Ubuchwepheshe obuyishumi nambili bokwakhiwa okusheshayo kwezakhiwo: umlando kanye nesimanje, izici zomsebenzi wokufaka wendlela ngayinye yokwakhiwa okuphezulu
"I-One-story american" yakhiwa ikakhulukazi ubuchwepheshe obubizwa ngokuthi izindlu ezifakiwe. Kulesi sihloko sokubuyekezwa, sizotshela ngokusetshenziswa kwale ndlela ngezimo zaseRussia, futhi sicabangele ezinye zezinketho zazo ezinikezwa yimakethe yanamuhla yasekhaya.
Bheka emlandweni
Izindlu ezizimele zasekhaya ngokungangabazeki zingabangeli iYurophu, lapha kusetshenziswe ubuchwepheshe obunamapulangwe nge-XV. Isibili se-Avot izwe labo ngokwesiko ukuba ngokwesiko ukuba yiCanada, lapho iMpi Yezwe II ithuthukise indlela elula futhi eshibhile yokukhiqizwa kwe-serial nokwakhiwa kwezindlu. Uhlaka lwezinkuni oluhlanganisiwe lwalusebenza njengesisekelo sabo. Kodwa-ke, akuzange kusetshenziswe kakhulu ukusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe eCanada, kodwa e-USA, emaphethelweni eNew York, ngasekupheleni kwama-40s.Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakunguBill Levit, namuhla obheka uyise 'onendaba eyodwa nguyise kayise we-One-Letiton America, owabiza amaMelika ukuba asuke esuka emafulethini aseNew York ukuya ezindaweni ezingaba khona ezindlini ezakhiwe ngendlela yefektri. Umqondo wabalwa kakhulu ekunambitheleni abathengi ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwafakwa ukugeleza: iminyaka emi-5, inkampani imali eyakha izakhiwo eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi nanhlanu, nangasekupheleni kweminyaka engama-60s. Inani labo lenyuke ama-140 amawaka. KANJANI, izinqubo zokukhiqiza kanye noMkhandlu olandelayo kufanele zithunyelwe ukuze zithunyelwe izindlu cishe ezingama-30 ngosuku!
Kuliqiniso, izakhiwo zazingahlukaniswa ngosayizi omkhulu wendlu yokuqala enezitezi ezimbili, kwakungu-74m2 kuphela (engaphansi kwakungekho, ngoba kwasetshenziswa izisekelo ze-slab). Ekuqaleni, zonke izindlu ezisemizaneni zaziyefana. Amaphrojekthi anezinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo kanye nokuhlela izixazululo zavela kamuva nje. Izindlu ezithuthukile ze-Plush zivele zihlongozwe indawo yokuhlala, ekhishini, amakamelo okulala amabili noma amathathu, amakamelo okugeza kanye ne-pantry (yigumbi elifanayo le-boiler). Ngasikhathi sinye, izinsiza kanye nemishini yasendlini zazisekhishini, kufaka nesiqandisi nomshini wokuwasha.
Kepha uma umuntu ecabanga ukuthi inqubo yokuhlala kabusha kwabantu baseMelika emadolobheni angaphansi komhlaba yayiyiphutha, inephutha kakhulu - "imprompept" yalungiswa ngokucophelela. Ukuchitheka kokwakhiwa okuphansi kakhulu bekubangelwa kakhulu ukwenziwa ngempumelelo kohlelo lukahulumeni lokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yezifunda. Ubudlelwano nezimali zakhe ezinkulu bafakwa ekufakweni kwezokuxhumana, ukwakhiwa komgwaqo iT.P. (Ngendlela, bekunjalo ngalesi sikhathi ukuthi kusekhona umgwaqo omkhulu waseMelika.)
Ukulandela i-United States, kwakha izakhiwo zohlaka oluphansi lweprimiyamu eCanada, kanye nakumazwe amaningi aseYurophu. Namuhla emhlabeni kukhona imboni yonke ekhiqiza izindlu zokukhiqiza efekthri. Kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokugcina nobuciko obusha. Ezinye zazo sezivele zikwazile ukuza emakethe yaseRussia futhi zadlula ngempumelelo.
Akukho mncane ngaphandle kokuhle
Ngeshwa, iRussia yanamuhla ngokufuduka okukhulu kusuka ku- "Stone Jungle" ku-lono yemvelo ayikwazi ukuziqhayisa, kunalokho, kunalokho. Ukwakha indlu yangasese kuze kube yilapho iphuzu elithile lingakujabulisi ukusekelwa kweziphathimandla. Ngemuva kwalokho wacabanga ngokuzumayo futhi wavunyelwa ukuba nendlu ehlobo enengadi nengadi eduze kwakhe. Kepha ukuthi kule dacha ungaphila unyaka wonke, futhi nangaphezulu kwalokho kubhaliswe (uma-ke, awulona ilungu lelungu lababhali kanye nendlu yakho ekudluliseleni), futhi angikwazanga ukuba nenkulumo. Nangowokudabuka esikhathini sokwakhiwa kobungxowankulu, kungabonakala, konke kufanele ngabe kushintshile. Kepha enhlanganweni yokuthengisa yezindlu ezindaweni zokuhlala ezenziwa ngaphambilini ze-cottage, ezimelwe njengomkhiqizo "oyingqayizivele", ngamanani, angenakufinyeleleka kumthengi ngobuningi, icala alikakapheli.
Futhi nokho, safunda isifundo esisodwa esiwusizo esihlangenwe nakho kweGlobal Eapency: Emakethe yethu manje enikezwe amacala adalwa yizobuchwepheshe zezindlu ezenziwa ngesandla. I-WTT ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe baqala ukuthandwa, ubunzima bezomnotho "basolwa". Iningi labathuthukisi abangaba khona liya ngokuya licace ukuthi ezimeni zokungazethembi kwezomnotho, kungenzeka ukuhumusha iphupho libe ngokoqobo, kuphela ngokunciphisa izindleko zokuzivocavoca ekhaya. Indlela ethembisa kakhulu yokufeza lokhu ukunciphisa isikhathi sokwakha futhi, ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuphakeme, ukunciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi, kanye nezindleko zezakhiwo ezisebenzayo. Lesi sakamuva sivumela kwezinye izimo ukuthi zilahlile ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokuphakamisa (bheka i-IVD ", 2010, N 1). Uyini lobuchwepheshe "bomlingo"?
Imibono iphindaphindwe, umgomo awushintshi
Imakethe yanamuhla yasekhaya yezakhiwo ezenziwe ngezandla ihlukile kunalokho. Kusaveza ubuchwepheshe be-classical bokudalwa kwezindlu zozimele ezishiwo yithi, ngokusho kwayo ukwakheka kwe-Parring kwenziwa kusuka kumaphaneli abizwayo okuthiwa. Uhlaka lwazo lwebhodi elivuthayo elivuthiwe lunesiqeshana kuphela ngolunye uhlangothi (umgwaqo) uhlangothi futhi alugcwele ukufakwa. Cishe okuwukuphela kwento eshintshe iminyaka engama-70 kulobu buchwepheshe esetshenziselwe ukusebenzisa i-paneur ukumboza izinto zanamuhla, okungukuthi, ama-osp-slabs (imininingwane eminingi ngohlaka lwakudala, bheka "I-IVD", noma i-Iwebhusayithi IV. Ru).Abaningi emakethe yethu kanye nezindlela ezintsha, ngokusho ukuthi uhlaka lwesakhiwo luphakanyiswa khona kusuka ezintweni zomuntu ngamunye (kwesinye isikhathi azijwayelekile) ezilungiselelwe efektri, bese zifaka incena. Kunezindlu ezithuthukile ezithuthukile zezindlu - kusuka kumaphaneli noma ngisho namamojula amaningi. Iqoqo lezinto ezinjalo ngokwemvelo zibiza kakhulu, ngoba efektri ukuze zikhiqizwe, kusetshenziswe kakhulu indlu, kepha indlu ivunwa ngokushesha okukhulu. Kepha akunandaba ukuthi zihlukanise kanjani izinguqulo zanamuhla zezinsuku ezenziwa ngezandla zobuchwepheshe ezivela kuma-classical, umgomo uhlala wakhiwa kwangaphambilini kwebhokisi lendlu endaweni yokwakha ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukukhethwa kokunye okuhlukile noma okunye okuhlukile kufanele kungasekeli okungaka kulokho okuthandwa ngumuntu ngokwezokubala kwezomnotho.
Besingafuni ukukhathala umfundi, ngohlu lwe-monotonically kuhlu lobuchwepheshe obukhona be-technology ephezulu, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye bafuna ukumsiza ukuthi angadideki ngolwazi oluningi. Ngakho-ke, sanquma ukunikela ngezigaba zethu ezinemibandela yalezi zindlela ezimelwe ngesimo setafula. Kepha ngaphambi kokuthi uqale indaba ngabo, sizohlela ezinye izinto ezidingekayo, ngombono wethu. Ukunciphisa ubukhulu bendatshana, kepha kungenzeka ukuqhathanisa izindlela ezichaziwe nomunye, ngeke sixoxe esahlukweni ngasinye:
Izinhlobo zezisekelo ezilungele lolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe. Njengoba wonke ubuchwepheshe busivumela ukuba sakhe izindlu ezikhanyayo ezikhanyayo, noma yiziphi izisekelo ezingasindi zilungile. Ukuzikhethela kwenketho ethile kuzoncika ekwakhekeni kwenhlabathi endaweni yesakhiwo esizayo, kanye nasezifiso nasekufihleni kwezimali kwabanikazi;
Ukukhiya Ezokuxhumana. Zibhidlizwa yi-overlap, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwefreyimu ngaphakathi, okuvame ukuba ngenxa yalokhu;
Izindlela zokufakelwa kwezinhlaka zohlaka nophahla. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa izindlela ezijwayelekile zokufakelwa kwesendlalelo. Ngaphandle kohlaka luhlelwe ngolwelwelwelwelwesi oluqinile lwe-membrane, oluzokuvumela ukuthi ukhiphe umswakama ovela kwangaphandle, kepha uvikele emvuleni nangomoya. Ulwelwesi lucindezelwe emigqeni yemigoqo noma amaphrofayili ensimbi wokuqinisa ukungcola nokwakha igebe lokungena komoya. Phakathi kwama-racks ohlaka, amapuleti okufakwa okusebenzayo, akhuphule ubukhulu bawo adingekayo. Ukusuka ngaphakathi kwendlu, ifilimu yokufaka insulation ye-vapor eqinisiwe inamathiselwe kuma-racks, ngeke inikeze ama-house umswakama wokungena ezindlini zendlu ekufakweni;
Izindlela zokuhlobisa kwangaphakathi nangaphandle kwezindonga ezimisiwe. Kunenqwaba yazo: kusuka ngaphakathi ezindongeni nophahla kungahlwanyelwa nge-drywall, izinkuni, amaphaneli, abhekane namathayili. Izinketho zokuqeda ngaphandle. Ukuze wenze lokhu, basebenzisa izitini, ukuhambisa (ipulasitiki, ipulasitiki, i-metal), amaphaneli, i-lining, ukulingiswa kwe-idr (i-blockhaus) idr. Ngakho-ke, sizocubungula ekhaya ngesimo sokulungela ukuqeda okunjalo, okungukuthi, kucatshangwa ukuthi ibhokisi lendlu liqoqwe ngokuphelele, lifakwe ophahleni, namafasitela afakwa ekuvulekeni. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, izakhiwo zozimele eziqoqwe kusuka ezintweni ezithile azimboziwe nganoma yini: Ukufakelwa kuvikelwe ngaphakathi kwesithiyo se-vapor, kodwa kusuka ngaphandle kolwelwesi lwe-vapor, kodwa kusuka ngaphandle kolwelwesi lwe-vapor, kodwa kusuka ngaphandle kolwelwesi lwe-vapor, kepha kusuka ngaphandle kolwelwesi lwe-vapor Izindonga zezindlu zephaneli yohlaka zine-trim, ezihambelana nobuchwepheshe bamaphaneli wokukhiqiza.
Ukukhishwa kulo mthetho kuzokwenziwa kuphela ezimweni lapho kuzodingeka khona ukudweba ukunakwa komfundi ku-One noma kwesinye isici sobuchwepheshe obuchaziwe.
Ithebula 1. Ukuhlukaniswa okunemibandela kobuchwepheshe obusetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwezindlu ezisheshayo zokuhanjiswa kwefekthri| Ukuhlangana kusuka | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imininingwane ehlukile | Amaphaneli | Izingxenye ezikhulisiwe - amamojula | |||||||||
| Uzimele kusuka ezintweni zefomethi enkulu | Uhlaka kusuka ezintweni zefomethi enhle | Amaphaneli ngesisekelo sokhuni | Amaphaneli asuselwa kukhonkolo | ||||||||
| okukodwa | 2. | 3. | okune | isihlanu | 6. | 7. | isishiyagalombili | isishiyagalolunye | Okuthenyalwayo | ishumi nanye | Okuqophele imali |
| Amafreyimu avela ezintweni ezigciniwe | Uhlaka kusuka ezintweni ezisethiwe | Uhlaka lwe-OSP-BASE BESES | Uhlaka oluvela kumaphrofayili ahlanganisiwe wensimbi | Uhlaka lwensimbi oluqinile | Amaphaneli anamafreyimu avela emabhodini, amapuleti acwebezelwe ama-oops | Amaphaneli anohlaka oluvela kubha, ancishiswe yi-CSP-Slabs | Amaphaneli anemishayo ye-firecase esuselwa ku-fiberboard | Iphaneli enokufakwa okwengeziwe okungaphandle | Amaphaneli we-SIP | Amaphaneli kakhonkolo ongenalutho ngohlaka lwensimbi | Amamojula we-volumetric asuselwa kufreyimu yokhuni |
Uzimele ezingxenyeni ezithile
Manje kulula futhi kushibhile uku-oda isethi ephelele yemininingwane edingekayo yokuhlanganisa uhlaka, oluhlose kule nkampani. Ochwepheshe besebenzisa ukwakheka kwekhompyutha banquma ukwakheka nosayizi wengxenye ngayinye, bese bekwenza kwimishini ephezulu. Le ndlela ikuvumela ukuba wenze ngaphandle kwezinto zokukhiqiza nezinto ezifanele ezimeni "zensimu". Inikeza nezingxenye ezingcono zohlaka lwezinhlaka nomunye, okusho ukuthi, umhlangano wekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nokwethenjwa komklamo wonke. Le ndlela isheshisa inqubo yomhlangano, yehlisa inani lamaphutha angenzeka futhi ekugcineni iqede ukwakheka kwemfucuza. Imiphumela yokwenziwa kweqoqo lezinto zohlaka ezimweni zefekthri, ukulethwa kwazo kanye nezindleko zomhlangano ezishibhile kunokwakhiwa kwendlela yebhizinisi.
1. Fakhverk yesimanje
Umlando. I-Fakhverk (it. I-FACHWERK) isakhiwo sokwakha esiyisisekelo sawo isimo sendawo sama-racks sokhuni (izinto ezimile), imishayo (izinto ezivundlile (izinto ezivundlile) kanye ne-dilation (izinto ezivundliwe zinikeza lonke ukuqina kwensiza namandla).
Imininingwane yayihlanganiswe nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zesandla, kanye nama-brazers okhuni. Ukuvuleka phakathi kwezinto zozimele kwagcwala ama-boot, noma ama-cobblestones amakhulu, ukuwaxuba namatshe amancane nokubekwa kwikhambi le-lime eliqiniswe ngezinwele zamahhashi. Kuvame ukugcwala ngokushiswa ngesitini noma okuluhlaza. Kwenziwe "izindiza" zabekwa futhi zanamabala emathoni akhanyayo. Uhlaka olusetshenziselwe uhlaka lushiywe phambi kwalolo fomu, nemininingwane yayo emnyama ehlukaniswe izindonga zokukhanya ezibonakalayo ezingcebelweni ezifanele zejometri. Lokhu okunamathiselwe ekubukekeni kwezakhiwo ukuvezwa okuhlukile, okwaba isici esikhulu sezakhiwo se-fakhverka.
Izikhathi zethu, ukwazisa ukunambitheka kwalesi sitayela, kunqume ukukuvuselela, kepha sekuvele kufake izicelo ezintsha zokwakha nobuchwepheshe. Ngakho-ke, namuhla i-Fakhverk ibhekana nokuzalwa kwesibili. Kuliqiniso, izindlu zesimanjemanje ze-Half-tip-tip-tip-tip-tip-tip
Simanje. Izinto ezinikezwe endaweni yokwakha zenziwa ngokhuni olugcotshwe futhi zilungele ngokuphelele umhlangano (Fig. 1). Izindlela zokuxhuma ama-racks, imishayo kanye nama-squeaks cishe acishe afane namakhulu ambalwa eminyaka edlule: Isikhala esiyimfihlo, "umsila wokugwinya" futhi u-braid (Fig. 2). I-TomeWhat kulezo zingxenye zokwakheka, lapho kudingeka khona isiqinisekiso sokuphepha esingeziwe, esikhundleni sokuguga, izinto zokuxhuma zensimbi zisetshenziswa, izinduku. Kepha lezi zinhlanganisela zenziwa ukuze ekwakhiweni okuqediwe kwezingxenye zensimbi akubonakali.
Esikhaleni phakathi kwezinto zozimele, ikhreyithi eyengeziwe yokhuni, egcwele izinto zesimanje zokufakelwa kokufakwa. Ngaphandle, okwedlule kuvikelwe "izihlangu" kusuka ezintweni zokuqeda (faka amaphaneli, usethe i-idr yezinkuni), nangaphakathi, njengomthetho, amashidi e-drywall. Kanye nokusindisa amandla amafasitela (Fig. 3-4) kusetshenziswa kabanzi ukugcwalisa uhlaka.
Izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe zifaka iqiniso lokuthi izakhiwo ezinamandla ezinamandla zenza ukuthi zikwazi ukuhlela ngokukhululekile isikhala sangaphakathi sendlu (ubuncane bokuhlukaniswa kwezangaphakathi). Futhi zihambisana ngokuphelele nesisindo esiphezulu samawindi acwebezelayo, okuvumela ukuthi uhlele amawindi aseFrance.
2 Ngaphezu kweminyaka emi-3 eyedlule, inkampani "i-TreORAD", "oMosgeoplan", i-Osko-Haus (Alleas-Russia), Gloria House (Finland) IDR. Siphonswe kithi phesheya, sibekwe ekhaya futhi sabutha lapha. Namuhla, izinhlaka ezinjalo zinikezwa kakhulu futhi abakhiqizi basekhaya: "I-Arkhangelsk Woodworkling Combine", "Stroykostructure", "Fakhverky" Stry "idr.
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2. Uhlaka kusuka kubha yesethi
Lobu buchwepheshe bufana nengxenye ye-Half-tipbered, kepha nokho bahluka. Umehluko wokuqala ulele eqinisweni lokuthi izingxenye zohlaka azifakwanga, bese kusethi. Babenza banjalo. Amabhodi awela isigaba 200. I-50mm yomiswe egumbini, bese lilinganiselwa ngosayizi ka-176 ngo-44mm futhi linqunywe endaweni yokusebenza. Okugcina ngokuchitheka okunobubanzi obungu-16mm, ama-washers namantongomane ahlukanise esigabeni sesikhathi sika-176 kuya ku-176mm. Kepha le moto ye-timber ayiqinile, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamabhodi wobude obuhlukile, ngokushesha ithola ama-grooves, ama-spikes kanye nezinye izinto ezidingekayo zokuxhuma izingxenye ezikusasa lesikhathi esizayo ekhaya (ubude bezakhi ezenziwe ngezezimali ezingafinyelela ku-12m ). Ukuxhumeka ngemuva komhlangano kuthuthukiswa ngama-tud stud noma amakona ensimbi angazange abe yinkimbinkimbi. Imanzi futhi iqukethe umehluko wesibili phakathi kwalolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe kusuka kwangaphambilini (Fig. 5-6).
Umehluko wesithathu ulele eqinisweni lokuthi iphimbo lezakhi zokwakhiwa kwamandla akudingeki ukuba zenziwe ngokwezifiso ngaphansi kobubanzi bamapuleti wokufakelwa, selokhu kwafakwa inqwaba yesigameko, kuzogcwalisa i-niche ye noma yiluphi usayizi. Okwesine yilokho izingodo ezenziwa kabusha zishibhile kunezikhathi ezi-2-2,5.
Izici ezikhuphukayo. Okokuqala, i-Bar (String) Bar ifakwe, elungiselelwe isisekelo ngokusebenzisa ungqimba lwamanzi (indlela incike kuhlobo lwesisekelo). Ngemuva kwalokho, ama-racks anamathele empompini ohlelweni lwe- "Groove" noma ngosizo lwamakhompiyutha, kanye nemishayo evundlile ephezulu, eyingxenye ye-swelep. Okulandelayo, inqubo iyaphindwa.
Ngaphandle, amabakaki we-stapler anamathele kuhlaka oluqediwe wabakaki abasemakhompiyutha, kanye nefilimu yokufaka insulation ye-vapor engaphakathi. Umphumela uba umgodi ovaliwe phakathi kwezinto zohlaka, lapho, ngosizo lokufakwa okukhethekile, ukufakwa ngobuningi kushaywa. Lokhu okuqukethwe kwenziwa ngephepha lokungcola. Siqukethe imicu emfushane ye-cellulose enezengezo ze-antipiren (i-boric acid, 12%) ne-antiseptic (Bora kanye ne-borats, 7%). I-Eco-Friendly Eco-Friendly, ukuhlanganiswa okulinganiselwe (i-GROP G2), iyakwazi ukudonsa kuze kube ngamanzi angama-20% (ngevolumu), kodwa yomiswe ngaphandle, ibuyise ngokuphelele ukushisa kwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ivikela izindawo zokhuni ezivela ekubondeni. Uboya bagcwalisa ubuze banoma yikuphi ukumiswa ngokuqinile, futhi ukuqina kwalo lapho kushunyayelwe ukuguqulwa kuhlu lwama-5-35 kg / m3. Abadlalayo, kungenye yezinto ezingabizi kakhulu- ama-ruble angama-25. Ngo-1 kg.
Okulandelayo, ukwakheka okufakiwe kuhlanganiswe ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwento ekhethiwe, futhi eyokugcina ifihla ngokuphelele uhlaka (Fig. 7). Imanzi ngomehluko wesihlanu kusuka ku-Half-somber. Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi uhlaka lwebha ejwayelekile ukuthuthukiswa kwasekhaya kwangempela (bheka "IVD", 2010, N 10). Ikunikeza kuze kube yilapho kuphela inkampani "kuphela ezoba yindlu" (iRussia).
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3. Uhlaka oluvela ku-I-Beams
Uhlaka lwendlu ludalwe kusuka kusethi yezingxenye ezikhiqizwe ezimeni zefekthri kusuka kumishayo ekhethekile ye-DIFT kusuka ku-Special-Level Beams (Isigaba esinjalo sinikezela ngamanani aphezulu okugoba kanye nokumelana nokugoba). Yakha izindlu kubuchwepheshe obulula: okokuqala kusuka emishameni yenza "ukugibela" kwesisekelo, bese uhlaka lwezindonga nokuhlukaniswa kwezindonga zibuthene endizeni yalo, futhi ngemuva kwalokho kwabhale imishayo yokweqa phansi phansi. Okulandelayo, inqubo iyaphindwa. Ukwakheka kwamandla kophahla kwenziwa emapulazini ezenziwe ngomumo noma izinto zazo nangaphezulu kwamapuleti e-OXC ngobukhulu be-15-22mm. Amapuleti afanayo ahlanganiswe kusuka phezulu nangokwezikhala zokuqedwa. Izingxenye zozimele zixhunyiwe kusetshenziswa izinto zensimbi nezikulufo.
Ama-electrocinacing namapayipi abunjiwe ekwandiseni nasekuhlukanisweni okuphansi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ezingxenyeni eziphakathi kwezindawo zangaphandle ngokuya ngemithetho ethile, izimbobo ziyasikwa. Ngokwenziwa kwamasethi ezingxenye zezingxenye zohlaka, izinhlobo ezimbili zemizila yakwamanye amazwe kanye ne-HTS ziyasetshenziswa.
Imishayo esekwe osp (i-php-beams). Le mishayo yeleveli emi-2 yenziwa ezimweni zefekthri, ifaka ngaphansi kwemigoqo yokucindezela kusuka ku-larch, i-spruce noma i-pine cross Isigaba 64 ngo-38mm nge-38mm (basebenza njengamafutha e-umklamo ovunyiswayo. Sika imivimbo engu-10-15mm eyenza amashalofu odonga obophayo (Fig. 8). Abanye abakhiqizi bangezelela ukulungiswa kwezinto ezixhumekayo zamabakaki ensimbi e-stapler. Ukuphakama kwemishayo eqediwe - 241-457mm, ubude - kuze kufike ku-12m. Isisindo 1 I-Prept of Beams nezakhiwo zozimele zazo (Fig. 9-10), kanye nezitezi ezisheshayo kanye nezinhlelo ze-rafter, zazi ngempumelelo amafemu anjenge- "Frame Kit", "RNR" (zombili- I-Russia) idr.
Imishayo yokugqoka yensimbi (http). Wonke umuntu akhipha umuntu angaphandle, amashalofu akhe akhiqizwa, njengasesimweni esedlule, ngokhuni. Kodwa-ke, udonga oluzixhumanisayo alwenziwe ngepuleti ye-OSP, futhi kusuka ku-Storeged Story 0.5 mm ubukhulu nge-polymer coating (Fig. 11-13). Isimo sodonga we-wavy sinikeza ukuqina okuphezulu nezimpawu ezinhle ze-Beam Beam. Kungenzeka kungabikho zindonga ezinjalo zodwa, kepha ezimbili (zitholakala kude ngo-15-20mm kusuka komunye nomunye). Ukugoba okufanayo kuvimbela kangcono ukugoba kunokufana nodonga olulodwa.
Izindonga azihlanganisi, kepha zizocindezelwa emashalofini. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kanye nemiphetho yezikhala zensimbi e-wavy ngesinyathelo sika-50mm, kufakwa amazinyo, okuyingxenye yezinkuni kuze kube sekupheleni kwe-20mm. Ukuphakama kwemishayo ephethwe ngensimbi kungu-180-490mm, ubude - kuze kufike ku-24m. Isisindo 1 I-M-7-27KG. Ukukhiqizwa kwezobuchwepheshe kwemishayo, kanye nezakhiwo zozimele, ezansi ezitolo ezisheshayo nezinhlelo ze-rafter ezisuselwa kubo ezweni lethu, kuze kube manje inkampani "HTS-rusaland" (Russia).
"I-Carcocalcom" | 
"Php" | 
"Php" |
"I-HTS-rusaland" | 
"I-HTS-rusaland" | 
"I-HTS-rusaland" |
4. Uhlaka oluvela kumaphrofayili ahlanganisiwe wensimbi
Kulesi simo se-embodiment, uhlaka lohlaka lwamaphrofayili wensimbi omncane odongeni olubiwe, olufana nalawo asetshenziselwa ukuhambisa izakhiwo ze-drywall, kuphela ubukhulu kanye nesigaba kuleli cala kukhulu ngandlela thile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, la maphrofayli anokunye okukhethekile. Ngenxa yaso, indlela yokushisa okushisa kusuka eshalofini linye inyuke enye futhi, ngakho-ke, ukulahlekelwa ukushisa kuncishisiwe kusuka esakhiweni ngohlaka (Fig. 14-16). Vele, ukushuba kwezinto zephrofayili kuthinta nokushisa i-LP - Ubukhulu balo buncipha, "ukuvuza" okushisekayo okuncane (kungakanani, umthamo wokuphakelwa kwephrofayili uncishisiwe). Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi woMklami akayona nje ukudala isakhiwo sohlaka olungenawo ngokwanele kusuka kumaphrofayli, kodwa futhi nokuthola isisombululo esakhayo esivumela ukunciphisa ukulahleka kokushisa kubuncane.
Izici ezikhuphukayo. Kunezinketho ezintathu eziphambili zezinhlaka zozimele zisebenzisa amaphrofayili ahlanganisiwe.
Yakha phezu kwesisekelo. Zonke izinto zokuklama zilethwa okwesikhashana futhi zibhalwe ukuthi, ngisho nezimbobo ezivuthiwe zokuxhuma komunye nomunye. Umsebenzi we-Brigade wokuqoqa ukuthatha ucezu olulodwa lohlaka lwezindonga, ukugqamisa noma amapulazi ahlukahlukene bese uwanamathisela endaweni ngokuzikhandla noma ngamabhodlela.
"I-Mini-Flash" esakhiweni sokwakha. Izinto zihanjiswa endaweni yokwakha ngendlela yamaphrofayili aqoshiwe futhi alebula. Ukuthola ukusondela esisekelweni esihlela indawo yomhlangano wangaphambi komhlangano (imvamisa kungukukhanya okukhanyayo lapho kufakwa khona ithebula lomhlangano). Lapho, abasebenzi baqoqa ifreyimu yephaneli edongeni elilandelayo noma ipulazi le-rafter, bese lizidlulisela kwisisekelo bese lilungisa endaweni yephrojekthi.
Izinto zokulungela efektri ezigcwele. Amapaneli odonga lokwakhiwo namapulazi aqoqwa efektri. Ngenxa yalokho, ikhwalithi yenhlangano yayo iqinisekisa umenzi, okusheshisa kakhulu umsebenzi esakhiweni.
Ezokuxhumana. Faka izinketho ezimbili zokufakwa kwazo. Lapho ipayipi kagesi lokuqala namapayipi agcwele ngaphakathi kohlaka lwamaphaneli odonga kanye namapulazi ophahla, bese avalwa ngokufakelwa. Lapho owesibili kuqala, uhlaka lufakiwe futhi izintambo namapayipi ahlelwe ngaphezulu kwe-vaporizolation evikelayo. Sizoqala ukunamathisela ikhreyithi yemikhiqizo yensimbi kuhlaka lohlaka lohlaka, bese kuthi incitheni yangaphakathi. Zombili lezi zinketho zinezinzuzo zazo nezinzuzo zazo; Ukukhethwa kwalokhu noma okunye kususelwa ezimweni zasendaweni.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamaphrofayili ahlanganisiwe kanye nobuchwepheshe bokwakha wezakhiwo kubo kwaqanjwa yi-arsenal st, "INSO", "Taldom-Profili" (alle- Russia) idr. Izinkampani eziningi zisebenza nasemakethe, ngokwazo azikhiqizi amaphrofayli, kepha zakha izakhiwo zazo kuphela.
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5. Uhlaka lwemikhiqizo yensimbi eqinile
Ukusebenzisa ukwakhiwa kwezinhlaka zohlaka, amaphrofayli aqinile (Fig. 17) Esikhundleni sangempela, kungenzeka ukuthi anciphise kakhulu izindleko zesakhiwo. Izinketho eziningana zokusebenzisa izinto ezinjalo zinikezwa. Isibonelo se-akhawunti sizobheka ezimbili.
UGenesise-Rus (Russia), okhiqiza imikhiqizo ngokusho kobuchwepheshe bakaGenesise (Canada), onikelayo ukwenza uhlaka lwezindonga zezindonga kanye nokubheja, kanye namapulazi we-rafter kuphela ezimweni zefekthri. Endaweni yokwakha kuzohlala ukuwaxhuma kuphela phakathi ngokwawo ukudweba nge-drill (Fig. 18). Ukuze amaphrofayili wensimbi aqinile awaphendulwa "amabhuloho abandayo" (awenza kahle zombili ukushisa nokubanda, ngoba ukwakhiwa okuqoqiwe kulahlekile), kwakhiwa ukwakhiwa okuqoqiwe kwe-polystyrene foam okungenani I-50mm, futhi ukuqeda kwangaphandle kufakwe ngaphezulu kwalo (Fig. Seen 16). Sithathwa kuphela ngaphakathi kwezindonga zozimele namapulazi. Kulokhu, ukuvuleka lapho amashalofu avela kuphrofayili ekhethwe yi-P afakwa kusenesikhathi.
Uhlobo lwangempela lwendlu luphakamise isitshalo "lissant" (Russia). Uhlaka Lwezithwali Odonga lwangaphandle kanye ne-couterier of the House (Kubuye kube yinkampani) kuqoqwe kusuka kumaphrofayili ensimbi angenamikhawulo anobukhulu obungu-1.2-1,5 mm, bese usuka ngaphandle, usikwa ngamapaneli we-sandwich ngobukhulu be-100mm (Fig. 20-21). Iphaneli elinjalo liqukethe amashidi amabili ensimbi ngokuhlanganiswa okuqabulayo, phakathi kwawo kunongqimba wePolyurethane Foam. Ububanzi bephaneli - 1150mm. Amashidi angaphandle angabushelelezi noma anamaphini, adala iphethini yobuso. Ukukhishwa kwamapaneli ayi-18, kanye nangaphansi kwesihlahla nangaphansi kwesitini. Ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zamaphiko, imibala nemidwebo, kungenzeka ukucabanga ngomklamo wokuhlobisa wezindonga zangaphandle zendlu esigabeni sokuklama. Izindawo eziseceleni zamaphaneli zifakwe ohlelweni lwama-grooves amabili nezikhala. Ingabukwa njenge-labyrinth seal, evimbela ngokuthembekile kokuqhuma nokuqhwa kwamalunga.
Amapulazi weStropy akhiwa kusuka kwimikhiqizo yensimbi noma ngokhuni (Umdwebo 22). Othandweni, amaphaneli afanayo we-sandwich ahlelwe kubo ngezansi, kanye nasezindongeni. Umphumela wakhelwa yi-attic ezakhiweni zesitezi sokuqala. Isikhala saso sisetshenziselwa ukukhulisa amapayipi, abalandeli kanye namamitha okushisa afakwe ohlelweni lokupholisa ekhaya, olufakiwe kwiphakheji.
Ukusuka ngaphakathi kwendlu, uhlaka luhlwanyelwe amashidi e-plasterboard kungqimba eyodwa noma ezimbili (ngesicelo somnikazi). Kulesi sikhathi, ungabeka ukuxhumana noma ukugcwalise ukufakwa kwawo okusebenzayo. Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obuhlongozwayo namuhla bungenye ebibi kakhulu emakethe yaseRussia.
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"UGenesise-Rus" |
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Izindlu zephaneli yohlaka
I-oda lokufaka. I-KFundate (njengomthetho, ama-anchor bolts) ahlelwe ngomugqa we-antiseptic we-antiseptip, kepha kuwo ngezinto zensimbi noma ngezingxenye ezinde zokuzishaya ngokugcwele: imishayo, amapulazi noma amaphaneli. Abahlangene bengaqhamuki amaphaneli we- "Nakata" afakwa kusetshenziswa ama-slabs eboya amaminerali noma impahla eningi, futhi ngaphezulu afakwe phansi phansi okuqinile, okunikeza ukwakheka kokuqina okwengeziwe. Usebenzisa i-crane, amaphaneli aphansi wesitezi sokuqala afakiwe ngokulandelana. Emaphethelweni aphezulu alawa maphaneli, afakwa futhi anamathiselwe kufreyimu ye-skating board, bese kufakwa izakhi zokweqa ngaphezulu kwazo, futhi yonke inqubo iyaphindwa. Okulandelayo, baqoqa ukwakheka kwe-rafter, imininingwane yayo enamathiselwe ekugqeni kwezindonga zesitezi sesibili.
Cabanga ngemininingwane ethe xaxa izinketho ezithakazelisa kakhulu zoHlelo lwePaneli Technologies.
6. Amaphaneli anohlaka lwamabhodi, ama-oss stoves athunjiwe
Lobu buchwepheshe obuthuthukiswe yi-Mitek (Canada) batholakele kakhulu ezweni lethu. Isethi esizeni sokwakha ifaka amaphaneli odonga, amapulazi phansi kanye namapulazi ahlukahlukene. Amafreyimu wephaneli odongeni ahlanganiswe esigabeni sesiphambano esingu-150 ngu-50mm, obopha ngezipikili zesikulufa ukuba nokunamathela okunamathela. Ama-racks wohlaka atholakala ngesinyathelo se-560mm. Uhlaka nohlangothi lwangaphakathi lohlaka luzombozwa ngamapuleti e-OSP-Pultes anobukhulu be-10 mm, futhi kusuka ngaphakathi - futhi nge-plasterboard (Fig. 23). Ukuze amalunga amaphaneli awavinjelwe, isembozo sangaphakathi nesingaphandle sephaneli eyodwa singena ngohlaka lwenye. Amaphaneli ezindonga ezinomthelela wangaphakathi zenziwa ngendlela efanayo, kepha zimbozwe zombili izinhlangothi nge-plasterboard. Ukuhlukaniswa kwangaphakathi, ozimele babo benziwe ngesigaba esingu-100 nge-50mm.
Amapulazi afana nebhande e-Overlaps (Fig. 24) Anokwakheka kwe-lattice, enziwe ngamabhodi avuthiwe omile ngesigaba esingu-100. I-50mm exhunywe ngamapuleti wensimbi - i-MZP (Fig. 25, 26). Amapulazi angaba nokuphakama okuhlukile (ubuncane be-350mm), obunqunywe lapho kuklanywa (ukubalwa, kusetshenziswa uhlelo olukhethekile). Ngaphakathi kwamapulazi anjalo kulula ukubhekana nanoma yikuphi ukuxhumana kobunjiniyela. Idizayini nokucushwa kwamapulazi we-rafter (Fig. 27), kuya ngemithwalo ekhona, nayo isethwe lapho kuklanywa. Bona, njengamapulazi ashele, amathanga, enziwe ngesigaba esingu-150 ngo-50, 125 ngo-50 noma ngo-100 nge-50mm, exhunyiwe i-MZP. Lapho kukhuphuka, ipulazi linamathele ezindongeni zamakona ensimbi nokuzidweba.
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"UGenesise-Rus" |
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7. Amaphaneli anohlaka oluvela kubha, ancishiswe yi-CSP-Plates
Lobu buchwepheshe abushebele ububanzi obubanzi njengangaphambilini, kepha akufanele ukunakwa okungaphansi. Yakhiwa iTamak (Russia) kanyekanye neTSniiisk them. V.A. Kucherenko, "TSNIIEP HOMED" nezinye izikhungo eziholayo. Kukhiqizwe ngaphakathi ngale ndlela yamaphaneli (Fig. 28, 29) - Uhlaka lwamapulangwe, kepha alwenziwe ngamabhodi, kodwa kusuka ekusungulweni kwezinyosi esomile, kodwa kusuka ekusungulweni kwezitini eziqinile ezingama-144 kuya ku-70mm. Uhlaka lugcwele ubungako be-basalt-basalt engapheli be-75kg / m3. Lokhu okuqukethwe okuvela ngaphakathi kuvikelwe ukufakwa kwe-vapor kanye nesembozo se-cent-chip (CSP), namapuleti e-CSP kuphela. Ku-perimeter yephaneli, kunezindawo ezikhethekile ezibonakalayo ezingekho kuphela ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwamalunga ngemuva komhlangano, kepha futhi nokusheshisa ukufakwa (ukwazi kwecala). Ozimele bamaphaneli aseduze baqiniswa ngama-bolts. Kulokhu ema-racks, izimbobo zibiwe emafutheni, futhi ama-hatches "amancane ashiywe emboza wangaphakathi kwamaphaneli.
Ama-CSP-Slabs, angamapaneli achotshoziwe, angowaseqenjini lezinto zokwakha ezingenalutho nezingezona ezingenalutho enokwakheka kwentuthu encane. Indlu eqoqwe emaphaneli, imbozwe ngamapuleti anjalo (Fig. 30), ine-degree ye-IV yokumelana nomlilo kanye nekilasi lengozi yomlilo eyakhayo (izakhiwo ezejwayelekile zokhuni zine-V degree yokumelana nomlilo). Ukusetshenziswa kwe-CPSP-Slabs kunikeza enye inzuzo yezindonga ukumane (inketho yezomnotho kakhulu), kanye ngaphandle kokuqina okungeziwe, i-lining ngetshe le-porcelain noma itshe lokufakelwa.
"Tamak" | 
"Tamak" | 
"Tamak" |
8. Amaphaneli anezinhlaka eziyimfihlo ze-fiberboard
Njengoba wazi, isabelo sebhubesi sezindleko zokulungiswa kwasekhaya yizindleko zokushisa. IJuka-Talo (Finland), enikezwe izindlu zethu zephaneli yemakethe, inikezela ngesixazululo esiphelele senkinga yokonga amandla, kufaka phakathi izinto ezine eziphambili.
Uhlaka olubizwa nge-LMPPrunklo olufudumele (Fig. 31, 32) lwadalwa ngokususelwa emihlelweni emincane egcwele izinga elifana nemishayo esuvele ichaziwe. Umehluko ukuthi imishayo ye-LMPPrunko yenziwe ngezinto ezifana ne-DVP yethu (MDF), kepha hhayi ukwesaba umswakama. Le mishayo, ngokusho komenzi, yenza kube nokwenzeka ukugwema ukubonakala kwama-"amabhuloho obandayo" (yizona izinto zohlaka ezenziwe ngokhuni oluqinile noma olubi).
Iphaneli Wall - Isakhiwo esinezitholile eziningi, esifaka ungqimba lwe-Windroof olunobukhulu be-10mm kusuka ku-DVP olufana ne-DVP, ukuvikelwa komswakama kwe-Isover (iFinland) ngokukhulu kuka-270mm. Lesi sakamuva simbozwe ngaphakathi ngefilimu ye-vapor barrier nebhodi.
Kufakwe amawindi okhuni kumaphaneli esitshalweni (Fig. 33) ahlome ngamafasitela alondolozwa kabili abukeka ecwebezelayo anezibuko ezikhethiwe kanye nokugcwaliswa kwe-argon. Ukuvikelwa okwengeziwe kubo kungaphandle kwe-aluminium flaps ngengilazi eyodwa. Ngokwe-firm, ukushisa kanye nokufakwa okuzwakalayo kwezakhiwo ezinamafasitela anjalo ngama-40% aphakeme kunendabuko.
Izisombululo ezikhethekile zisetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa amalunga amaphaneli phakathi kwawo kanye nezindawo zokubhangqa kwazo ngokugqagqana nophahla.
Nomehluko owodwa obaluleke kakhulu. Ukugcwala kwesitezi sokuqala kuqoqwa kusetshenziswa i-LMPPrunko Hered 400mm ukuphakama. Ikhono lokuphamba kwale miklamo livumela ngaphandle kokusekelwa okwengeziwe ukunqamula izikhala ezifika ku-8m ububanzi, okuvula amathuba okuhlela kwamahhala (futhi uma kufunwa kabusha) kwendawo yangaphakathi yendlu.
UJukka-talo. | 
UJukka-talo. | 
Indlu ye-Yucca |
9. Amaphaneli anokufakwa kwangaphandle
Intshisekelo ezindlini ezingenamizwa namuhla ayikhuli hhayi eYurophu kuphela, kodwa nasezweni lethu. Yize kunjalo, isakhiwo esinjalo sihlukaniswa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuncane kakhulu - ngokwesilinganiso cishe ama-10% amandla adliwe ezindlini ezijwayelekile. Manje amaRussia anethuba loku-oda indlu engenisa futhi ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile athole isethi yamaphaneli ekwakhiweni kwezindonga, ngaphezulu nophahla. Izohanjiswa ngokuqondile kusuka kwi-firm eqinile (Czech Republic), ethole ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza eJalimane. Lesi sakhiwo sizokwakhelwa ngokuya ngamazinga wamanje eYurophu: Ukudluliselwa kokushisa kwezindonga zangaphandle (U) ngu-0.18W / (M2 / K), inkomba yokufaka umsindo (i-RW) ingu-41DB.
Kumaphaneli odonga lwangaphandle, i-thermofasad yangaphandle isabekwe efektri (Fig. 39), ihlanganiswe nodaka. Amafasitela afakwe kusuka kuphrofayela ye-PVC ye-PVC enama-ger-ekonga amandla. Amafasitela nomnyango wesitezi sokuqala nawo ahlomele ama-roller shutter avikela izakhiwo hhayi kuphela emvuleni, isichotho, iqhwa nomoya, kodwa futhi asuka emgwaqweni asuka emgwaqweni nasekushiseni ngokweqile.
Abasebenzi baseCzech abafikile kanye nesethi yamaphaneli bazoqoqa ebhokisini lesisekelo eliqediwe lendlu ngezinsuku ezingama-3-4 (Fig. 34-37). Usuku lwe-ANA 85th kusukela ngesikhathi sokusayina inkontileka izovele ifakwe esakhiweni esisha (Fig. 38), ifakwe konke okudingekayo endaweni yokuhlala, kufaka ifenisha yasekhaya enezinto zasekhaya ezakhelwe ngaphakathi. Kuzoshiywa kuphela ukuze ukhethe, ulethe futhi uhlele ifenisha emakamelweni bese ulenga amakhethini. Iwaranti ekwakhiweni kwendlu yiminyaka engama-30. Ngokuvamile, angikwazi ukukholwa, kepha manje eRussia kukhona amathuba okuba nomuzwa wokuthi izinga lenkonzo yaseYurophu liyini. Vumelana, umbono olingwa kakhulu.
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10. Amaphaneli we-SIP
Le ntuthuko yaseCanada iyinhlangano phakathi kobuchwepheshe bezinhlaka ze-Frame-Panel, ngoba izakhi ezifakiwe kuzo zine-Frapess Design. Amaphaneli we-SIP elokwakha afudumele (iphaneli efakwe okufakwayo) aqukethe amapuleti amabili e-OSP-Plates, phakathi kwalo ungqimba we-polystyrene olufakwe njenge-heater (ukushuba kwephaneli - 140 noma ngo-164mm). Amabhilithi ngemuva kokugcotshwa kwe-gluing anciphisa ukuze athole amaphaneli wenani elidingekayo ngewindi nomnyango ovuthayo kuwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhawulo wezikhala ukhipha i-polystyrere Foam, futhi endaweni yawo kukhona imigoqo yokhuni phakathi kwamapuleti ama-OSP ngendlela yokuthi amaphaneli wokubhangqa axhumeke ngephaneli ngosayizi (Fig. 43).
Izici ezikhuphukayo. Ilungiselelwe esisekelweni samabhodi e-string plafhmy anamathisela amaphaneli we-swelep; Phansi, kusetshenziswe ngokungeziwe ngongqimba lokungena kwamanzi (Fig. 40). Amabhodi akhiyiwe lapho kufakwa khona amaphaneli we-SIP (Fig. 41) anamathele ophahleni (Fig. 41), ngenkathi ibhodi lokugoqa lifakiwe kwiphaneli yeDummy ezansi. Amaphaneli axhumeke ngokuqhubekayo phakathi kwawo (Fig. 42), futhi wonke amalunga aqiniswa ngokuzikhandla. Uhlaka luqoqiwe "ukupenda": lapho izindonga zangaphandle zele ndawo ziqoqwe, zifakwe ama-interroom ahlukaniswe futhi zibambe ngaphezulu, ukudala okusetshenziswayo amaphaneli we-SIP. Ngenxa yalokhu, igumbi ngalinye liphenduka iseli eliqinile ngobuningi ngefreyimu yalo yokhuni, okuvela kumaphaneli wokuxhuma. Ngakho-ke, iseli ngaphezulu kweseli, wakhe ibhokisi ekhaya. Umhlangano wokuklanywa kwesitezi sesibili kwenziwa ngohlelo olufanayo. Okulandelayo, izingxenye ezingenhla zamaphaneli odonga esitezi sesibili ziboshwe ngebha, zibophezele i-fronoth skate run, zimboze yonke idizayini nge "Roofing" amaphaneli we-SIP, okukodwa okuthembela ekuhambeni, okwesibili - ukugibela izindonga (Fig. 44). Amaphaneli ahlelwe ngokuzidweba isikhathi eside. Amapuleti abekwe ngaphansi kokuphamba kwamanzi okuhle, i-crate yondliwe ngaphezulu kwayo, futhi ukuhlanganiswa kophahla kulungiselelwe kokugcina. Imisipha phakathi kwamaphaneli odonga wendlu eqoqekile iphathwa nge-sealant ekhethekile (Fig. 45). Njengoba kunganconywa ukufeza izindonga ezivela kumaphaneli we-sip, kulezo zindawo lapho ukuxhumana kuhamba khona kusuka ekugqekelweni kwezindonga, zibekwe indlela yangaphandle.
NgoNovemba 2010 Umbukiso "wokwakha indlu ngokhuni" wabanjwa eMoscow. Uveze ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwamaphaneli we-SIP kanye nobuchwepheshe bokwakhiwa kwezindlu zawo kwaqashelwa amafemu angama-20 aseRussia, kufaka phakathi i-Navigator PSK, "rapan", "Ekodomstroy".
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11. Amaphaneli kakhonkolo
Lobu buchwepheshe bususelwa ekusetshenzisweni kwamaphaneli kakhonkolo angenalutho, abathuthukisi babizwa ngokuthi amafomu akhonkolo aqinisiwe aqinisiwe aqinisiwe. Uhlelo lokwakha olunesicelo salo lwabizwa ngokuthi i-Eurobau.
Uhlelo lwe-NLCBBO lusebenzisa izinhlobo ezintathu zezinto ezenziwa ngomugqa wanamuhla ozenzakalelayo weSommer Anlagentechnik (Germany) ngokuya ngephrojekthi yendlu. Lokhu kungukusebenza kwamafomu ezindonga zangaphandle, ezindongeni zangaphakathi zokuthwala nokugqagqana. Izinto zodonga lwangaphandle (Fig. 48) ziqukethe amathayili kakhonkolo amabili aqinisiwe kanye nezinto zangaphakathi, ezixhumene nezakhi zokuqinisa ivolumu. Ukuphonsa amawindi neminyango kwakhiwa lapho kusakazwa. Ubukhulu bamapuleti bungu-50 mm, ibanga phakathi kwabo lingu-250mm. Udonga bufudumele, i-polystyrerere Foam 120mm ubukhulu inamathiselwe endaweni ekhuthele epuletini yangaphandle. Izinto zefomethi yezindonga zangaphakathi zinomklamo ofanayo, kepha ubukhulu obuncane (250mm) futhi azifakwanga nge-polystyrene Foam. Ngokugqwala, ngisho nezinto ezilula ziyasetshenziswa, lapho kukhona khona ipuleti elilodwa nohlaka lwevolumu lokuqiniswa, kepha awekho amapuleti amabili.
Izici ezikhuphukayo. Esisekelweni, izinto zodonga ziboniswa, ezihlelwe endaweni ebheke phezulu ngezikhonkwane zensimbi eziguqukayo zesikhashana (Umdwebo 47): Olunye uhlangothi lwephimbo lunamathiselwe kwiphaneli, bese kuthi olwesibili kuya kwesisekelo sokhonkolo (ubukhona be ipuleti likakhonkolo eliqinile liyimfuneko). Ngemuva kwalokho ngaphakathi emigodini ekuhlanganiseni okude kanye nama-angular amaphaneli abeka ukuqiniswa okwengeziwe, okuzoxhumanisa izakhi eziseduze ngokwazo. Ukusuka phezulu ezindongeni zohlaka oluqinisiwe phezulu (Umdwebo 46) Ukubeka "ukuxhaswa okukodwa" okuphezulu (okungeziwe okuthi "ukwesekwa" kusebenza njengama-racks wensimbi), axhunyiwe kusetshenziswa ukuqiniswa okwengeziwe ngodonga.
Ngaphezu kwalokho ekuqothulweni nangaphakathi ezindongeni, amapayipi kanye nama-electrocabels afakwa, ngemuva kwalokho amafomu e-NLC afakwe ngekhompulethi ekhonkolo agcwele ngokhonkolo (umkhiqizo awuphansi kune-M200), bese ugoqa kakhulu. Ngokushesha lapho ukhonkolo ukhula, qala ukukhulisa izindonga zesitezi sesibili, futhi yonke inqubo iyaphindwa. Lapho-ke izingcezu eziphezulu zodonga lwangesibili ziboshelwe nge-Wooden-Timber-Mauerlat, lapho kulungiswa khona izinto zokwakhiwa kwe-rafter. Uphahla (Fig. 49) lwenziwa ngokohlelo oluvele lube yi-Classical.
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Izindlu ezivela kumamojula wevolumu
Kepha ubukhulu abasoze bungacabangi. Kunamasayizi amathathu kuphela: amancane- 11.4 ngo-3.15m (ukuphakama - 2,5 noma ngo-2.7 m), isilinganiso-4 nge-11.4 ngo-11.4 ku-10,9m). Osayizi abanjalo bachazwa ngokuyinhloko ngamakhono ezimoto, lapho amamojula azolethwa khona efektri eya endaweni yokwakha. Lapho, kusuka kubo, kusuka ku-cubes (Fig. 50), ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu esiqoqa izindlu eziphelele noma ezimbili (kufakwe ngaphezu kwamamojula ngokwawo afakiwe ukufakwa kophahla, i-skate kanye ne-cornis, ama-froones a It.p.). Ngemuva kwalokho, kuhlala kuxhuma kuphela kumamojula wokuxhumana ngaphambi kusengaphambili kusengaphambili futhi uzixhumanise kumanethiwekhi we-Engineering angaphandle.
Ukusuka kumafemu aseRussia akhiqiza izindlu kubuchwepheshe obujwayelekile, ezimbili: "Isitshalo sezakhiwo eziyi-voloumetric" kanye "ne-Vologda isitshalo sezakhiwo zokwakha nemishini yemigwaqo". Owokuqala wabo ukhiqiza amamojula, isisekelo sawo siwuhlaka lwebha. Elesibili likhipha amamojula asuselwa ku-Lstk, kepha, ngeshwa, imininingwane yabezindaba mayelana nomkhiqizo ayinikezi ukuthi ayikwazi ukuqwashisa.
Ithebula 2. Izici zezinqubo zezobuchwepheshe zokwakhiwa kwezindlu kubuchwepheshe obushiwo ku-athikili| Ibizo | Ukuhlinzeka ngokuqinile | Isikhathi kusuka ku-oda kuze kube yilapho kuthunyelwa kit ekhaya 150m2, usuku | Indlela Yokulethwa | Isidingo sokusebenzisa i-crane lapho sihlangana | Ubuncane obudingekayo inani labafaki, indoda | Imibandela yokwakhiwa kwendlu yendlu nendawo eyi-150m2, SUT1 | Ukumelana okuncishisiwe kokudluliswa kokushisa kodonga lwangaphandle lwendlu, m2 ku-C / W | Izindleko 1m2, inkulungwane rublesm2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Uhlaka lwamapulangwe aluhlaza | »MoseoPlan | 25. | Izitsha | Uhlobo lwenyoni enkulu | isihlanu | 7. | 3.7. | 62m3 |
| 1. Uhlaka oluvela kusethi yamapulangwe | "Indlu" | 14-21 | Itilogo | -I | okune | ishumi nane | 3.8. | ishumi nanye |
| 3. Uhlaka oluvela kumishayo yakwamanye amazwe: -Ukususelwa ku-OSP-based | »RNR» | Okuthenyalwayo | Itilogo | -I | 2. | 10 (4 People) | 4,11 | 16.5 |
| - Ngokwesisekelo sensimbi nezinkuni | »HTC-rusaland | 7-10. | Itilogo | -I | 3. | 10-14 (6 People) | 5,45-6.77 | 6.5-8.5 |
| 4. Uhlaka oluvela kumaphrofayili ahlanganisiwe wensimbi | »I-Proctor" | 24. | Itilogo | -I | 3. | ishumi nane | 3,62. | isishiyagalolunye |
| 5. Uhlaka lwensimbi oluqinile: - Ukufakwa kwangaphandle kwangaphandle okunwetshiwe kwe-polystyrere foam | »UGenesise-Rus» | 2. | Itilogo | -I | 3. | ishumi nane | 4.5 | 7.5 |
| - ngamaphaneli we-sandwich yangaphandle | »I-Liscal» | ishumi nane | Itilogo | -I | okune | Okuthenyalwayo | 4.0 | 8,1 |
| 6. Amaphaneli anamafreyimu avela emabhodini, agcotshwe ngezitovo ze-oki (mitek) | "Umsindo" | ishumi nane | I-eurofur | Uhlobo lwenyoni enkulu | 3. | 5-7 | I-3.5 | Okuthenyalwayo |
| 7. Amaphaneli anohlaka oluvela kubha, ancishiswe yi-CSP-Plates | »Tamak» | amashumi amathathu | I-eurofur | Uhlobo lwenyoni enkulu | okune | 7. | 3,2 | ishumi nanhlanu |
| 8. Amaphaneli ngamafreyimu avela ku-I-Done Bays (Jukka-talo) | »I-YUCCA House» | 56. | I-eurofur | Crane (izinsuku ezi-2) | okune | 3-5 | 5,4. | 28. |
| 9. Amaphaneli ngohlaka lokhuni kanye nokufakwa kwangaphandle | Duma | amashumi amahlanu | I-eurofur | Uhlobo lwenyoni enkulu | 9 (Kusuka eCzech Republic) | 3. | 6.35 | 603. |
| 10. Amaphaneli we-SIP | »DSC Ekodom" | 7. | Itilogo | -I | 3. | Okuqophele imali | 3,95 | 11.5. |
| 11. Amaphaneli kakhonkolo | "Klinstroy-Imininingwane" | 45. | Phaneevoz | Uhlobo lwenyoni enkulu | okune | 7. | 3,58. | 194. |
| 12. Amamojula we-volumetric asuselwa kufreyimu yokhuni eneplatifomu ephansi | »Ifektri Yokubumba Okuhlinza | amashumi amathathu | Imoto | Crane 50 t. | 7. | 7. | 3,96 | 14.5 |
| 1 Ukukhipha isikhathi ekwakhiweni kwesisekelo. 2 ngaphandle kwezindleko zesisekelo. Izindleko ze-1m2 zokwakheka okuqoqiwe zinikezwa esimweni sokulungela umhlobiso wazo wangaphakathi nangaphandle (izindonga ziyancishiswa nge-plasterboard) noma nge-minimal (ezomnotho) yangaphandle yangaphandle. 3 Intengo isethi ephelele ye- "Turnkey" (Isisekelo, Ezokuxhumana, Ingaphakathi eliphelele, Amapayipi, Ukushisa. 4 Izindleko zifaka idivaysi yeribhoni lesisekelo kanye nokuphonsa ipuleti ye-monolithic, ukubekwa kwezokuxhumana zobunjiniyela, ukulungiswa kwezindonga nophahla ngaphansi kokuqeda. |
IBhodi Lokuhlelwa Liyabonga Inkampani "Intando", "UGenesise-Rus", "DSC Ekodom", "Isitsha sevolumu nezakhiwo ezishukumisayo", "klinsroydal", "iLadant", "RNR", "Kuzwakale", "Tamak", "HTS-rusuland", i-Yukka-House, i-Remount, kanye nombukiso wobuchwepheshe bokwakha obuphansi "Ikhaya Lakhe" ukuze kulungiswe izinto ezibonakalayo.
