango cha winayo. Mapani a makoma ovala zamkati amapangidwa chimodzimodzi, koma amaphimbidwa mbali zonse ndi pulasitala. Magawo amkati mwake, mafelemu awo amapangidwa ndi mtanda wa 100 pa 50mm.
Mafamu a laltlel-lamba a Overlaps (mkuyu. 24) Kukhala ndi kapangidwe kazinthu, kumapangidwa ndi matabwa owuma okhala ndi gawo la 100. 50mm yolumikizidwa ndi mbale zachitsulo - MZP (mkuyu. 25, 26). Minda imatha kukhala ndi zazitali (osachepera 350m), yomwe imatsimikiziridwa mukamapanga (kuti mupeze, pulogalamu yapadera imagwiritsidwa ntchito). Mkati mwa mafamu oterowo ndikosavuta kuyanjana. Mapangidwe ndi kusintha kwa minda ya rafster (mkuyu. 27), kutengera katundu yemwe alipo, amakhazikitsidwanso mukamapanga. Iwo, monga mafamu a Olibala, atotike, amapangidwa ndi mtanda wa 150 pofika 50, 125 pofika 50 kapena 100 pa 50 kapena 100 pa 50mm, yolumikizidwa MZP. Mukakweza, famuyo imalumikizidwa ndi makoma a ngodya zachitsulo ndi zojambula zokha.
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7. Mapani ndi chimango kuchokera ku bar, yokonzedwa ndi mbale
Tekinoloje iyi siyofalikira monga kale, koma ndiyofunika kwambiri. Inapangidwa ndi Tamak (Russia) ndi Tsniisk. V.a. Kucherenko, "nyumba za TSNIEP" ndi mabungwe ena otsogolera. Onna-opangidwa pa njira iyi ya ma panels (mkuyu. 28, 29) - Chingwe cha Matanda, koma sichinapangidwe matabwa, koma kuchokera ku mitengo yopukutira ya 84 mpaka 70mm. Chimango chimadzaza ndi ma basalt osasinthika a 75kg / m3. Izi kuchokera mkati mwake zimatetezedwa ndi nthunzi ndi chipachi chitsutsi (CSP), ndipo mbale zongob. Pafupifupi za gululi, pali mawonekedwe apadera omwe samangoyambitsa kulumikizana kwa mafupa atatha msonkhano, komanso kuthamanga - bwanji, bwanji? Mafelemu a mapilo oyandikana nawo amalimbikitsidwa ndi ma balts. Chifukwa ichi m'matumbawo, mabowo amawuma m'mphepete mwa mabowo, ndi zingwe zazing'ono "zatsalira mu chophimba chamkati cha mapanelo.
CSP-Slabs, yomwe imasandulika mapanelo, ndi gulu la gulu la odalirika komanso lopanda kanthu lomwe lili ndi utsi wochepa. Nyumbayo yotengedwa kuchokera ku mapanelo, yokutidwa ndi mbale zotere (mkuyu. 30), ili ndi digiri ya iv kukana moto zowopsa c2 (zomangira zamatabwa zimakhala ndi ma vidiyo). Kugwiritsa ntchito CPSP-Slams kumaperekanso mwayi wina wa makoma kuti angokhala njira yaukadaulo (njira yapamwamba kwambiri), komanso yolimbana ndi mwala wowonjezera, mwala wowundana.
"Tamak" | 
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"Tamak" |
8. Panels ndi miyala ya fiberboard
Monga mukudziwa, gawo la mkango la ndalama zokonza nyumba ndikutenthetsa ndalama. Jua-talo (Finland), yoperekedwa kunyumba kwathu, imapereka njira yothetsera vuto lopulumutsa mphamvu, kuphatikizapo zinayi.
Wotchedwa Love Loven Limrno chimango (mkuyu. 31, 32) analengedwa ndi mitengo iwiri yolumikizidwa kale yofotokoza kale matanda a OPS. Kusiyanako ndikuti mitengo ya LMPRUNDO imapangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimafanana ndi DVP (MDF), koma osaopa chinyezi. Mitengo iyi, malinga ndi wopanga, khalani ndi mwayi wopewa mawonekedwe a "milatho yozizira" (ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mitengo yolimba kapena ya glued).
Khoma la khoma - kapangidwe kambiri, komwe kumaphatikizapo kukula kwa ma 10mm kuchokera pa DVP, kutetezedwa kowoneka bwino kwa isaver (Finland) ndi makulidwe 270mm. Wotsiriza amakutidwa mkati ndi vapor chotchinga ndi pulasitala.
Windows ya matabwa yomwe idakhazikitsidwa muzomera ku chomera (mkuyu. 33) ali ndi mawindo oyendetsa bwino kwambiri ndi magalasi osankhidwa ndi kudzazidwa a Argon. Chitetezo chowonjezera kwa iwo ndi ma aluminium akunja a alminumu akunja okhala ndi galasi limodzi. Malinga ndi kampaniyo, kutentha ndi kutanthauzira komwe kumapangitsa mawindo otere ndi 40% kuposa zochitika.
Mayankho apadera amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyika zolumikizana za mapani a panels pakati pawo ndi ma enes a padenga ndi madenga.
Ndi kusiyana kwinanso. Kukula kwa pansi yoyamba kumasonkhanitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Limrnuno kutalika 400m kutalika. Kutha kwa zinthuzi kwa kapangidwe kameneka kumathandizanso kuwonjezera zowonjezera kuti zithetse manyuzi mpaka 8m m'lifupi mwake, zomwe zimapangitsa mwayi wokonzekera (ndipo ngati akufuna kubwezeretsa) mkati mwa nyumbayo.
Jukka-talo. | 
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Nyumba Ya Yucca |
9. Ma Panels ndi Sukulu Yakunja
Chidwi chanyumba zoperewera masiku ano sikukula osati ku Europe zokha, komanso m'dziko lathu. Kupatula apo, nyumba yotereyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mphamvu kwambiri - pafupifupi 10% ya mphamvu zomwe zimadyedwa mu nyumba wamba. Tsopano ndi anthu aku Russia ali ndi mwayi woyitanitsa nyumba yongokhala ndipo patapita kanthawi kotenga mapanelo omanga makoma, zokuta ndi madenga. Idzaperekedwa mwachindunji kuchokera kwa kampani yolimba (Czech Republic), yomwe yakhala ikupeza ukadaulo wopanga ku Germany. Nyumbayo idzapangidwa molingana ndi miyezo yomwe ili ku Europe: U) Kutumiza kwa makoma akunja (U) ndi 0.18w / (m2 / k), ng) ndi 41db.
Pa makoma ako wakunja, thermofasad wakunja amakhazikika pafakitale (mkuyu. 39), yokutidwa ndi pulasitala. Mawindo adayikidwa kuchokera ku mbiri yazipinda zisanu ndi zitatu ndi mphamvu zopulumutsa zamagalasi. Mawindo ndi khomo la pansi loyamba lilinso ndi zotsekereza zodzitchinjiriza zomwe zimateteza malowo osati ku mvula, matalala, matalala ndi mphepo.
Ogwira ntchito ku Czech omwe adafika ndi mapanelo a ziweto azisonkhanitsa bokosi lamaziko omalizira a nyumbayo m'masiku atatu (mkuyu. 34-37). Tsiku la Ana 85 kuyambira nthawi yosainira mgwirizano udzalowetsedwa kale (mkuyu. 38), okhala ndi zonse zofunika kuti azikhala ndi zida zapakhomo, kuphatikiza zida zapakhomo. Idzatsala kuti musankhe, kubweretsa ndikupanga mipando m'zipinda ndikupachika makatani. Chitsimikizo pa kapangidwe ka nyumbayo ndi zaka 30. Mwambiri, sindingakhulupirire, koma tsopano ku Russia pamafunika kumva zomwe kutumikira ku Europe kuli. Gwirizanani, kuyesayesa kwambiri.
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10. SIP mapanelo
Kukula kwa Canada ndi nyumba pakati pa matekinoloje a maluso a maluso, chifukwa zomwe zimaphatikizidwa nazo zimakhala ndi mawu osaneneka. Ma Panel omanga-a SIP omaliza (gulu lopangidwa mwaluso) lili ndi mbale ziwiri, zomwe zili pakatikati pa polystyrene zimayikidwa ngati chotenthetsera (makulidwe a palnel - 140 kapena 164mm). Ma billets Pambuyo pa Guling akudula kuti apange ma panels a mtengo wofunikira ndi zenera ndi khomo lomwe limapinda mkati mwawo. Kupitilira apo, kuzungulira kwa zonyansa kumatenga chithovu cha polystyrene, ndipo m'malo mwake pali minda yamatanda pakati pa ma sosp munjira yomwe mapanelo amavomerezedwa ndi chithunzi chachikulu (mkuyu. 43).
Zovala. Konzekerani pamaziko a bolodi yozungulira Plafhmy kuphatikiza mapanelo aposachedwa; Pansi, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wosanjikiza wamadzi (mkuyu. 40). Mabodi otsekedwa omwe masheya a SIP amaikidwa (mkuyu. 41) amaphatikizidwa ndi denga (mkuyu. Masambawo amalumikizidwa nthawi zonse pakati pawo (mkuyu. 42), ndipo mafupa onse amalimbikitsidwa ndikudzikonda. Chimangocho chimasonkhanitsa "kupaka utoto": Pamene khoma lakunja la malowa limasonkhanitsidwa, magawo oyikidwa ndi Phiri la OrLaps, kuti apange nawonso ma SIP. Zotsatira zake, chipinda chilichonse chimakhala m'chipinda chochuluka kwambiri ndi chimango chake, chifukwa cholumikizira. Chifukwa chake, khungu pa cell, lingalirani bokosi kunyumba. Msonkhano wa kapangidwe kake katatu umachitika ndi chiwembu chomwecho. Kenako, mbali zapamwamba za mapanelo a khoma chachiwiri chimamangidwa ndi bala, zomangirira pa skate swacer, kuphimba mapangidwe onse ndi "malekezero a SIP yomwe imadalira Kuwombera makoma (mkuyu. 44). Mapani amakhazikika ndi zojambula zazitali. Mbalewo amayikidwa pansi pa malo osungirako malowa, kabati imadyetsedwa pamwamba pake, ndipo zokutidwa ndi madenga zimakhazikika kumapeto. Masowa pakati pa mapanelo a khoma a nyumba yolumikizidwa amathandizidwa ndi sealant yapadera (mkuyu. 45). Popeza sikulimbikitsidwa kuti likhale bwino makoma kuchokera pa ma snels, m'malo omwe mayanjano amayenda kuchokera kumphepete mwa makoma, amakhazikika ndi njira yakunja.
Mu Novembala 2010 Chiwonetsero cha "Nyumba Ya Matanda" idachitika ku Moscow. Anawonetsa kuti kupanga mapanelo a SIP ndi ukadaulo wa nyumba zomanga nyumba zaili kudakhudzidwa ndi makampani 20 aku Russia, kuphatikizapo a Navigator ".
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11. Yogwedezeka pansanja
Tekinolojeyi imakhazikika pakugwiritsa ntchito mapanelo obowola konkire, omwe opanga opanga amatchedwa konkriti yokhazikika yotsimikizika. Dongosolo lomanga ndi ntchito yawo limatchedwa eurobau.
Dongosolo la nlcbo limagwiritsa ntchito mitundu itatu ya zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa pamzere wamakono wa Somer Alagentechnik (Germany) malinga ndi polojekiti ya nyumbayo. Ili ndi mawonekedwe a makoma akunja, chifukwa cha makoma amkati ndi odutsa. Zinthu za makoma akunja (mkuyu. 48) Kukhala ndi matailosi awiri konkriti ndi mkati, zinthu zolumikizidwa bwino. Kutaya mawindo ndi makomo amangidwa poponya. Makulidwe a mbale ndi 50 mm, mtunda pakati pawo ndi 250mm. Kufikira khoma kukhala otentha, polystyrene chithombo cha 120mm makulidwe amaphatikizidwa m'malo ophatikizika kupita ku mbale yakunja. Zinthu za Forcerm kwa makhoma zamkati zimakhala ndi kapangidwe kofananira, koma kunenepa pang'ono (250mm) ndipo sikumamizidwa ndi thovu la polystyrene. Kuti mupeze zolunjika, ngakhale zinthu zosavuta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, pomwe pali mbale imodzi ndi maziko a mphamvu, koma palibe mbale zachiwiri.
Zovala. Pa maziko, zinthu za khoma zimawonetsedwa, zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa mu zikhomo zachitsulo zosakhalitsa (mkuyu. 47): Mbali imodzi ya phula imalumikizidwa ndi gulu lapansi, ndipo kupezeka kwa a Pulogalamu yolimba ya konkriti ndiyofunikira). Kenako mkati mwa zingwezo patali komanso zolumikizira zolumikizira za mapanelo zimalemba zowonjezera, zomwe zimalumikiza zinthu zoyandikana pakati pawo. Kuchokera pamwambapa pamakoma a zolimbitsa thupi (mkuyu. 46) Yoid "wosanjikiza" zowonjezera "zomwe zimalumikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera za khoma.
Kuphatikizanso pa zopindika komanso mkati mwa makoma, mapaipi ndi elekicabebels ziikidwa, pomwe pampu ya ntrant kerani ndi konkriti yodzaza ndi M200), kenako ndikuponyedwa. Konkriti itangolimba, yambani kukweza makhoma a pansi lachiwiri, ndipo njira yonseyo imabwerezedwa. Kenako zidutswa zapamwamba za pansi chachiwiri chimamangidwa ndi matabwa-mitengo-Mauerlat, komwe zinthu za kapangidwe ka Rafter zimakonzedwa. Denga (mkuyu. 49) amapangidwa malinga ndi chiwembu chomwe chakhala kale.
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Nyumba kuchokera ku ma module a voliyumu
Koma miyeso siikutanthauzira. Pali mitundu itatu yokha: yaying'ono- 11.4 ndi 3.15m (kutalika - 2.7 kapena 2.66m, 11.4 m (2) ali ndi kutalika kwa 2 2.7 kapena 2.9m). Masikono oterewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ndi kuthekera kwa magalimoto, omwe ma module adzaperekedwa ku fakitole kupita kumalo omanga. Kumeneko, kuchokera kwa iwo, onse ochokera ku cubes (mkuyu. 50), nthawi yochepa kwambiri kutolera ma modes (kuphatikizapo kuphatikiza pa ma module omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi malo osungirako) It.p.). Pambuyo pake, imangolumikizana ndi ma module azomwe mukukambirana pasadakhale ndikuwalumikizane ndi maukonde apanja.
Kuchokera ku Makampani Aku Russia Kupanga Nyumba Zaukadaulo Waukadaulo, ziwiri: "Bzalani mitundu ya volpictric" ndi "vologda chomera chomanga ndi makina amsewu". Oyamba mwa iwo amatulutsa ma module, maziko ake ndi chimango cha bar. Lachiwiri limatulutsa ma modulezi potengera Lstk, koma, mwatsoka, zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi zomwe sizimapereka sizingapereke kuti sizingatheke koma sizingatheke koma sizingatheke.
Tebulo 2. Mapangidwe a njira zamaukadaulo womanga nyumba pa ukadaulo wotchulidwa m'nkhaniyi| Dzina | Kupereka zofunikira | Nthawi kuchokera ku dongosolo mpaka potumiza zida zanyumba 150m2, tsiku | Njira Yoperekera | Kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito crane pamene kusonkhana | Kuchuluka kokwanira kwa okhazikika, bambo | Migwirizano Yomanga Nyumba Yanyumba Yokhala ndi 150m2, Sut1 | Kutsutsana kotsika ku kutentha kwa kutentha luka cha khoma lakunja kwa nyumbayo, m2 pa c / w | Mtengo 1M2, zikwi zokwana chikwi |
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| 1. Chingwe cha matabwa owombera | »Asilamu | 25. | Zotengera | Mbalame | zisanu | 7. | 3.7. | 62M3 |
| 1. chimango kuchokera ku matabwa | "Ingakhale Nyumba" | 14-21 | Lole | Osati | zinai | khumi ndi mphabu zinayi | 3.8. | khumi chimodzi |
| 3. chimango kuchokera ku mitengo yakunja: - | »RNR» | 10 | Lole | Osati | 2. | 10 (4) | 4,11 | 16.5 |
| - pamaziko achitsulo ndi nkhuni | »HTC-Rusland | 7-10. | Lole | Osati | 3. | 10-14 (Anthu 6) | 5,45-6.77 | 6.5-8.5 |
| 4. chimango kuchokera ku maluso achitsulo | » | 24. | Lole | Osati | 3. | khumi ndi mphabu zinayi | 3,62. | zisanu ndi zinai |
| 5. Chida chazitsulo zolimba: --Co singano yakunja imakulitsa chithovu cha polystyrene | »Genesis - Rus» | 2. | Lole | Osati | 3. | khumi ndi mphabu zinayi | 4.5 | 7.5 |
| - yokhala ndi sangweji yakunja | »Liscant» | khumi ndi mphabu zinayi | Lole | Osati | zinai | 10 | 4.0 | 8,1 |
| 6. Mapani ndi mafelemu ochokera kumabodi, kutsekereza ndi masitovu a Oak (Mitek) | "Zomveka" | khumi ndi mphabu zinayi | Eurofour | Mbalame | 3. | 5-7 | 3.5 | 10 |
| 7. Mapani ndi chimango kuchokera ku bar, yokonzedwa ndi mbale | »Tamak» | makumi atatu | Eurofour | Mbalame | zinai | 7. | 3,2 | fifitini |
| 8. Mapani ndi mafelemu ochokera ku I-ORS (Jukka-talo) | »Yucca nyumba» | 56. | Eurofour | Crane (masiku 2) | zinai | 3-5 | 5,4. | 28. |
| 9. Ma Panels ndi Matabwa ndi Matabwa Akunja | Kuululidwa | fifite | Eurofour | Mbalame | 9 (Kuchokera ku Czech Republic) | 3. | 6.35 | 603. |
| 10. SIP mapanelo | »DSC ekodom" | 7. | Lole | Osati | 3. | 12 | 3,95 | 11.5. |
| 11. Yogwedezeka pansanja | "Knensetroy - tsatanetsatane" | 45. | PEneEEVOZ | Mbalame | zinai | 7. | 3,58. | 194. |
| 12. Ma module a voliyumu chifukwa cha matabwa okhala ndi nsanja yotsika | »Zochita zamagetsi | makumi atatu | Galimoto | Crane 50 t. | 7. | 7. | 3,96 | 14.5 |
| 1 kupatula nthawi yomanga maziko. 2 Kupatula mtengo wamaziko. Mtengo wa 1m2 wa kapangidwe kake umaperekedwa munthawi yokonzekera kukongoletsa mkati ndi kunja (makoma amakonzedwa ndi pulasitala) kapena kumapeto kwenikweni (mwachuma) kunja. 3 Mtengo uli mu gawo lathunthu la "kutembenukira" (maziko, kulumikizana, wapakatikati, kutentha. 4 Mtengo umaphatikizapo chipangizo cha nthiti ya maziko ndi kuponyera mbale ya monolithic, kuyika kwa kulumikizana, kukonza makoma ndi kudetsa zomaliza. |
Board Board Cann Company "," la Genesis-Rusdom "," Krinstroydtal "," RNR ", "Phokoso", "Tamak", "HTS-Rusland", Sukka-House, 000m, komanso chiwonetsero chaukadaulo wotsika "kunyumba kwake" kuti amuthandize pokonzekera zinthu.
