Basic provisions and recommendations on the planning and improvement of the site. Functional zones, device tracks, small architectural forms.
You have taken an important decision: bought a country site and intend to fulfill their long-standing dream, build your own home. Congratulations! This is a very good and useful undertaking, successful and reliable investment of capital. Now it's about the practical embodiment of the conceived.
Although the architectural and construction craft "understand" everything and everything, however, if you are not a specialist in this area, some basic provisions and recommendations will be obviously not superfluous. They will help save time, money, nerves, get rid of the need to correct annoying errors. The result, you will get a lot of joy from our rational (aidek and crazy) ideas, competently embodied in beautiful buildings and "paradise koshchi". This is how the series of articles with drawings, schemes and drawings should help us.
Of course, there are many special publications in which such questions are discussed in detail. However, these benefits are designed primarily on those who are going to paint thirst for building a simple country house painstakingly, stretching the exercise of their dreams for years. But after all, the modern business person is far from always enough time and desire even to read these brochures and books!
The wise of truth says that it is necessary to prepare design solutions for a long time and thoroughly (relevantly expensive, approximately 0.1 from the cost of construction), but then it will be possible to build quickly and cool (so-cheap). It is impossible to neglect that design and construction are one-time costs, and the exploitation of the house is long-term and expensive. Another U. Cherchil noticed that at first we create an architecture (our home), and then she forms our lives.
So, I tried to convince you to impassively begin construction and improvement of housing without project preparation and knowledge of some basics of architectural and construction business.
The architect twentieth century N1, the great lecturer (Frenchman of the Swiss origin Charles Edward Jeanner) defined the house as a "car serving for housing". Everyone wants to form their dwelling in relation to their own habits (sometimes fuzzy conscious). But what can really make peculiar in the modern standard world?
The goal of the series of the proposed publications is to provide in a very compressed form of some basic modern information about the planning and improvement of the site, about the variants of the composition of the facade of the house, about the visual aesthetic attractiveness of the construction and interiors, the correct relationships of the area, the proportions of the premises, as well as recommendations on constructive solutions and engineering equipment . All this will allow you to rationally and economically use building materials, reduce the cost of work, and most importantly, improve the operational quality of the construction for long-breeds, without resorting to alterations. Avted that, how not comfort and comfort will be able to settle in the house spiritual warmth and awaken in you love for your dwelling!
So, let's start with the site of its improvement.
The rational organization and layout of a relatively small land plot involve its division on the functional zones. At the same time, the proportionality of zones and structures is important that some elements (parts) do not suppress others with their pompous or relative enormity.
Our proposals and examples should not be understood as ready-made recipes, they are not able to take into account all subtleties and can only serve as a guideline in creative search for original solutions, prompt the right direction. After all, every home and plot, like every family, unique.
Where to begin? You will be overwhelmed with the desire to take up the case rather, and in the next evening (or Sunday morning, or ...) You collect a big Family Council. It will have to discuss what kind of classes and rest prefer family members, and therefore, the organization of the house and the site will be. So, many older people will want to spend their leisure on the garden and in the garden. Others will choose a passive vacation in the fresh air, which means they need a good green lawn, flowers, shaded terraces, arbor, etc. Young people and children tend to prefer active rest, dream of a sports ground, place for outdoor games, for kebabs, etc. All these questions and have to be discussed.
Your plot will be multifunctional. Its layout should be a well-thought out system in which utility and beauty are interrelated and complementary. Yipri this can not be affected by the interests of anyone from family members.
You own a plot of 6-10 and more across. It is not bad if it is part of a certain collective settlement, and a convenient entrance is provided to the site, home and housekeeping, and the street layout provides for carrying out water supply, sewage, electrical and gas supply with connecting existing engineering networks. However, if the tools allow, the autonomous engineering support of the house can give independence and a number of other benefits.
The territory of the site should have some bias (preferably towards the road). Moreover, the territory should be planned so that three conditional functional zones are formed:
- residential, with home, parade approach, lawn, flower beds, sports ground, decorative pool, etc.;
- Garden and garden area- with a greenhouse or greenhouse, etc.;
- economic- with a hozblock, sauna and bathroom bathroom (if they are not in the house), garbage collector, etc.
The residential building on the site, as a rule, put the "face" (the main facade) to the road and in parallel to it, with an indentation of at least 5m, and from the side boundaries - 3m. The distance between neighboring houses is at least 12m (Amezhda Slapbed - 15m). On a narrow section, the house should be placed closer to the side border, in the direction of which the shadow falls (after all, the more the sun, the better the harvest). At the same time, one of the main requirements remains a convenient location and layout of the house relative to the three functional zones of the site relative to those listed above.
In addition to the main entrance from the road, it is necessary to have a way out (better from the veranda) directly towards the garden and the garden, as well as a convenient passage to the Khozon, which is preferably located in the depths of the site. Nozpostroy is built either separately standing, or (more convenient option) are familiar, and they can be blocked with neighborhood. Here it is practical to place a fenced metal mesh flowing pad for birds or rabbits if you are going to breed them.
The garages are separately standing and overlooking the line of the road, but they are increasingly building a residential building adjacent to the lateral wall. Not harmful and not dangerous (this confirms world practice) Place the garage directly in the in-depth part of the house, under the first floor.
When laying the garden zone, do not forget about comfortable tracks from the house to the Grokerels (the width of the track is 0.4-0.6 m). Near the irrigation hose pipeline, and portable watering fountains are possible.
Vegetable crops and strawberries are planted with beds that are better to have sorts from north to south (for the most uniform heating by the Sun). The location of each culture periodically should be changed - for the rational use of nutrients in the soil and protect plants from pests and diseases. However, do not forget that the neighborhood and alternation of different cultures can be both useful and harmful (there are special literature on this topic).
On the site it is advisable to allocate individual beds that will be processed by children. Give children the best place (the first success is important), the necessary garden inventory.
Landwritten plot, we must try so that after heavy rains or melting of snow before the entrances and on the main tracks did not form puddles, dirt did not appear. Let's immediately say that it is advisable to make sure that the person heading into the house passed through the green planting, the lawn with flowers. This not only improves the impression of the house, but also protects it from the noise and dust of the streets, hides from unwanted views of outsiders.
Not all tracks must be straightforward (except soil between the beds). The tracks of the tracks begin with removing the vegetable layer of the soil about 15 cm and the backbuts of the formed "trough" with a porous material (slag, rubble, broken brick, gravel with sand) on 10 cm with pouring water and rubbing. The top layer can be built of bricks, stone or concrete slabs of different sizes (from2040 to 6060 cm, 3-6 cm thick). It is necessary to make it a slightly humpback - for water flow - and put on a pre-prepared aligning layer of concrete (composition - 1: 1: 10: cement grade 400; clay or small gravel; sand). The upper layer must rise above the ground by 3-5 cm.
Tracks are often strengthened by a border (for example, from a brick set on a longitudinal edge). The edges of the paving are not necessary to lay the lace, the plates can be placed freely and even with small gaps in the grass, it will be very picturesque, and the water will be easier to go into the ground. An entrance to the garage and the vehicle platform should be done according to the appropriate preparation, for example, gravel with a pouring concrete. To prevent cracks, it follows about the meter to arrange gaps. But it is better to build an entrance with a bias of 3-5 of the precast concrete plates (suitable and typical six-meter conventional interhesive floors, the empties of which are filled with sand).
Paving tracks, open terraces, the porch can be patterned, with the inclusion of stone-fragic tiles and even marble (breccia), but in all cases it should have a rough surface so that it does not become slippery in the rain or wilderness.
If the territory has a rather significant slope, it must be divided into separate terraces in height. A very attractive composition of the site and buildings can be obtained. Inside the drops, where the bias of the area exceeds 10-15 (i.e., 1 m length increases by 10-15 cm), open stairs should be constructed (sometimes from 3-5 steps). Decorated with beautiful stone masonry, plants and thoughtful lighting, the staircase becomes an important element of landscape architecture. It is more rational height and width of steps (i.e., the slope of the stairs) will talk when considering a specific project of the house.
Improve improvement, to revive the plot will help small architectural forms: gazebo, pergola, sandbox, benches, stationary or remote garden furniture, part of which can be made personally.
Gazebo (clapped wooden frame made of racks, beams, rafalines cross section 510, 515cm), seized by wild grapes or hop, in terms of square (minimum size 22m, so that the bed can be accommodated) or hexagonal. At the same time it is roomy and cozy. Height from the floor to the ovel of the roof - 2.2-2.5m. Open input has 2-3 steps. The roof (for example, a high scope, covered with bright tiles) can effectively end with a vapor from a beautifully curved metal bar and a piece of leaf iron.
Pergola is a lightweight wooden design of two rows of vertical racks (1010; 1015cm) connected at an altitude of 220-250cm longitudinal beams (510; 1015 cm) with lighter transverse beams laid on them, seized decorative plants. It gives a light shadow, the effect of solitude, can be used as an element of the spatial membership of the site or as a link (for example, between the house and the place of rest).
All wooden structures of small forms should be processed by antiseptic before installation. It is best to impregnate them with such a composition that does not hide the natural texture of wood (for example, Penotchaks). Effective placement around the house of large stones (from 1-2m height), decorative ceramic forms (VAZ, figurines), wooden sculptures.
Little artificial water bodies and swimming pools are very decorated, but about this- there are plain sections of our magazine.
Excessive water on the site is one of the serious problems. The removal of atmospheric moisture (parties, melting of snow) with a small slope can be carried out due to shallow grooves around the perimeter of the territory. With a high level of standing of the subsorative groundwater, the closed drainage is the network of underground channels, collecting and removing excessive moisture from the site, for example, to roadside ditch. In this case, one (sometimes two sides of the house is laid) the main channel with a slope of no more than 1 cm for 2m pipes. There is a row of side, consisting of asbestos-cement or ceramic pipes with a diameter of at least 100mm, in the walls of which drill holes with a diameter of 15-20mm. You can use wooden (also with holes) or brick boxes (sprouting between bricks in 20-40mm). Pipes and boxes are located at the bottom of the trenches on the rubble base, and on top they fall asleep with chubble size of no more than 50mm; The twig is placed on top of the rubble with a thickness of 50-80mm; Then the trenches fall asleep with soil, which can be landed.
If the pipes immediately fill in the soil, then the holes in them will soon drag out, and the water collection will stop. The drainage depth must be: under garden, not less than 0.6 m, under fruit trees 1.0 m.
In more complex cases (for example, a cuvette, a pond on the other side of the road, as well as when laying a water supply and sewage system), you may need a device of pumping pumps, viewing wells and septicles. Watih situations require the help of qualified specialists and a separate project of engineering communications.
After the question about the layout and well-being of the site, a project of the house should be discussed. But we will talk about it in the following rooms.