Drinking water purification systems for cottages and apartments. Device, appointment, specifications, manufacturers, price order.
AUTOTROL system with various control units
Osmotic systems for drinking water OSMO-300 (8l / h) and OSMO-600 (95l / h) with storage tanks ("Helios Star")
Domestic components of the Sapphire series and an inexpensive system from similar elements with manual control
With the development of cottage construction, the problem of pure household water is becoming increasingly relevant. After all, the water treatment for the owner of the cottage is purely personal. In the case of something to complain to him, there will be no state states nor municipal services to help.
How clean is the spring?
The topic of water purification is far from Nova. Over the past 7-8 years, it is regularly illuminated in print. IVS, although the authors of publications really try to help readers find ways to solve accumulated problems, questions from private developers remain and even multiply. There are several reasons for this. First, the ecological situation around the cities continues to deteriorate. The terns of garbage bags along all suburban roads and motorways are only an additional confirmation. Even deep-haired aquifers began to pollute, and water from the artesian wells stopped being a symbol of natural purity. Secondly, steadily expanding cottage construction increases the number of water users and generates new situational technological problems. Finally, the object itself of our attention is to water in itself a lot of unknown, let it occupy 2/3 of the surface of the globe and is about 80% of the mass of the human body. The same secrets are gradually disclosed, new methods and devices begin to apply for water treatment. We need readers to acquaint.When leakage through the soil, water changes its salt makeup. In addition to natural hardness salts (salts of calcium and magnesium), other impurities come from soils to water: iron, manganese, barium, chrome, selenium, arsenic, radium, uranium, fluorine ... in general, it may hardly be half in water Mendeleev table elements found in soils in different salts. Evolution entrance The human body somehow adapted to them: the most important water-salt and acid-alkaline exchange processes, the construction of bone tissue, enzymatic processes are simply impossible without the participation of many mineral substances that a person gets along with food and water. It's all about their dosage. ISUCTIC, and lack are harmful to health, and lists of concomitant diseases (found in different publications) frighteningly excellent.
Than dangerous iron and solid rigidity
Iron. In the water of the underground horizons of the Central Region of Russia, including the Moscow region, the concentration of iron can reach 15mg / l. Already at a concentration of 0.5 mg / l in hot water, iron begins to intensively oxidize, which leads to the appearance of flakes, with whom the loose sludge is formed. At a temperature of 65-95, it solidens on the inner surfaces of the pipes. This precipitate gradually scores heat exchangers, radiators, pipelines. Plate heat exchangers in hot water preparation devices can fully influence in just a few months. Achto happens with automatic and plumbing devices, which then go out of order due to sludge plugs, you yourself guess.
A long-term use of a man with a high content of iron leads to liver disease, increases the risk of heart attacks, causes allergic reactions. An excess of manganese causes water coloring, astringent taste, and the long-term use of such water-disease of the bone system. Therefore, in drinking water, in accordance with GOST, the concentration of iron should not exceed 0.3 mg / l, and manganese-0.1 mg / l.
Rigid water forming when exposed to high precipitation, no less harmful. In addition, scale is chemically active and literally "eats" not only electric heating elements of household appliances, but also gaskets and seals. In addition, in household appliances refuse to serve devices with fine holes: shower grids spraying the heads of washing and dishwashers, hydromassage nozzles. Energy overrun is added to these attacks: a layer of scale is only 1.5 mm leads to a decrease in heat transfer in heating devices by approximately 15%. Over time, rigid water causes urolithiasis, sclerosis, hypertension. And the only effective way to combat all these phenomena is the use of as mild water as possible.
However, the environmental problem has created not so much mineral impurities as human activity. It is they who significantly worsened the quality of water in rivers, lakes and upper aquifers, polluting them with a huge amount of dissolved anthropogenic substances (such as volatile halogen breeds, high molecular weight organic substances, herbicides, pesticides, nitrates, nitrites, heavy metal ions and even radionuclides). Water with some of these drinking contaminants is almost unusable, and the fight against them can do so expensive that it will be cheaper to import water into a house from remote places (can be, and throw a purchased site).
Preparation of good drinking water is a problem for all countries. The impurities in water are controlled, their composition and concentration are normalized. In total, there are 6groups of such impurities: organoleptic, generalized, inorganic, organic, biological, radiological. The total number of controlled water quality indicators exceeds50. True, in different countries, the composition of controlled impurities and their permissible limits differ. The automotive table we showed only part of impurities normed at the request of the World Health Organization, EPA Environmental Protection Committee (USA), EC Council and Domestic Sanpin 2.1.4.1074-01. Of course, in your water source, only a part of the components of the general list can be discovered, but it depends on fate.
How to take a test of water for analysis?
Water, just taken from the source (nonstudy), pour into a glass or plastic bottle (1.5 liters), washed with water under study, under the upper edge of the neck and tightly wrap the plug to minimize the contact with air oxygen. The stagnant or rare well used (plumbing) is pre-pumped at least 2-3 hours. Start a label indicating the type of source (but not location), time, full name The selected test of water is needed in the shortest possible time to deliver to the laboratory (the delivery time should not exceed it).Where should I contact? First of all, at the district station SES or to a license and certified instrumentation firm. If you contact immediately in the firm, which will then fulfill the order, it turns out that the same people will make the analysis, recommend the installation, mounted it and the final analysis of water confirming that everything is in order with cleaning. It is highly likely to go that you can't check the correctness of their actions. Therefore, it is necessary to try to embody the scheme, the essence of which is next. Make a minimum of two analysis: one in an independent organization, a second-buffem, which performs you a turnkey system, including analyzes. Find out the reason for the discrepancies if they take place. After installing and putting the system into operation, the correctness of the "output" analysis recheck in the same independent organization. By the way, serious supplier firms themselves offer duplicate analyzes.
To the most common problems with water, requiring the use of some kind of water treatment equipment, can be attributed:
- the presence of mechanical impurities (sand, clay, etc.);
- dissolved in water iron and manganese;
- hardness of water ;
- flavor, smell, chromaticity;
- presence of bacteria and microorganisms;
- Pollution with organica (pesticides, petroleum products, phenols, spawy).
Where to begin?
Start deciding the water treatment issue for the cottage is best at the stage of acquiring a plot for construction, and even before the acquisition. Inspecting a new plot, first of all, it is necessary to decide where you will take water for the house. Well if it turns out, the well, or in the village it is assumed (or already) water supply. The one who sells you the platform is simply obliged to answer, what is the hydrological environment of the surrounding area and how the aquifers are locked. Information should be clarified, negotiating with neighbors or even by contacting the District Committee on Land Resources and Land Management. Then try to obtain the results of the analysis of water from a given or nearby area (find out in neighboring settlements or make yourself). The main thing is to identify the sanitary and toxicological and bacteriological pollution of water. If this data is normal, and the analysis shows the increased content of iron, manganese, stiffery salts and even the organicities (there are practically no districts near Moscow, which would not be sinned by an increased content of these elements), nothing terrible- eliminating these elements is technically not particularly difficult. Iprie such as a result, the proposed plot of land can safely buy. But if the microbiological indicators go beyond the standards, it should be unambiguously refused. Where did these pollution come from? Ways for them are dozens. These are landfills and enterprises, sometimes located for tens of kilometers from your site. These are surrounding agricultural and farm. Highways. Rivers and lakes.
Water analysis is necessary in any case: if you acquire a ready-made house, the water supply is already organized (well, well, centralized water supply), or have long bought a plot and only now began to solve the water supply problem. In the early case, it is not necessary to fully rely on the analysis, which did a neighbor, drumming his own well (building a well) - even 50m at a distance and seem to be powered from one water-mounted well layer (wells) can be very different from each other in the composition of water. Express analysis in three-four generalized parameters will cost you approximately $ 10, and full, 20-25 parameters, sufficient to choose the right equipment - at $ 25-40.
Only on the results of water analysis and depending on the technical task you want to solve (the total water supply of the house, water for drinking, etc.), and the equipment is selected for the water purification system.
The equipment for water purification is constantly expanding. Let's say if 7-8 years ago in the same Moscow, the buyer was offered equipment of only two to three firms, and these firms were exclusively foreign, then almost 40 purges are fighting for the consumer. Among them are American, German, English, Swedish, French, Swiss and South Korean. They are trying to "win" among foreigners their share of the Russian market and our firms, and they do it very successfully.
Water treatment system
Most of the water (guest houses are up to 300l per day per person) is used on household needs (washing, washing dishes, shower). Water for drinking and cooking is a small part of general water consumption.The cottage water treatment system consists of three groups of devices differing in purpose:
- equipment for pre-purification of water from mechanical impurities at the entrance to the cottage (house, apartment) or before use in household appliances;
- devices for the correction of the chemical composition of water (softeners, deferrals, coal and ion exchange filters to remove heavy metals salts), from a set of which and a specific cleaning system is compiled;
- Equipment for obtaining drinking water is disinfecting and reading water to drinking quality in the amount required for daily family consumption (up to a person); It is often locally posted near the drinking crane.
Equipment for pre-mechanical water purification
Sand, clay, Il and other particles contained in water destroy household appliances and plumbers - it is covered with spots, ceases to glisten and wear out faster. The simplest way to combat these phenomena is cleaning the water from mechanical impurities by installing or self-leveling, or a cartridge, or sedimentary (flowing) filter.
In self-rotational filters, the water is filtered through a stainless steel grid that does not need to be changed after "scoring" - there is a special device with which the mesh is washed, and the entire precipitate on it is reset to drainage (sewage). Flushing can be performed both manually and in fully automatic mode (the machine opens the valve and rins the filter for 15 seconds through programmable time intervals). Mesh coastal filters and pressure reducers to them produce RBM (Italy), Honeywell Braukmann (Germany), Syr (Germany). Depending on performance, manual filters cost $ 80-400, automatic more expensive for about $ 200. Competition of mesh devices are trying to make disc and spring. DC filter DF1-75 (Arkal, Israel) with bandwidth up to 4m3 / h worth $ 110. Recently, the original domestic device "Thermilofilter" appeared on sale (LLC Ekoservis Technohim-M), using the battery of spring filtering elements. It is able to remove not only mechanical impurities, but also colloids, petroleum products, and successfully works even on hot water.
In cartridge devices, the filter element, as a rule, is a "coil" of polypropylene thread. After the "moodility" of the element is dried (about six months), it is simply replaced (for this you have to follow the owners). Such filters are initially much cheaper than self-crumpled (body costs from $ 15 to $ 85, a cartridge from $ 5 to $ 20), but it may well be much more expensive. Sinking periodicity will have to replace the cartridges, you will not define in advance, just this can be found only after the first replacement. Atoll, US Filter, Atlas, A "Geyser", "Rusilter" and others are produced such filters. To change the winding cartridges come mesh irregular and made of non-woven items.
If a thin fraction (type of clay or yals) is present in water, neither the mesh nor the winding filter is suitable for impurities too quickly clog the filter surface. Fighting with such impurities is designed by a sedimentary filter. It consists of the so-called "universal body" (cylinder) and filter loading (sand, anthracite, gravel for the drainage layer) and delays particles from 80 μm. Aluminosilicates (for example, Filter-Agregat in the filters of the ST-PF model from Kinetico) are passed only by particles less than 20 mkm. Such filters are almost always included in the automated stationary water treatment system. The "universal" of their housing is called because it can be used in almost any of the steps of the water purification system, it is necessary only to put the loading of the corresponding composition. "Universal Cases" make from food polyethylene, high-strength fiberglass and even stainless steel (MEMBRANDING AND TECHNOLOGY CJSC). Cylinders are capable of working under pressure to 8.8ATM and withstand hydraulic shock to 53at. The cost of a sedimentary import filter is $ 600-800 per 1m3 / h performance. The domestic "sapphire P20A" (automatic) from MTT is two times cheaper.
Equipment adjusting the chemical composition of water
Filters for ancientification. The iron dissolved in water, as well as often accompanying its manganese in autonomous systems is cleaned by catalytic oxidation. To do this, the "Universal Case" falls asleep granules with the properties of the catalyst (reaction accelerator). The presence of iron is intensively oxidically oxidized by oxygen contained in water, goes into an insoluble state and settles on the granules. When washing with reverse stream of water, this precipitate is removed and reset into the sewer (drainage system). By skipping a certain amount of water, the filter stops for regeneration. Filtering media based on manganese dioxide are especially common: BIRM, MGS (Manganese Greensand), Filox, Pyrolox. Moreover, if the first of them removes only iron, and to restore properties (regeneration), it is enough to wash with water for half an hour, the second removes another manganese and hydrogen sulfide, but for regeneration requires rinsing by manganese, and then removing the remains of the latter. If dissolved oxygen is lacking (with a large iron, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide), use a aerator that saturates water with air.In the method of catalytic oxidation there are some limitations: it does not remove organic iron, is ineffective with a high iron content (above 15 mg / l), and water should not be acidic (pH less than 7). Otherwise, it is necessary to apply special measures, for example, to use acid procealer (an additional case installed before the deferral). Filters for deferrization with a capacity of 1.5 m3 / h cost $ 1000-1300.
Filters for "softening". To reduce the rigidity of water, that is, the reduction of calcium and magnesium salts dissolved in it (more precisely, their ions) to the optimal value, so-called softeners are used. The cation exchange resin is falling asleep, resulting in the exchange of calcium ions and magnesium from water to sodium ions from the resin. The cation exchange resin after passing a certain amount of rigid water loses its absorbing ability and requires restoration (we will have 1-2 times a week). It is carried out using a solution of a salt salt. The process involves dissolving the salt, injection of the solution into a balloon, regeneration, reverse and straight wash and lasts 2-3 hours. Resin (for example, IMAC HP1110 from ROHM HAAS) can serve as 6-8 years. There are resins with silver-containing cations, allowing additional disinfection of water. For the price softeners differ little from the filter-delicate filters.
Combined cleaning filters. Due to the large variety of resins, with their proper selection (types, volume, alternation of layers), it is possible to create filters that simultaneously perform the function of the deferral, softener, as well as partially purifying water from nitrates, sulfates, heavy metal salts, organics. For the regeneration of these filters, the table salt is also required. They cost percentage on 20 odd softeners, and replace two devices. True, they work with not very polluted water.
Adsorption filters Designed to reduce the content of organic impurities and residual chlorine, eliminating odors and an extraneous lifting. Stationary washing coal filters are "universal enclosures" filled with activated carbon (at the rate of 60 dm3 per 1 m3 / h performance). Most often, granulated activated coal from coconuts and coal, impregnated with silver, are used. The resource of such filters is significantly higher than cartridges (by removing foreign inclusions and partially updating the surface of the granules during washing). However, organic compounds that are sorbed on active angle can serve as a nutrient medium for bacteria, which are also adsorbed on a porous coal. Therefore, the backfill has to be changed periodically (we will have a voluntary time). It costs 1 dm3 coal about $ 3. Application on activated silver coal prevents the growth of bacteria inside the filter (due to the bactericidal properties of this metal).
In the practice of water treatment, the following methods of improving water quality are widely used: 1 - distillation; 2 - chlorination; 3 - UV irradiation; 4 - reverse osmosis; 5 - ion exchange; 6 - coagulation + filtering; 7 - submicron filtering; 8 - ultrafiltration; 9 - lime; 10 - sorption + oxidation; 11 - sorption; 12 - cation exchange; 13 - anionobam; 14 - electrodialysis; 15 - aeration; 16 - acidification or staging; 17 - chemical oxidation; 18 - ozonation; 19 - magnetic and electromagnetic processing; 20 - mechanical cleaning. Vlokal water preparation systems for a country house are mainly mechanical filtration, catalytic oxidation, ion exchange, sorption on activated carbon, UV exposure.
Automated water treatment system
If you live in a country house all the time you, of course, will suit the automated stationary water treatment system. It is built with steps from the set of said "universal enclosures" and the control unit with the filter operating modes switching valves. Each "universal case" has an appropriate load, cope with a certain type (group) of pollutants. The number of necessary steps is selected, based on the chemical analysis of water. As a rule, such a system includes a sedimentary filter, anonymous, softener and coal filter. They are installed consistently, one by one. The load volume and the size of the "universal body" of each stage is determined by the content of impurities in water and water consumption. Components for the manufacture of such lines offer the following manufacturers:
- Universal Cases (Cylinders) - Structural (Belgium), Park International (USA), Pevasa (Spain).
- Filtering environments (download for filters) - Purolite, Dow Chemical, Rohm Haas, Calgon (USA), Bayer (Germany), Mitsubishi (Japan), Norit and Chemviron Carbon (Netherlands).
- AUOTROL, FLEACK, ECOWATER SYSTEMS (USA) management blocks.
Management of water treatment process. Buttomatized water treatment system For home, any filter works on the commands of the individual automatic control unit. Each of them is configured to their program of action. There are two types of system control: by time and water consumption.
Time control. The main element of the control is the timer, which gives the necessary commands to be washed and other valves. The filter automation works in real time, and the user's task is reduced to setting the washing mode at any convenient time and on any convenient day of the week. It can be prescribed, for example, on Monday and Thursday in 2 hours of the night (both days workers, and, it means, at this time everyone will sleep in the house). If necessary, you can conduct forced regeneration outside the schedule.
Consumption control. "Commander-in-Chief" in the system is a flow meter, more precisely, a microprocessor connected to a sensor-turbine measuring water consumption through a filter. The computer builds a flow chart of water by day of the week, he periodically tests the system and prescribes the flushing on that day when the filter filler is exhausted. Thanks to such a control scheme, water consumption is not simply optimized, but also the service life of the filter filler is extended. This scheme is considered the most efficient today.
The control blocks on the principle of action are five species. Electromechanical and electronic, cutter (mechanical) are often used. Electromechanical cheaper electronic, but it requires more attention. For example, with a long-term disconnection of the electricity, the electromagnetic unit may well "lose" real-time mode and associated settings, resulting in shifting the set flushing time. Isisystem may begin to wash at all at night, namely, when you need water supply. The electronic control units retain the settings even when the electricity is turned off for several days, so it is not necessary to monitor them. Manual more than twice as cheaper electronic, but with them the whole system ceases to be automatic.
Continuing systems are applied in cases where the flow of purified water is required without a regeneration break. To do this, there are two parallel filters combined by a common control unit (Twin system) at each cleaning stage. If one filter is in "Work" mode, then the second may be either in the "Regeneration" mode, or in the "Reserve" mode and turn on the "work", as soon as the first step on "regeneration". Switching tanks from one mode to another occurs automatically. The softener filters used in hot water systems with flow water heating devices are connected to such a scheme (otherwise the latter are quickly clogged with scale).
Optional equipment
Ultraviolet sterilizers. These devices are designed to disinfect water from viruses and bacteria. Ultraviolet rays with a wavelength of 254Nometer (short-wave ultraviolet) emitted by a mercury-quartz lamp cause changes to DNA of all microorganisms and prevent their livelihoods and reproduction. A sterilizer is installed near the watershed crane to avoid re-infection of water. Purchase through the UV sterilizer is recommended only the water that has passed the preliminary cleaning. If a coal filter is used in the water treatment system, UV disinfection is extremely preferably (recalling: they are sorbed on the angle and bacteria are multiplied). The price of the instrument is about $ 300 with 1M3 / h performance.New solutions. The use of a strong oxidizing agent and at the same time a powerful disinfectant, which is sodium hypochlorite, allows you to oxidate iron, remove hydrogen sulfide and completely displaced water. EKOSERVIS TECHNOKHIM-M LLC has developed a small-sized electrochemical plant "Sanator" to obtain such a reagent by electrolysis of the cook salt. The installation is capable of treating from 0.5 to 10 m3 of water per hour and costs $ 650-1200. Especially effective with elevated iron content (more than 5 mg / l) and when working in a pair with an automatic deceives filter. At the same time, the need for mangartage for the functioning of the latter is reduced once every 10, and the drains from it become environmentally safe.
Membrane systems for drinking water
The system received its name from a semi-permeable polymer film, which works on the principle of reverse osmosis and, like the walls of cells of living organisms, passes through its smallest pores (3-5 angstroms) only water and particles commensurate with water molecules. As a result, the composite polymer membrane becomes an irresistible obstacle for most unwanted components in water: microorganisms, viruses, pesticides, colloids, high molecular weight organic and heavy metal ions. Therefore, for the preparation of drinking water, membrane cleaning is suitable as it is impossible. In order for the pollution to not clog the pores of the membrane, the starting water flows along its surface at high speed, flushing all filtered contaminants into the sewer.
For the preparation of drinking water uses small-sized sets of small performance (2-5 l / h). Small quantity can be considered a fee for the high quality water purification. In order to avoid inconvenience associated with a single shortage of purified water, the system is supplied with an enameled or stainless tank-drive of about 10l. When filled it, the system automatically turns off. The installation is characterized by ease of maintenance and ease of installation (under the kitchen sink).
Full (five-speed) reverse osmosis system of preparation of drinking water includes:
- Prefilter mechanical cleaning (5mkm).
- Coal prefilter.
- Filter of finishing cleaning.
- Case with membrane.
- Ultraviolet sterilizer.
Such systems in our market are offered, mainly domestic assembly from imported components. This, for example, P-5000 (Woonjin Coway), OSMO300 (Osmonics), HF-550 (Hydra Filter), "Key2" (MTT CJSC), producing 100 to 200 liters per day. Excellent water. The cost of the system is about $ 400.
Membrane tanks in water supply systems are set to maintain water pressure on the network, to prevent hydrodynamic beats at the moment of incorporating pumps that feed the water system, and reduce the number of start cycles and the pump stop. There are a vessel separated by a membrane into two chambers, in one of which gas under pressure is gas, and the other is connected to the water supply system. When the pump is turned on, part of the tank, intended for water, increases in the volume, squeezing the gas in the next part. After turning off the pump, the compressed gas pushes water as it is spent in the water supply system. The volume of the membrane tank is selected depending on the amount of water consumption, the volume of water supply highway, the power of the pump feeding into the highway, and some other parameters. Separate models of membrane tanks are supplied with control and automation elements.
Choice problems
The acquisition and operation of automatic systems generates the problems that the owner is useful to know in advance. In addition to the questions, from which and what to clean the water, the owner of the house solves the task of choosing equipment productivity, since this is highly depends on the cost of the entire system.When the customer according to the results of calculations conducted on the basis of the data provided by him on the composition of the family and the number of sanitary devices, they say that it is necessary to install a productivity, say, 2 (ATO and 3) M3 / h, he suddenly begins to argue. Like, so the amount of water he hardly spends over a whole day and the installation is needed with much less productivity. The reason for the disagreement is that the owner refers to the average daily water consumption, and specialist.
Let the family spend on the day of only 1.5-2 cubic meters of water, but it consumes them for almost two hours in the morning, when everyone goes to work, and in the evening, when everyone returned at the same time. So, the peak load is large - up to 1m3 / h. It will determine the filtering rate (the time of contact of water with a filter medium). If the permissible speed exceeds, water will simply cease to be cleaned, that is, spacing of stiffness salts and the winds of the most salts with which the struggle is conducted. Specialist It takes into account.
And now we define the necessary performance of the system for a family of four. So, in the morning involved: washing (60l / h), shower (80l / h), bath (200 liter / h) and hot tub (460l / h). Total peak flow (rude) 800l / h. All expenses are taken on the bottom with the norm of water consumption 105l per person per day (today these norms are actually higher than 2-4 times). It turns out that for a family of four with general water consumption of about 1m3 (10524) system performance should be 1.5-2m3 / h (8002). Well, if you take less? Yes, nothing fatal. Just in the peak hours will go poorly purified water. Just what fought?
It is possible to reduce the installation performance if you mount the cumulative container for purified water. True, this option has its drawbacks. Do not want a container, but you need to periodically clean. Its installation also requires additional investments: costs for the very capacity + automation costs to maintain the water level in this capacity + costs of the increase in the rising pump, which will create the required pressure on the network (after capacity), + the cost of eyelid and wiring required for it Connections. So it may well turn out that this option will no longer be cheaper.
The most important working conditions of the water purification system are round-the-clock plus temperature (the room should be heated) and the presence of sewage. For regeneration of the system filters with a capacity of 1M3 / h, about 2 m3 of water is consumed in a week - in the calculations of the autonomous sewer system, this figure should be taken into account, because the amount of septicism is raised relative to the volume of the flow in it. Environmental, the problem of the combination of autonomous sewage with a water treatment system has many sharp corners. For example: "Where to drain regeneration waste when using manganese? How to crash in the sewer when placing cylinders in a deep basement? Unambiguous replies we did not hear. In addition, a certain input water pressure is needed, since it is necessary to" explode "the mineral, filled into the filter. To effectively wash the pollutant. Yes, it is still necessary to take into account the pressure drop in each filter (arutor about 0.3-0.6 atm) and the fact that the washing and dishwashers work at a pressure of at least 1-2 atm. So it turns out that At the entrance of the system, the pressure is 3-5 atm.
So, it is necessary to pick a well pump accordingly. If it is weak, you will have to install an increase in the pressure pump (for example, LOWARA firms, the price of $ 200-400, depending on performance, or Calpeda, the price is from $ 90). So that the pump is turned on as close as possible, the system necessarily needs a membrane tank. For example, from Wellemate, USA, from 60l ($ 190) to 1000l ($ 2450), or Reflex, Germany, 5l ($ 15) to 500 l ($ 550). However, and without a tank, it is quite possible to do, if you use Grundfos pumps (MQ, SQE, etc.) with the regulation of the number of revolutions, depending on the flow rate and unlimited number of starters. By this you will save money and place that, if they are, always lacking.
Cartridge systems
The water purification schemes described above are suitable only if they live in the house constantly (or it is constantly heated), - cleaning devices should not be wrapped in winter. Achto do if you live in the cottage "departures" and about what constant heating in winter even speech can not be?
In this case, the water treatment system should be collected from cartridge filters with interchangeable cartridges, each of which purifies water from a certain type of contamination. Among the products of this kind, first of all, the filters of the US Filter Corporation (USA) are drawn to (USA), Atoll, Rainfrosh (Canada), CJSC Rusilftr, CJSC "New Water".
Two types of plastic cases of 10duima (254mm) and 20duimes (508mm) connected by single and dual-luminous pipes are produced. Katim enclosures delivered the widest spectrum of cartridges: mechanical cleaning (for cleaning water from sediment); a variety of coal (granulated coal, carbon block, radial flow, etc.); Cartridges, delaying iron and heavy metals, stiffness salts and polyphosphates ... in general, there are cartridges for all occasions. Vaseline US Filter has both "exclusive" - cartridges for water purification from petroleum products. Of these standard enclosures (self-sufficing "stuffing") and almost the same scheme (but in the mini-version) is assembled, which is described above. The number of steps is as defined by chemical analysis of the source water. To complete the complex, the disinfection system (UV irradiation) may be needed.
Another system is good because, if necessary, you can easily add new items when necessary for a previously mounted "battery". The resource of the cartridges is on average 20m3. System performance (peak) - up to 80 l / min. The cost of each stage develops from the price of the hull (from $ 60 for "small" to $ 85 for "big") + prices of the cartridge ($ 20-140).
Market services
The market for water treatment services looks like (for example, in Moscow) is approximately true. There are 5-6 major firms and a lot of small, the number of which is constantly changing. The price of higher "old" firms price higher, but the assortment of sewing. Moreover, the established approaches are as follows that each large company covers the entire product line, that is, ready to put any equipment, from the cartridge filter to a complex automatic installation, including a reverse izo system. Perhaps it should be noted that most of these sellers prefer the American water purification equipment, which is motivated by the great prevalence of cottage systems in America and their thorough study. Since the range of products in these firms is very close, the choice is determined mainly by personal preferences and sympathies of the buyer. If the installation will be carried out by the seller's specialists, its cost will be approximately 15-20% of the cost of equipment. There is also a version of the supermotement when the installation is carried out by an organization leading in the cottage plumbing work under the technical supervision of a specialist from the seller's company. This option can do cheaper than the first (by 5-7%), and maybe ...In smaller firms, the range is usually gaining, but prices are lower. It comes to such a good argument to object anything difficult.
In general, the choice of company is not easy, and you will have to decide on your own. One can only advise you to choose the company that exists on the market for at least two years. During this time, she has already gained the necessary experience and "tomorrow" from the market, most likely will not disappear.
Some Quality Quality Indicators
| Substance | Maximum concentration, mg / dm3 | Hazard Class | Harmful effects in excess | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WHO | Usepa | EC | Sanpin | |||
| Aluminum (AL) | 0,2 | 0,2 | 0,2 | 0.5 | 2. | Neurotoxic action |
| Barium (BA) | 0,7 | 2. | 0.1. | 0.1. | 2. | Leukemia |
| Iron (FE) | 0,3. | 0,3. | 0,2 | 0,3. | 3. | Liver diseases, blood, hearts, allergies |
| Cadmium (CD) | 0.003. | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.001. | 2. | Renal disorders, bronchitis, anemia, oncology |
| Potassium (K) | - | - | 12 | - | - | Hypertension |
| Calcium (CA) | - | - | 100 | - | - | Urolithiasis, hypertension |
| Magnesium (MG) | - | - | fifty | - | - | Sclerosis, hypertension |
| Manganese (MN) | 0.5 (0,1) | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.1. | 3. | Elebiotoxic action |
| Copper (CU) | 2 (1) | 1-1.3 | 2. | one | 3. | Hepatitis, anemia |
| Molybdenum (MO) | 0.07 | - | - | 0.25. | 2. | Neurotoxic effect, oncology, skin lesions |
| Arsenic (AS) | 0,01 | 0.05 | 0,01 | 0.05 | 2. | Malignant skin and lung tumors, affects the central nervous system |
| Sodium (NA) | 200. | - | 200. | 200. | 2. | Hypertension, heart damage, oncology |
| Nickel (NI) | 0.02. | - | 0.02. | 0.1. | 3. | Damage to the heart and liver |
| Nitrates (NO3) | fifty | 44. | fifty | 45. | 3. | Methemoglobinemia (Sinny Baby syndrome) |
| Nitritics (NO2) | 3. | 3,3. | 0.5 | 3. | 2. | Toxicological impact |
| Mercury | 0.001. | 0.002. | 0.001. | 0.0005 | one | Violation of kidney functions, nervous system |
| Lead (PB) | 0,01 | 0.015 | 0,01 | 0.03. | 2. | Affects the central nervous, reproductive system and kidneys, causes hypertension |
| Selenium (SE) | 0,01 | 0.05 | 0,01 | 0,01 | 2. | Affects the central nervous system, causes irritation of mucous membranes and dermatitis |
| Sulfates (SO42-) | 250. | 250. | 250. | 500. | four | Diarrhea, gallway disease |
| Phosphorus (P) | - | - | - | 0.0001. | one | Diseases of the bone apparatus |
| Fluorides (F-) | 1.5 | 2-4 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 2. | Fluorosis (dental destruction, skeleton) |
| Chlorides (CL-) | 250. | 250. | 250. | 350. | four | Hypertension, cardiovascular disorders |
| Chrome (CR3 +) | - | 0.1. | 0.05 | 0.5 | 3. | Liver and kidney disorders, affects the skin and digestive system |
| Cyanides (CN-) | 0.07 | 0,2 | 0.05 | 0.035 | 2. | Damage to the thyroid gland and the central nervous system |
| Zinc (Zn) | 3. | five | five | five | 3. | Violation of exchange functions |
| Benz (a) Pyrene | 0,7 | 0,2 | 0,01 | 0-5 | one | Kidney destruction, liver, oncology |
| Surfactants (surfactants) | - | - | - | 500. | - | Mutagenic action |
| Pesticides. | - | - | 0.5 | 400 (1,2-dichloro- propane) | 2. | Affect the central nervous system, the respiratory system, kidneys (general content) and the liver, probable cause of cancer |
The editors thanks the company "Helios Star", "Membrane technique and technology", "Ekoservis Technohim-M", "Center of Water Technologies", "Comintex Ecology", "National Water Resources", "Contour-Aqua" for help in the preparation of material .