Muri iki gihe, ikibazo cyo gukuramo ubutaka muri abo ba nyir'ubwo badafatwaga neza. Muri icyo gihe, ayo mategeko, yemerera isi kuvanwaho, bifite ishingiro kuva mu 2010. Birakwiriye guhangayikishwa na ba nyir'imbuga ndetse no ku butaka bwo mu rugo?
Ifoto: Itangazamakuru rya Legio
Muri iki gihe, ikibazo cyo gukuramo ubutaka muri abo ba nyir'ubwo badafatwaga neza. Muri icyo gihe, ayo mategeko, yemerera isi kuvanwaho, bifite ishingiro kuva mu 2010. Birakwiriye guhangayikishwa na ba nyir'imbuga ndetse no ku butaka bwo mu rugo?
Impuguke z'inzego z'igihugu zizeraga ko kuva kuri hegitari miliyoni 386.5 z'igihugu cy'ubuhinzi mu Burusiya mubyukuri ntabwo zikoreshwa hegitari zigera kuri miliyoni 56, ni ukuvuga hafi 14%. Mu rwego rwo kongera umusaruro, mu myaka 5 iri imbere hateganijwe kongera kwinjira mu bicuruzwa bigera kuri hegitari miliyoni 10 muri iki gihe.
Amahitamo ashoboka
Nubwo umutungo bwite ari umwe mu rufatiro rudashidikanywaho rya Leta, Amategeko yemerera gukuraho ubutaka: kubikeneye leta cyangwa komine; Mu gukoresha nabi ubutaka bw'ubuhinzi kandi bugamije kubaka imiturire; musabwa; Mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'icyemezo cy'urukiko cyo kwamburwa.
Mubihe byose, usibye icya kabiri, icyiciro cyubutaka ntacyo bitwaye. Ibi bivuze ko uyumunsi isaba ibyuma bidakoreshwa bigomba gutinywa gusa nibibitewe nibice byigihe cyo gutura mu cyaro. Ariko, birashoboka ko igipimo nkiki kizatangizwa kubafite imbuga zarimo. Nibura, iki kibazo cyagaragaye mu mpeshyi ishize mu nama y'abahagarariye amashyirahamwe ashingiye ku busitani hamwe n'umuyobozi wa guverinoma y'Uburusiya.
Ubutaka bwakozwe burashobora kwafatwa na leta (komini) bigomba gushyira mubikorwa amasezerano mpuzamahanga ya federasiyo y'Uburusiya cyangwa kubaka, kongera ibitekerezo bya leta cyangwa ibintu byaho. Icyemezo cyo gukuramo isi cyemejwe nimibiri nyobozi yurwego rubishinzwe. Kubutaka bwakuweho (ufite uburenganzira bwuburenganzira) kwishyura indishyi cyangwa (niba nyirubwite yemeye) gutanga ubundi butaka. Ntibishoboka kujuririra icyemezo cyo gukuramo leta.
Kubera ko hafi ya cumi na gatandatu muri Dachas y'igihugu mu karere ka Moscou ntatanzwe hakurikijwe amategeko asabwa, ariko nta makuru ahari kuri ibyo bintu bitari kadastre cyangwa umusoro. Ibi bivuze ko ba nyirayo bagoshya kwishyura imisoro yibanze yumutungo
Hamwe n'ibiza, impanuka, ibyorezo, ibice n'ibindi bihe byihutirwa, umukire wa Leta wa Leta ufite uburenganzira bwo kuba umugambi ukwiye w'abaturage, Sosiyete na Leta z'iterabwoba. Muri iki gihe, kubikuza bishobora kuba byigihe gito. Noneho icyemezo cyo gukuramo gifite agaciro kugeza igihe byihutirwa birahagarara. Niba bidashoboka gusubiza nyirubwite kuri nyirubwite, yishyura agaciro k'isoko ryisi cyangwa (kubisabwa) atanga ubutaka buhwanye. Niba umutungo wabitswe, hanyuma umaze gutakaza iterabwoba ryateye kwikuramo urubuga, nyirubwite afite uburenganzira bwo gusaba kugaruka mu rukiko.
Byongeye kandi, isi irashobora kuvanwa nkigihano cyo gutanga ibikorwa by'ubugizi bwa nabi (kubona umugambi ukomoka ku cyaha cyangwa ku butaka ku mafaranga mu bikorwa by'ubugizi bwa nabi). Mu bihe nk'ibi, icyemezo cyo kwikuramo ntigitagira imipaka, ubujurire ntibushobora, indishyi ku bahoze ari nyirayo ntabwo yishyuwe.
Ifoto: Itangazamakuru rya Legio
Amasezerano y'ubufatanye bw'ubuhanga
Muri buri snto, hari imbuga nyinshi zubusa, ba nyirayo ntibafatwa nubutaka kubwimpamvu zitandukanye. Mbere ya byose, ibintu nk'ibi biteye ubwoba bwo kubona umutekano w'umuriro, kuko inyubako zangiritse kuri bo akenshi zibera ahantu h'ubutaka, kandi birashobora kandi kuba ubuhungiro bwabantu bamoko. Impamvu nyamukuru zituma ba nyirayo batita ku rubuga: Abafite bahisemo kugurisha ubutaka, ariko igiciro cyasabwe kugurisha n'abandi bagize ubufatanye ntibubiba birimo, bityo bashaka umugurisha; Uwahoze ari nyirayo yarapfuye, ariko nta bazungura; Abazuka ntibinjiye mu burenganzira bwemewe, ariko bagiye kugurisha.
Ubufatanye bushobora kurwanya akarere k'ubutaka? Kurengera uburinzi ni - Umukozi wa SNT ukenewe, mu nyandiko ibihano bigomba kuba ibihano bigomba gushika mu kudashyigikira igihugu cyabo neza (harimo na Leta Firehi. Ariko, akenshi ibyo biteganijwe ntabwo bikubiye mu Masezerano, kuko mbere abaturage benshi bo mu bufatanye bwa Ryano bahise bahitanwa n'intambara n'ibyatsi bibi, inyubako zubatswe kandi zikuraho imyanda yo kubaka.
Abahinzi bakunda abakunzi barashobora gusa inama gusa gukora, ariko byanze bikunze bayoborwa na Perezida w'Ubufatanye (ubusanzwe bamenyereye imibare yose y'ingenzi, aribyo abayobozi bashinzwe kugenzura imiterere y'imbuga). Hamwe numuyobozi wa SNT, birakenewe buri gihe (nibyingenzi cyane) gushushanya protocole yashyizweho hamwe nu mwanya wagenewe, kandi nanone niba ibikorwa bya nyirubwite bifite ingirakamaro yagabanije uburumbuke bw'igihugu cy'ubuhinzi cyangwa ikibazo cyibidukikije cyarushijeho kuba kibi).
Byongeye kandi, ibyangiritse bifatwa nkimpamvu yo gufatwa. Hanyuma, impamvu yanyuma ni ukunanirwa kubahiriza inshingano zo kwibutsa ubutaka, gukora ingamba ziteganijwe zo kunoza no kurengera ubutaka kugirango bashobore gukoreshwa kumugambi ugenewe. Birumvikana ko tutavuga ko urubuga rugomba kuyoborwa na leta nziza kumunsi nyuma yo kugura. Niba ufite urucacagu rugenewe kugenzura ubuhinzi bw'ubutaka, ndetse no guhamagara akarere kemewe, uhagarariye ishami rishinzwe ishami ry'umuriro n'ubuyobozi bw'ibanze kugirango ukosore Leta no mu busitani. Bafite uburenganzira bwo gushyiraho ibihano ku mategeko, kandi nubwo umubare wo gukira ari muto, uhora wibanda ku bayobozi b'inzego nta cyifuzo gishimishije.
Birashoboka cyane, uburangare buzanye bidatinze kugurisha urubuga cyangwa bizakuraho akarere kabo. Niba ikibanza kidakoreshwa kuko abaragwa badashaka kwinjira muburenganzira bwabo, batanga ingorane zo kuvugana n'abayobozi bo kwiyandikisha, umuntu arashobora kubaha inzira ikurikira. Ubwa mbere, ugomba kujya kuri noteri kugirango ukore imbaraga zumutegarugori kumunyamuryango wa SNT, uzabikora (birumvikana ko atari ubuntu) gukora ibyo byangombwa. Noneho ugomba kwinjira muburenganzira bwumurage, hanyuma - Iyandikishe nyiri urubuga. Nyuma yibyo, umugambi wubutaka uragurishwa (uburyo bwiza ni ukugurisha abagize ubufatanye kugirango nyirubwite ashya cyangwa ubushobozi buke mu gucuruza bigabanijwe hagati y'abaragwa no kugandukira (muri konte yimyenda kumusanzu no kwishyura).
Ifoto: Itangazamakuru rya Legio
Gukoresha bidakwiye
Inzego za leta zemewe zigenzura uburyo ubutaka bugamije umusaruro w'ubuhinzi, amazu cyangwa ubundi bwubwubatsi bukoreshwa. Niba byerekana ko nyirubwite akwegerwa kwisi, urubuga rugomba kubikuza. Igitekerezo cya "Gukoresha nabi" gitangwa mubuhanzi. 45 Kode y'Ubutaka y'Ishyirahamwe ry'Uburusiya. Mbere ya byose, bitwarikanye kuzirikana isi ikurikije gahunda cyangwa gukoresha neza urubuga (harimo no kutagabanywa uburumbuke bwuburumbuke bwubuhinzi cyangwa ibidukikije byangiritse cyane).
Byongeye kandi, ibyangiritse bifatwa nkimpamvu yo gufatwa. Hanyuma, impamvu yanyuma ni ukunanirwa kubahiriza inshingano zo kwibutsa ubutaka, gukora ingamba ziteganijwe zo kunoza no kurengera ubutaka kugirango bashobore gukoreshwa kumugambi ugenewe. Birumvikana ko tutavuga ko urubuga rugomba kuyoborwa na leta nziza kumunsi nyuma yo kugura. Niba ufite node, igenewe umusaruro wubuhinzi, hanyuma utangire gukura imyaka 3 (niba hashyizweho hashyizweho amategeko).
Iyi intera ntabwo ikubiyemo igihe cyiterambere ryurubuga, kimwe nigihe isi idashobora gukoreshwa kugirango ishyirwaho kubera ibiza cyangwa ibindi bihe. Niba byerekanaga ko nyirubwite akoresha urubuga bidakwiye, igihugu kizagurishwa mubucuruzi rusange haba leta izagurwa kubyo bakeneye. Amafaranga yasubiwemo avuye kugurishwa azimurirwa uwahoze ari (amafaranga make yo gucuruza no kuyobora ubucuruzi). Bitandukanye n'ibindi bihe byafatira urubuga, ibyangombwa kubera gukoresha bidakwiye birashobora gukumirwa. Kugira ngo ukore ibi, birakenewe gutangira kumenya sitasiyo no kwishyura igihano cyubuyobozi bwicyaha mugihe ntarengwa cyagenwe muburori.
Ifoto: Itangazamakuru rya Legio
Uburyo bwo gufatira
Kugirango tumenye ibibanza byubutaka bikoreshwa hakurya yamategeko, ikigo cya federal kubintu byimitungo itimukanwa hamwe nubutaka bwayo bufata ubushakashatsi bwateganijwe cyangwa butagenzuwe. Mu myaka yashize, uburyo bugezweho bwa tekiniki bukoreshwa cyane kuri izo ntego - kureba mu kirere, urugero, hamwe nubufasha bwa quadcopters. Dukurikije ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi, igikorwa cyashushanijwe. Niba ihohoterwa rigaragazwa, ikigo cya Leta cyo kugenzura ubutaka gitanga inshingano kuri nyirubwite. Muri icyo gihe, hashyizweho igihano cyo gukoresha kudahagije ubutaka buva kuri 0.3 kugeza kuri 0.5% by'agaciro ka kadamu, ariko ntabwo ari munsi y'amafaranga ibihumbi.Niba ihohoterwa ridakuweho na nyirubwite mugihe ntarengwa cyashinzwe mubikorwa (mubisanzwe ni iminsi 30), ubuyobozi bwa leta bwemewe cyangwa bwamanite bwongeye gushyira ahagaragara igihano cyiza. Ingano yacyo yo gutanga uburangare ni kuva ku 10 kugeza kuri 20 kugeza kuri 20. Iyo nyirubwite akomeje kwirengagiza ibisabwa n'amategeko, abakozi ba Service ya Leta bajuririra ubuyobozi bukuru bw'ishyirahamwe ry'Uburusiya, bufite uburenganzira bwo kwimurira urukiko gukuraho no kugurisha Umugambi w'ubutaka uva muri cyamunara.
Mu minsi icumi uhereye igihe haburanishwa n'itariki y'igikorwa cy'ubucamanza mu kuvana ku isi (cyangwa guhera umunsi icyemezo ku makuru), abayobozi bayobozi bategekwa kuvugana na RosterSestr kugira ngo batangire nyir'ubutaka. Byongeye kandi, ugomba kohereza ubutumwa mugenzuzi imisoro, cyahawe iminsi irindwi. Mu gihe cy'amezi atandatu uhereye igihe haburanishwa n'igihe cy'icyemezo cy'urukiko ku ifatira ry'urubuga, abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze, nibiba ngombwa, bategura byamunara kandi bagayobora.
Niba ibya nyuma bizwi ko bitemewe, umugambi wubutaka amezi 2 urashobora kuboneka mumitungo ya leta cyangwa umuryango ku giciro cyambere. Iyo nyir'urubuga atemera icyemezo cyo kuvana, umubiri wa Leta wabiherewe uburenganzira ufite uburenganzira bwo gutanga icyifuzo cyo kugurisha isi ku rukiko. Gutegura inyandiko kugirango bifatanye nimpapuro ni inzira ndende kandi igoye. Ahari niyo mpamvu imanza zo gutandukanya agangwa ku gahato. Ariko, umushingamategeko atezimbere urwego rushinzwe kugenzura, kandi imyitozo yerekana ko uburyo bwiza bwo gucika intege bukenewe.
Kudakoresha aho ujya
Abayobozi bafite uburenganzira bwo gukuramo ikibanza cy'ubutaka igihe kidakoreshwa ku ntego zateguwe, ni:
- Ibihingwa by'ubuhinzi ntibihinga ku butaka bwo guhinga kandi ntutungane ubutaka, cyangwa ngo usuke kandi (cyangwa) amasoko ya Pashny ari hejuru ya 15%.
- Ifasi ntabwo ikora ibyatsi, cyangwa ibikubiye mubihingwa byatsinzwe birenga 30% byubusitani;
- Mu rwuri, inka ntizigwa;
- Ku bihugu bifite ibihingwa bimaze imyaka, umusaruro ntibivaho kandi ibirungo ntibirbor;
- Kohereza no (cyangwa) gutangaza ubutaka bwubuhinzi (ariko ntabwo ari ubutaka bwo guhinga) burenze 30%;
- Clocharity na (cyangwa) indege irenga 20% yakarere.
